辽东地区4种林下经济植物光合特性研究

采用Li-6400便携式光合测定系统,对4种林下经济植物的净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度、胞间CO2浓度进行测定。结果表明：4种林下经济植物的净光合速率日变化曲线均为双峰型曲线,存在明显的光合“午睡”现象,日平均净光合速率的大小顺序为大叶芹〉五味子〉穿龙薯蓣〉移山参;大叶芹、五味子、穿龙薯蓣的蒸腾速率日变化曲线均为双峰型,而移山参为单峰型;4种林下经济植物胞间CO2浓度日变化曲线呈典型“V”字形。     

‘渤丰1号’杨光合速率日变化及其与生理生态因子的关系

利用Li-6400光合仪测定了1年生‘渤丰1号’杨的光合日变化,研究其与生理生态因子的相关性。结果表明,‘渤丰1号’杨净光合速率、蒸腾速率和气孔导度日变化均为"双峰"曲线,峰值出现的时间均是10:00和14:00,在12:00存在明显的"光合午休"现象;全天净光合速率最大值为10:00的20.64μmol·m-2s-1,比第二峰值高出16%。相关性分析表明,净光合速率与蒸腾速率呈极显著正相关(r=0.9290),与气孔导度和光合有效辐射呈显著正相关(r=0.8518、r=0.8226),与大气CO2浓度呈显著负相关(r=-0.8433);在4个生态因子中,影响净光合速率日变化的主要是光合有效辐射和大气CO2浓度。     

油茶-茶复合模式对茶树光合特性的影响

为了揭示油茶-茶复合模式的生理生态学理论基础,分析了油茶-茶复合模式和纯茶模式内茶树叶光合特性日变化及季节变化的差异情况,并对茶树光合特性与生态因子进行了多元线性逐步回归分析。结果表明:纯茶模式内茶树净光合速率的日变化曲线为双峰曲线,即午休现象较为明显,而复合模式的为单峰曲线;从整体上看,纯茶模式内茶树叶片的净光合速率高于复合模式;气孔导度的日变化曲线,纯茶呈单峰曲线,而复合模式的呈双峰曲线;胞间CO2浓度的日变化曲线与净光合速率的基本相反,纯茶和复合模式的蒸腾速率表现为先上升后下降的变化趋势。多元线性回归分析结果表明,两种模式下影响净光合速率的主要因子都有气孔导度、胞间CO2浓度、蒸腾速率、空气相对湿度及空气温度,而油茶-茶复合模式的茶树还受到光合有效辐射的影响。     

赤皮青冈光合作用的日变化研究

[目的]研究濒危珍稀树种赤皮青冈光合作用的日变化规律。[方法]使用开放式气体交换LI-6400便携式光合测定系统对赤皮青冈的光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度和胞间CO2浓度等光合生理指标进行了测定。[结果]赤皮青冈的净光合速率日变化曲线呈双峰型,赤皮青冈蒸腾速率和气孔导度的日变化呈现单峰曲线,赤皮青冈胞间CO2浓度的日变化...     

红瑞木光合特性研究

应用LI-6400便携式光合测定系统对红瑞木光合作用的日变化规律进行研究,利用SPSS统计分析软件,采用相关分析及多元逐步回归分析得出红瑞木春季、夏季、秋季净光合速率与生理生态因子间的关系。结果表明:春季光合速率呈单峰曲线,影响光合速率的主要因子为气孔导度、胞间CO2浓度和温度;夏季光合速率呈单峰曲线,在16:30左右又出现一个小高峰,影响光合速率的主要因子为蒸腾速率、光合有效辐射和温度;秋季净光合速率呈双峰曲线,影响光合速率的主要因子为光合有效辐射、蒸腾速率、胞间CO2浓度和大气水气压亏缺;夏季净光合速率最大。     

太空诱变油茶M1代光合特性的研究

为了探明太空诱变油茶M1代的光合生理特性,笔者对油茶苗苗高、地径等生长发育指标及净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度、胞间CO2浓度、水分利用率等光合日变化参数进行测定和对比分析。结果表明太空诱变油茶M1代的苗高和地径都得到提高,且地径增长达到显著水平;太空诱变油茶M1代的净光合速率日变化为双峰型,在上午11：00时达到首峰,为10.83 mol/m2·s,下午13：00时出现次峰,为6.40 mol/m2·s;胞间CO2浓度变化趋势与净光合速率变化趋势刚好完全相反;蒸腾速率日变化与气孔导度日变化均为单峰型,且趋势完全一致;水分利用率变化趋势与蒸腾速率变化趋势相反。     

土壤干旱胁迫及复水对紫叶矮樱光合特性的影响

以盆栽3年生紫叶矮樱为试材,采用称重控水法,研究土壤干旱胁迫及复水对紫叶矮樱光合特性的影响。结果表明：干旱条件下,随着胁迫程度的加重,紫叶矮樱的叶水势、净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度和胞间CO2浓度下降,叶绿素、花青苷含量和水分利用效率先升高再降低;复水后,叶水势、净光合速率、蒸腾速率、叶绿素含量、花青苷含量和水分利用效率升高,表明紫叶矮樱具有胁迫后补偿生长特征。     

辽宁核桃品种光合特性研究

以辽宁1号核桃等8种核桃为试材,使用Yaxin-1102便携式光合蒸腾仪,在田间条件下,对核桃光合作用进行了初步研究。结果表明:辽宁1号核桃净光合速率日变化呈双峰型曲线,有明显的光合"午休"现象。不同品种间净光合速率有差异;光合有效辐射、蒸腾速率、气孔导度和叶温均呈单峰型曲线,细胞间隙CO2浓度呈双谷型曲线;核桃净光合速率日变化与叶温极显著正相关,与胞间CO2浓度极显著负相关。     

‘欧美杨177’幼苗光合指标日变化分析

文章利用Li-6400XT测定了欧美杨177幼苗净光合速率,研究其日变化与环境因子的关系。结果表明:欧美杨177净光合速率、蒸腾速率和气孔导度日变化均呈现"双峰"曲线,表现出明显的光合"午休"现象,中午净光合速率降低主要受气孔限制因素限制;净光合速率峰值出现在10:00时和14:00时,分别为27.55μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1)和24.85μmol·m-2·s-1。14:00～18:00时段,胞间CO2浓度升高,气孔限制值减小,净光合速率下降主要受非气孔因素限制;欧美杨177净光合速率与气孔导度、光合有效辐射呈极显著正相关(r=0.973**、r=0.976**),与胞间CO2浓度呈极显著负相关(r=-0.918**),对蒸腾速率影响最大的是空气CO_2浓度。     

筇竹光合日变化特征研究

对筇竹春季、夏季和秋季的光合日变化特征进行了研究。结果表明:筇竹春季净光合速率日变化为单峰曲线,没有光合"午休"现象;夏季和秋季净光合速率日变化为双峰曲线,有明显的光合"午休"现象;筇竹光合"午休"现象的主要原因是非气孔因素所致;夏季的净光合速率最高,光合能力最强,是筇竹枝叶生长旺季。影响筇竹不同季节净光合速率的最稳定环境因子为光合有效辐射和大气温度。筇竹夏季和秋季蒸腾速率变化趋势均表现为双峰曲线,春季为单峰曲线;夏季和秋季均有蒸腾"午休"现象,春季则没有。光合有效辐射、大气温度和气孔导度是影响筇竹不同季节蒸腾速率的最稳定因子。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.