千张豆腐生产中点卤工艺标准化研究

针对千张豆腐生产工艺中的点卤工艺影响产品品质及产量不稳定的问题,在传统千张豆腐生产工艺的基础上,对机制千张豆腐生产工艺中的点卤工艺进行标准化。通过单因素试验和正交试验对点卤工艺中的凝固剂种类、添加量、点浆温度、豆浆浓度等因素进行优化,结合感官评分、理化指标测定及质构特性分析得出的千张豆腐点卤工艺标准化参数为:凝固剂石膏与盐卤的配比(g∶g)为1.875∶1.100、点浆温度85℃、豆浆浓度9°。验证试验结果表明:标准化生产的千张豆腐与传统工艺制作的千张豆腐相比质量显著提高,含水量增加4.92%,总蛋白质含量增加2.87%,出品率增加7.87%,弹性增加1.63 mm,咀嚼性增加20.92 m J,硬度降低313.00 g,粘性降低0.03 m J,损耗率降低3.36%。     

全豆豆浆的加工工艺研究

以大豆为原料,通过浸泡、煮豆、胶体磨磨浆等工艺,制成没有豆渣产出的全豆豆浆,对全豆豆浆的加工工艺与感官品质进行研究,通过单因素试验和正交试验得出全豆豆浆的最佳工艺条件为:泡豆比为2.0∶1,水豆质量比为900∶100,煮豆沸腾时间为25 min,磨浆时间为1.5 min。     

不同加工条件对全豆豆腐凝胶强度的影响

针对全豆豆腐加工中豆腐凝胶强度低的问题,研究了全豆豆腐煮浆工艺和凝固工艺中酶添加量、凝固温度、凝固时间和NaCl添加量对全豆豆腐凝胶强度的影响。得出全豆豆浆加热至90℃,保温10min的加热条件下,全豆豆腐凝胶强度最佳。通过单因素和正交实验,得到最佳的凝固条件为：酶添加量1．2U／mL豆浆、凝固温度50℃、凝固时间2h和NaCl添加量0．125％,制得的全豆豆腐品质优良,几乎包含大豆全部营养,比传统豆腐营养更丰富。     

浆渣共熟化技术与传统技术生产豆浆营养成分的比较分析

以大豆为原料生产豆浆,为了实现传统豆浆工艺的现代化改造,提出了一种干法脱皮处理、浆渣共熟化的豆浆生产工艺,与传统工艺获得豆浆的营养成分比较分析表明,采用脱皮带渣煮浆100℃、10min时,豆浆中蛋白质含量为15.145%,溶出率提高了0.9%,纤维素含量为12mg/mL,溶出率提高了41%,胰蛋白酶抑制活性为0.13U/g,去除率为80%。浆渣共熟化技术生产豆浆从营养成分溶出率方面优于传统工艺。     

酒炙龙胆炮制工艺研究

目的研究酒炙龙胆的炮制工艺,为酒龙胆质量标准研究提供理论依据。方法以龙胆苦苷含量、浸出物量为指标,对加酒量进行单因素考察;以炒制温度、炒制时间、闷润时间为考察的因素,采用正交实验方法,优选出龙胆最佳酒炙工艺。结果优选出龙胆最佳酒炙的工艺为:龙胆100g,加15g黄酒,拌匀,闷润1小时,100℃下炒制25min。结论本实验可为酒炙龙胆炮制工艺的标准化提供参考依据。     

微压煮浆对豆乳中蛋白粒子性质及组成的影响研究

煮浆是加工豆乳、豆腐等豆制品的必要生产环节。微压煮浆是采用密闭罐体加热豆乳,使罐内形成一定的压力,即微压,从而实现豆乳彻底煮开,沸腾。豆乳的稳定性是豆乳产品的一个重要的加工特性,豆乳中蛋白粒子的性质及组成对豆乳稳定性具有重要影响。本实验对比分析了微压煮浆方式与常压煮浆方式的豆乳蛋白粒子电位、蛋白粒子大小分布、粒子组成等性质,旨在研究微压煮浆对豆乳稳定性的影响效果。结果显示:与传统常压煮浆相比,微压。     

酒炙知母炮制工艺研究

目的研究酒炙知母的炮制工艺,为酒知母质量标准研究提供理论依据。方法以芒果苷含量、知母皂苷BⅡ含量为指标,以炒制时间、闷润时间、炒制温度为考察的因素,采用正交实验方法,优选出知母最佳酒炙工艺。结果优选出知母最佳酒炙的工艺为:称取知母100g,加18g黄酒,拌匀,闷润0.5小时,80℃下炒制20min,取出,晾干。结论本实验可为酒炙知母炮制工艺的进一步标准化研究提供参考。     

香蕉纤维化学脱胶工艺优化

采用化学脱胶处理香蕉纤维,对一煮和二煮工艺中的参数进行优化设计,以残胶率和残余木质素含量为指标对化学脱胶效果进行评价。结果显示：一煮工艺中,NaOH浓度、煮炼时间、Na2SO3及Na5P3O10浓度是影响脱胶效果的主要因素,优化后得出最佳工艺参数为：NaOH浓度为14 g/L、煮炼时间150 min、Na2SO3浓度3％﹑Na5P3O10浓度2.75％,残胶率为9.19％,残余木质素率为7.87％。二煮工艺中确定了NaOH浓度、H2O2浓度、处理时间为主要影响因素,最佳工艺条件为：NaOH浓度14 g/L、H2O2浓度为8％、处理时间120 min,残胶率达8.85％,残余木质素达4.68％。     

钱江源开门红红茶标准化关键加工技术研究

为明确钱江源开门红红茶的标准化加工技术，以鸠坑种为研究对象，通过分析其采用不同萎凋温度、萎凋程度，以及不同发酵温度、发酵时间所制的钱江源开门红红茶的理化成分和感官品质的差异，探究了不同加工工艺对钱江源开门红红茶品质形成的影响。结果表明，萎凋温度28℃、萎凋叶含水率62%～64%、发酵温度30℃、发酵3.5 h是加工钱江源开门红红茶的最佳工艺条件，所制红茶具有甜花香、甜爽的优异品质。研究为钱江源开门红红茶的标准化加工提供了参考。     

适合宝庆丸子工业化生产的豆腐生产工艺研究

研究了适合宝庆丸子工业化生产的豆腐生产工艺,通过正交试验,确定了二步冲浆法的最佳工艺条件是:第一次冲浆75℃,5min;第二次冲浆是98℃,5min,黄浆水点浆的最佳pH值为6.5,最佳压榨工艺参数为0.5Mpa,65℃,15min,豆腐含水率80%。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.     

Recent Modifications of Chitosan for Adsorption Applications: A Critical and Systematic Review

Chitosan is considered to be one of the most promising and applicable materials in adsorption applications. The existence of amino and hydroxyl groups in its molecules contributes to many possible adsorption interactions between chitosan and pollutants (dyes, metals, ions, phenols, pharmaceuticals/drugs, pesticides, herbicides, etc.). These functional groups can help in establishing positions for modification. Based on the learning from previously published works in literature, researchers have achieved a modification of chitosan with a number of different functional groups. This work summarizes the published works of the last three years (2012–2014) regarding the modification reactions of chitosans (grafting, cross-linking, etc.) and their application to adsorption of different environmental pollutants (in liquid-phase).