Monocarpk Senescence in Relation to Yield of Sesamum indicum During Source-Sink Alteration

Defoliation hastens senescence of the capsule wall, increased seed weight/capsule and harvest index, promotes seed filling and decreased the post-flowering contribution and yield/plant. Defruiting delayed senescence of the subtending leaf. Treatment of kinetin on the capsule wall increased its chlorophyll, sugar and dry weight and also increased yield by increasing harvest index, seed weight/capsule compared to seed treatment as well as control, although post-flowering contribution reduced significantly. When treated on the capsule wall ABA defers senescence of both leaf and capsule wall and also increased the yield parameters but seed treatment although defers senescence of both the source organs, decreased the yield parameters. Treatment of urea defers senescence of the source organs and also increased yield and capsule number though harvest index was reduced.
It is concluded that contribution from the capsule wall and deferment of senescence of this organ at the post capsule development period determines yield and in normal condition contribution of source is limited by the sink size.     

Regulation of Correlative Senescence in Arachis hypogaea L. by Source-Sink Alteration through Physical and Hormonal Means

Amongst the plants ( Arachis hypogaea ) subjected to differential reproductive manipulations, the leaf levels of chlorophyll and sugar and the dry weight of the aerial plants increased more (except sugar level in defruited plant) in the deflorated plants than either in the defruited or control plants, and the order of senescence was: control > defruited > deflorated. Seed yield per plant increased in deflorated plants as a result of increase in the number of pods (sink size) and reduction in the sink strength (seed wt per pod). While 75 % defoliation caused a decrease in all the parameters relating to senescence (chlorophyll, protein, reduced nitrogen, sugar and dry wt), 25% defoliation caused a slight decrease of chlorophyll level of leaf and aerial plant weight. However, the level of protein and reduced nitrogen in the leaf and sugar in the stem increased by the latter (through 25% defoliation). Defoliation up to 25% reduced seed yield by only 2%. Whereas the level of chlorophyll and aerial plant dry weight were not significantly changed by either kinetin or ABA, the level of protein and reduced nitrogen in the leaf and sugar level in both leaf and stem increased by kinetin. GA₃ increased almost all the parameters studied. All the three phytohormones increased the yield, mainly by increasing the sink size rather than the sink strength. It is concluded that the aerial flowers are more lethal than the underground fruits in inducing whole plant senescence where the leaf senescence is uncoupled from fruit maturation in normal condition possibly due to sink limitation.     

Nitrogen and Carbofuran Effects on the Growth and Yield Performance of Mungbean (Vigna radiata [L.] Wilczek)

Studies were carried out both in the semi-controlled environment and in the field to evaluate the influence of nitrogen and carbofuran in the growth, dry matter partitioning and yield of mungbean. Both nitrogen and carbofuran increased leaf area, leaf N content, NAR, dry matter, most of the yield attributes, and grain yield. Dry matter accumulation during the reproductive phase was significantly influenced by nitrogen and carbofuran, and method of N application. Plants treated with nitrogen fertilizer and carbofuran produced higher amount of dry matter after flowering; but gave low harvest index values compared to control. The results suggest that mungbean yield can be substantially increased through efficient dry matter partitioning employing agronomic manipulations.     

Influence of Benzyladenine on Leaf Senescence and Photosynthesis in Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)

The effect of foliar application of benzyladenine on sunflower leaf senescence, photosynthesis, RuBP carboxylase activity and diffusion resistance was investigated. A considerable drop in photosynthetic rate and rise in diffusion resistance were noted dunng the seed filling period. Benzyladenine application maintained the chlorophyll content and chlorophyll a : b ratio at higher level, enhanced RuBP carboxylase activity and net photosynthesis in both upper and lower leaves. A lower level of diffusion resistance was also observed by benzyladenine application during seed filling period. The results suggested that application of benzyladenine at 30, 60 and 90 days after sowing could help to maintain photosynthesis and assimilate supply to the developing seeds of sunflower.     

