野生巨(鱼丕)肌肉营养成分测定和分析

对野生巨(鱼丕)(Bagarius yarrelli Sykes)肌肉的营养成分进行测定和分析。结果显示:巨(鱼丕)是一种较少见的具有黄色肌肉的鱼类。巨(鱼丕)含肉率为48.78%、肌肉中水分含量77.28%、粗蛋白含量18.01%、粗脂肪含量2.52%、灰分含量2.19%;肌肉中水解氨基酸总量为14.15%,含量最高为缬氨酸(1.35%),最低为甘氨酸(0.45%);必需氨基酸含量为6.21%,占氨基酸总量的43.89%,氨基酸价为160.81,第一和第二限制氨基酸是亮氨酸和赖氨酸(1973年FAO/WHO标准)。结果表明巨(鱼丕)是一种营养价值较高有待开发的野生鱼类。     

花斑裸鲤和极边扁咽齿鱼肌肉营养成分分析

试验结果显示,花斑裸鲤和极边扁咽齿鱼鱼体粗蛋白含量分别为60.5%和56.4%[质量(干)百分率],略低于常规鱼类;每克干物质所含必需氨基酸总量分别为34.99 mg和32.62 mg,占氨基酸总量的50.4%和52.4%,各类氨基酸较为全面,赖氨酸、天门冬氨酸、精氨酸、甘氨酸含量最高,具有良好的利用价值.     

异育银鲫卵巢,肌肉的生化成分和氨基酸组成特点

分析了异育银鲫卵巢、肌肉的生化成分和氨基酸。结果表明，卵巢水分含量低于肌肉，而其蛋白质、脂肪、灰分、无氮浸出物及能值则高于肌肉，其中脂肪和无氮浸出物含量有明显差别。卵巢的１７种氨基酸总量和７种必需氨基酸含量也都高于肌肉。卵巢氨基酸含量分布顺序与肌肉有一定区别，有１３种氨基酸的含量是卵巢高于肌肉，差异明显的是甘氨酸、胱氨酸、丝氨酸和脯氨酸；有４种氨基酸是肌肉高于卵巢，差异较明显的是天门冬氨酸和赖氨酸     

4种帘蛤目软体动物的营养成分分析与营养价值评价

测定了美洲帘蛤、四角蛤蜊、杂色蛤、文蛤的常规营养成分和各种氨基酸的含量,并对其营养价值进行综合评定。结果表明：4种帘蛤目软体动物的粗蛋白质含量均在44．35％以上,必需氨基酸与非必需氨基酸的含量比值大于1．00。谷氨酸、天冬氨酸、赖氨酸的含量最高。同时,4种风味氨基酸（天冬氨酸、谷氨酸、丙氨酸、甘氨酸）占氨基酸总含量的38．96％～39．47％。氨基酸计分（AAS）和化学评分（CS）显示,赖氨酸含量高于鸡蛋蛋白水平标准,可弥补谷类食物的不足。必需氨基酸指数（EAAI）则分别为73．45—79．48,具有非常高的营养价值。从鲜味氨基酸的比例和氨基酸组成来看,4种帘蛤目软体动物不仅味道鲜美,而且营养丰富,具有非常广阔的市场前景。     

饲料中补充晶体或微囊赖氨酸对草鱼生长和血浆总游离氨基酸的影响

为考察饲料中补充晶体或微囊赖氨酸对草鱼生长性能的影响,配制了豆粕含量为23%(高豆粕组),15%(低豆粕组)的两种实用饲料,在低豆粕饲料中补充晶体赖氨酸或微囊赖氨酸,使赖氨酸达到与高豆粕组一致的水平,共4个处理组,即高豆粕组、低豆粕组、低豆粕+晶体赖氨酸(晶体赖氨酸组)、低豆粕+微囊赖氨酸(微囊赖氨酸组),每处理设3个平行。饲养平均体重为(49.0±2.0)g的草鱼8周。结果表明,各组鱼体增重率分别为279.3%、239.7%、245.6%、277.5%,饲料系数为1.62、1.88、1.85、1.62。与低豆粕组相比,添加晶体赖氨酸对草鱼生长无改善(P>0.05),而添加微囊赖氨酸则提高草鱼增重率15.8%(P<0.05),降低饲料系数0.24(P<0.05),在增重率与饲料系数方面达到与高豆粕组基本一致的水平(P>0.05)。对草鱼摄食上述4种饲料0、1、2、3、4、5h后的血浆总游离氨基酸浓度测定结果表明,添加微囊赖氨酸血浆总游离氨基酸的变化趋势与高豆粕组、低豆粕组一致,即在饲后3h达到高峰,而添加晶体赖氨酸使血浆总游离氨基酸的吸收峰值提前。晶体赖氨酸经微囊化后,其水中溶失率显著降低(P<0.05),仅...     