Physiological Responses and Dry Matter Partitioning of Summer Mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) Genotypes Subjected to Drought Conditions

Drought is the most important limitation to summer mungbean production in the tropics and subtropics dependent on usually insufficient summer rainfall. As increased irrigation is not a viable answer to the problem, an economically and environmentally desirable solution is new varieties with drought tolerance. However, there is little genotypic information on drought tolerance in summer mungbean. The objectives of this study were to assess the genotypic differences in physiological traits and dry matter partitioning in mungbean and to measure the association of these traits with crop performance under drought conditions. Six mungbean genotypes were tested in drought micro plots at CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, India. A split plot design was used; two irrigation treatments (watered and droughted) in the main plots and six mungbean genotypes in the subplots with three replicate micro plots. Drought decreased leaf water status, rates of photosynthesis (P_n) and altered dry matter partitioning in different plant parts. Our results showed that P_n did not limit yield, but it was partitioning of dry matter governed by leaf water content (RWC) which influenced the final yield. RWC was positively correlated to the number of pods per plant and seed yield, genotypes maintaining high RWC produced higher seed yield. Therefore, the drought tolerance of summer mungbean was related to the maintenance of high RWC, which can be used as a physiological marker to identify and develop superior genotypes suited to drought-prone environments.     

Effect of Urea on Photosynthesis and Yield in Mungbean

The effect of foliar application of 0.5 % and 1.0 % urea solutions after flowering on photosynthesis and yield was examined in mungbean ( Vigna radiata [L.] Wilczek) var. PS 16. Urea applied plants sustained higher rate of photosynthesis, retained more leaf area and this led to more dry matter production and consequently the seed yield was increased by increasing the number of pods per plant. These results are discussed in relation to source-sink relationship in mungbean.     

深松对向日葵光合性能及产量的影响

为探索油用向日葵产量、叶片光合特性及叶片衰老对深松的响应,2016-2017年,以油用向日葵T562为供试材料,测定了不同处理（深松45cm、深松30cm、浅旋15cm）不同生育时期向日葵叶片的净光合速率（P_n）、叶片SPAD值、产量构成和枯叶数。结果表明,深松处理的向日葵产量和P_n较浅旋有显著提高。开花后,随着生育进程推进,P_n呈先增加后下降的趋势,在现蕾-初花阶段达到最大值;P_n值表现为深松45cm>深松30cm>浅旋15cm;不同层面叶片SPAD值表现为深松处理高于浅旋;下部叶片自初花至终花期,SPAD值呈下降趋势,以浅旋15cm处理的降幅最大,深松45cm处理的降幅最小。深松处理可以延缓向日葵叶片衰老进程,深松措施能够调节产量构成因素,整体表现为：单盘粒重、结实率、千粒重和子仁率随深松深度的增加呈增加趋势,其中深松处理对单盘粒重影响最大,其次为千粒重和子仁率,最终提高了子实产量。     

烯效唑延缓小麦成熟期间叶片衰老的效应

１９８９～１９９２年田间与盆栽试验，研究烯效唑对小麦成熟期间旗叶及下二叶等三片功能叶衰老的延缓作用和增产效果。研究表明：１．烯效唑延缓小麦成熟期间功能叶片的衰老，表现在叶片细胞电解质渗漏率降低，超氧物歧化酶活性增高，丙二醛积累减少；２．烯效唑对离休旗叶片有保绿作用；于小麦齐穗期喷施２０～４０×１０－６，烯效唑药液７５０ｋｇ／ｈｍ２，可提高小麦千粒重３～４ｇ，增产１２％～１６％。     

“夏玉米—绿豆全程机械化间作模式”试验研究

为了提高杂粮作物的产量及效益,根据玉米全程机械化种植发展要求,创新地设计出了“夏玉米—绿豆全程机械化间作模式”,通过研究,为现代高效农业新型种植模式提供理论依据。研究结果表明,全程机械化间作模式下,夏玉米产量随着玉米密度的增加呈增加趋势,玉米千粒重和穗粒数逐渐降低;不同密度间绿豆产量差异不明显。玉米密度对间作经济效益影响极显著,且是影响间作效益的第一因素。玉米—绿豆间作处理的净产值均显著高于单作处理,且有效提高了土地利用率。推荐玉米7500株/hm²+绿豆90000株/hm²、玉米75000株/hm²+绿豆105000株/hm² 2种净产值最高的间作模式推广应用。     

改变源库比对花生光合特性及产量的影响

以花生新品种丰花1号高产栽培大田为材料,结荚初期人工摘除50％叶片、摘除50％果针,以不进行处理的作对照。结果表明：在处理后前期,摘叶处理虽然单叶光合速率上升,LAI增长速率增大,对叶片减少有补偿效应,但是叶绿素降解加快,含量下降,衰老加快而形成早衰现象,物质积累少,单果重、生物产量、经济产量、经济系数低于对照。摘除果针处理单叶光合速率虽有降低,但叶绿素含量高,降解速度慢,明显延缓植株衰老,LAI一直处于高水平,物质积累量大,荚果充实好,生物产量、经济产量、经济系数显著高于对照和摘叶处理。     

Indonesian mungbean landraces II. Comparison of performance,components of variance and selection for grain yield under wide row-spacing in monoculture and when intercropped with maize

Summary The possibility of testing mungbean for grain yield in monoculture in single wide-spaced row plots as an alternative to selection in intercropping with maize was investigated. Results indicated no significant genotype x planting pattern interactions and genetic correlation coefficients between grain yields in the two planting patterns were, in most cases, close to unity. It was concluded that, as far as the mungbean component in the mixture is concerned, yield selection in either of the two planting patterns is justified. Effects of single-plant and progeny selection on mungbean characteristics were also studied empirically. Lines derived from single-plant selection in monocropping or intercropping showed differences in yield, number of pods per plant and seed weight. Except for seed weight, no differential effects of progeny selection in monoculture or intercropping were observed for any characteristic.     

利用混合线性模型分析绿豆主要农艺性状的遗传及相关性

以19个绿豆品种(系)为亲本, 采用非完全双列杂交试验设计及混合线性模型,研究绿豆主要农艺性状的遗传规律及其性状间的相互关系。结果表明, 绿豆全生育日数、株高、主茎节数和百粒重均以加性效应为主, 狭义遗传率较高且达极显著水平;单株荚数、单株产量和总产量的加性效应和显性效应均显著或极显著, 狭义遗传率相对较低;单荚粒数主要受显性效应影响, 广义遗传率较高;播种至开花天数与株高间存在显著或极显著遗传和表型正相关;单株荚数、单荚粒数与百粒重显著或极显著负相关;单株荚数与单株产量、总产量显著或极显著正相关;百粒重与单株产量、总产量相关性不大;针对全生育日数、株高、主茎节数和百粒重的选择可在早期世代进行, 而对产量的选择可以根据单株荚数和单株产量在晚期世代进行。     

Exogenous 6‐benzyladenine improves antioxidative system and carbon metabolism of summer maize waterlogged in the field

A field experiment was performed to study the effects of spraying exogenous 6‐benzyladenine (6‐BA) after waterlogging for 6 days at the third leaf stage and the sixth leaf stage on the activities of key enzymes in carbon metabolism, leaf gas exchange parameters, fluorescent characteristic, antioxidant enzymes activities and MDA content of summer maize hybrids Denghai605 (DH605) and Zhengdan958 (ZD958), in order to illuminate the regulations of exogenous spraying 6‐BA to antioxidative system and carbon metabolism of waterlogged summer maize. Results showed that exogenous application of 6‐BA effectively alleviated the adverse effects of waterlogging on carbon metabolism by improving photosynthetic characteristics and the activities of RuBPCase (in the range of 48%–81%) and PEPCase (in the range of 14%–46%). Treatments with spraying exogenous 6‐BA resulted in significant and substantial increases in net photosynthetic rate (around 49%) and Φ_PSII (around 16%) compared to those of waterlogging treatments. In addition, spraying 6‐BA effectively alleviated waterlogging damages on antioxidative enzyme activity and decreased MDA content, delaying leaf senescence, resulted in significant and substantial (around 19%) increases in grain yield. Visibly, spraying exogenous 6‐BA effectively alleviated waterlogging damages on antioxidative system and carbon metabolism of summer maize, resulting in yield increase in waterlogged maize.     

Senescence of Flag Leaf and Glume in Rice: Role of Grains during Source-Sink Modification by Physical and Chemical Means

Senescence of flag leaf and glume of rice ( Oryza sativa L. cv. Ratna ) at different source sink ratios, through manipulating the plants by physical and chemical means, were analyzed. As judged from the chlorophyll retention capacity, induction of sterility deferred senescence of flag leaf and glume at both grain filling and post grain maturation period. Senescence of the glumes was promoted in the plants whose panicles were darkened. The time needed for achieving maximum 1000 grain dry weight was quickened, the harvest index (HI) was lowered and the flag leaf senescence was delayed by such manipulation. Spraying of urea deferred senescence of the flag leaf as well as increased 1000 grain dry weight and HI. The time taken for achieving maximum 1000 grain dry weight was, however, delayed. Senescence of glumes was promoted by α-HPMS spray, while the same was delayed by PMA spray on the whole plant. Both the chemicals deferred flag leaf senescence and decreased 1000 grain dry weight and HI. Senescence of the flag leaf at post grain filling period was also delayed by the above physical and chemical manipulations compared to that of control, the highest delaying effect was recorded in the flag leaf of sterile plant.
It is concluded that nutrient drainage is the primary cause of nonsequential senescence of the flag leaf of rice (cv. Ratna ). The involvement of senescence signal if any, is perhaps of secondary importance.     

玉米密植群体下部叶片衰老对植株碳氮分配与产量形成的影响

玉米密植会造成花后下部叶片早衰, 为探明其对植株根系性能、碳氮积累分配及产量形成的影响, 采用大田与土柱栽培相结合的方式, 以登海661和郑单958为试材, 分析了密植条件下两品种花后碳氮分配、根系性能和植株干物质积累量的变化。两年结果表明, 玉米密植群体下部叶片早衰导致两品种花后穗位叶叶绿素含量和净光合速率显著降低, 向根系转运的光合产物数量显著减少, 成熟期(R6)的根系生物量、根长密度和根系表面积较CK显著减少。根系性能的下降导致花后氮素吸收量显著降低, 叶片光合速率降低、整株叶片衰老进程加快, 单株籽粒产量显著下降, 登海661较CK低7.61%, 郑单958较CK低8.35%。郑单958的花后叶片衰老要早于登海661, 且叶面积和净光合速率比登海661低, 导致花后干物质积累量和产量较登海661显著降低。可见玉米密植群体花后下部叶片衰老加速了根系衰老, 降低了氮素吸收量, 影响整株绿叶面积和光合持续期, 最终导致花后干物质积累量和籽粒产量降低。     

玉米叶片保绿度开花后衰减特性与产量性状相关性初步研究

摘要：采用Excel工作表及Origin7.0、DPS统计分析软件对不同基因型玉米开花后叶片保绿度衰减特性与产量性状相关性进行了初步研究,结果表明：叶片保绿度最大衰减速率出现时间、最大衰减速率对产量性状影响大于叶片保绿度衰减启动时间对产量性状影响,最大衰减速率出现时间越晚、最大衰减速率越低,越有利于获得较高的单穗粒重、百粒重、穗粒数、容重、出籽率。     

Late‐season photosynthetic rate and senescence were associated with grain yield in winter wheat of diverse origins

There is a lack of studies that have investigated grain yield, its components and photosynthesis in late stages of wheat growth, giving us insufficient understanding of how these factors interact to contribute to yield during this period. As a result, three field experiments were carried out examining 20 winter wheat genotypes of diverse origins under irrigated, terminal drought and dryland conditions in the southern Idaho. Our objective was to evaluate the interaction between post‐anthesis physiological traits, especially leaf‐level photosynthetic capacity, senescence and yield components on grain yield in different moisture regimes. Genotype differences were found in leaf‐level photosynthesis and senescence, canopy temperature depression, grain yield and yield components in each water regime. Grain yield was closely associated with traits related to grain numbers. In all three moisture regimes, positive correlations were observed between grain yield and photosynthesis that were dependent on the timing or physiological growth stage of the photosynthetic measurement: highly significant correlations were found in the mid‐ and late grain filling stages, but no correlations at anthesis. Consistent with these findings, flag leaf senescence at the late grain filling stage was negatively correlated with grain yield and photosynthetic rate (under terminal drought and dryland conditions). These findings provided evidence that grain yield was sink‐limited until the final stages of growth, at which time sustained photosynthesis and delayed senescence were critical in filling grain. Because the trends were consistent in moisture sufficient and deficient conditions, the results suggest that late‐season photosynthesis and delayed leaf senescence are driven by the size of the reproductive carbon sink, which was largely governed by factors affecting grain numbers.     

Grain-filling response of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) to post-anthesis shading in a humid climate

To assess the impacts of clouds during the grain-filling period on the leaf senescence and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), we conducted a 4-year plot shading experiment in a well-drained Andosol in northern Japan. Plants were shaded after the beginning of anthesis in mid-June, which corresponds to a naturally cloudy period in the study region. The effect of shading depended on its synchronization with soil drying, which affected leaf senescence. Grain yield was determined by solar radiation at the beginning of the grain-filling period, except in 2015, which was a dry year. Later anthesis in 2016 and 2017 significantly reduced the number and weight of individual grains in the shading treatments. Moreover, “Kitahonami”, with late anthesis, showed a significantly slower increase in the individual-grain weight during the grain-filling process after shading than “Yumechikara”. When the duration between anthesis and shading was short, shading significantly reduced the number and weight of grains, and later anthesis makes it more likely that regional reduced light levels are encountered, resulting in fewer grains; the sensitivity of individual-grain weight to shading synchronized with an increase in grain protein contents. Our results suggest that in wet years, later anthesis makes it easier to encounter regional reduced light and fewer grains; in addition, insufficient light limits photosynthesis under shade and decreases yield.     

Effect of fungicide and foliar fertilizer application to winter wheat at anthesis on flag leaf senescence, grain yield, flour bread-making quality and DON contamination

In this study, field experiments have been conducted over three growing seasons to evaluate the effect of fungicides (triazoles and strobilurins) and a foliar fertilizer application to winter wheat at anthesis on flag leaf senescence, grain yield, bread-making quality, Fusarium head blight (FHB) disease and deoxynivalenol (DON) contamination.Flag leaf greenness was significantly influenced by the fungicide application. A delay in flag leaf senescence following triazole use did not increase grain yield. No effects of fungicide application on protein concentration were recorded. The application of strobilurin to a triazole programme did not significantly delay senescence of the flag leaf or increased yield, compared to the triazole-only application, while a consistent benefit was observed for dough strength (W). The triazole application led to significantly lower FHB symptoms and DON contamination, while the triazole-strobilurin fungicides programme led to an increase in DON contents, that were often higher than the untreated controls.Grain yield and quality were improved when a foliar feed containing macro- and micro-nutrients was added to a triazole fungicide programme, with no additional risk for DON contamination. Compared to the strobilurin fungicide application, the foliar fertilizer led to a longer delay of the flag leaf senescence and higher bread-making quality.     

Post-Flowering Photoperiod Effects on Reproductive Development and Agronomic Traits of Long-Day and Short-Day Crops

Pre-flowering photoperiod effects on floral initiation, flowering time and yield components of various crops have been well studied, but the post-flowering photoperiod effects on major field crops are not clearly understood. A controlled environment study was carried out using six long-day (LD) crops, flax, sugar beet, broad bean, triticale, wheat, and rapeseed, and seven short-day (SD) crops including Adzuki bean, potato, rice, peanut, mungbean, cotton and corn with a major objective of evaluating the post-flowering photoperiod effects on their reproductive development and yield components. There were significant inter- and intra-specific differences in their response to post-flowering photoperiod treatments. The effects of short days on LD crops were similar to LD effects on SD crops. The post-flowering duration was prolonged by short photoperiod in LD crops and long photoperiod in SD crops. There was, however, significant genotypic variation within a species for such effects. The post-flowering LD treatment caused abscission of flowers and pods and the resumption of vegetative growth in Adzuki bean. The post-flowering LD treatment also delayed the shoot senescence of one of the two potato varieties and decreased the number of tubers per plant in both varieties. The LD treatment delayed maturation of rice and mungbean, and decreased seed yield and 100-seed weight of peanut, although the shoot senescence of peanut was not apparently affected. Rapeseed, wheat, cotton and corn genotypes in this study did not show any sensitivity to post-flowering photoperiod. In triticale (an LD crop) exposure to short photoperiod post-flowering increased the number of spikes per plant perhaps due to a greater assimilate accumulation over a longer duration. The results from the current study as well as those from our previous experiments suggest that post-flowering photoperiod responses do exist in diverse field crops, and that there are strong genotypic differences in sensitivity and magnitude of response to post-flowering photoperiod. Photoperiod after flowering substantially regulates the source/sink relationship, and promotes partitioning and accumulation of assimilates to storage organs of crops when it favours the reproductive development of crops.