不同年龄野生和养殖兴凯湖翘嘴鲌肌肉营养成分分析

为评定营养价值、建立种质标准以及研制人工配合饲料,对2龄、4龄和6龄兴凯湖翘嘴鲌(Culter alburnus)野生和养殖群体的肌肉营养成分和营养品质进行了分析比较,结果显示,2龄兴凯湖翘嘴鲌野生和养殖群体肌肉营养成分含量无显著差异(P>0.05);4龄、6龄野生群体的水分和粗蛋白含量显著高于养殖群体(P<0.05),粗脂肪含量显著低于养殖群体(P<0.05)。与常见养殖鱼类相比,野生兴凯湖翘嘴鲌Ca和P含量较高。野生和养殖群体的氨基酸组成一致,甘氨酸含量最高,谷氨酸和赖氨酸次之。4龄、6龄野生群体氨基酸总量(TAA)、必需氨基酸总量(EAA)和鲜味氨基酸含量显著高于养殖群体(P<0.05)。结果表明,兴凯湖翘嘴鲌野生与养殖群体蛋白质含量较高,均含有丰富的氨基酸,具有较高的营养价值和食用价值;野生群体肌肉营养价值和肉味鲜美程度明显优于养殖群体,且随年龄增长差异更鲌加明显。在配制兴凯湖翘嘴鲌人工饲料时,应适当添加限制性氨基酸蛋氨酸和胱氨酸,以提高其营养价值;适当添加甘氨酸和谷氨酸,以提高养殖鱼体风味。     

白斑狗鱼含肉率及肌肉营养成分分析

测定了贵州地区池塘养殖白斑狗鱼的含肉率及其肌肉生化成分。试验结果表明,白斑狗鱼的含肉率为59.64%;其肌肉生化成分(鲜质量百分比),水分77.5%、蛋白质18.3%、脂肪1.2%、灰分1.2%。肌肉中含有17种氨基酸,总含量为16.55%;7种必需氨基酸含量为6.79%,占氨基酸总含量的41.03%;4种鲜味氨基酸总量为5.077%,占总氨基酸含量的30.67%;必需氨基酸指数为77.24,赖氨酸含量丰富(1.914%),占氨基酸总量的11.56%,蛋氨酸、胱氨酸和缬亮氨酸为限制性氨基酸。     

野生与养殖银鲳幼鱼氨基酸含量的比较

比较了野生与养殖银鲳幼鱼氨基酸的含量。结果显示,野生与养殖银鲳鱼体中均以谷氨酸含量最高,组氨酸含量最低,必需氨基酸中均以赖氨酸含量最高,并且四种呈味氨基酸的含量由高到低的顺序均为谷氨酸>天冬氨酸>甘氨酸>丙氨酸。养殖银鲳鱼体中脯氨酸含量较野生银鲳明显升高(变异系数为11.16%),但丝氨酸、酪氨酸及八种必需氨基酸(缬氨酸、蛋氨酸、亮氨酸、异亮氨酸、苏氨酸、苯丙氨酸、赖氨酸及精氨酸)的含量均较野生银鲳低。养殖银鲳氨基酸总量(54.17 g/100 g干物质)与必需氨基酸总量(27.16 g/100 g干物质)均分别低于野生银鲳鱼体中的氨基酸总量(57.92 g/100 g干物质)与必需氨基酸的总量(30.04 g/100 g干物质),变异系数分别为4.74%与7.13%;而呈味氨基酸总量与野生银鲳相比差异较小,变异系数仅为2.66%。养殖银鲳与野生银鲳鱼体中必需氨基酸总量与总氨基酸的比值(EAA/TAA)均较高,分别为50.14%与51.87%。此外,养殖与野生银鲳鱼体中的呈味氨基酸与总氨基酸(DAA/TAA)的比值同样较高,分别为37.92%与36.82%。     

银鲳与翎鲳肌肉必需氨基酸组成模式的比较分析

比较分析了相同规格银鲳与翎鲳幼鱼肌肉必需氨基酸的组成模式。结果显示,银鲳与翎鲳肌肉中氨基酸均以谷氨酸含量最高,分别为2.91、2.77 g/100 g湿物质,色氨酸含量最低,分别为0.17、0.18 g/100 g湿物质;银鲳肌肉中氨基酸总量、必需氨基酸总量及呈味氨基酸总量分别为18.08、9.32与6.84 g/100 g湿物质,翎鲳肌肉中氨基酸总量、必需氨基酸总量及呈味氨基酸总量分别为17.25、8.80与6.60 g/100 g湿物质;银鲳肌肉中必需氨基酸的组成比例为缬氨酸∶蛋氨酸∶异亮氨酸∶亮氨酸∶苏氨酸∶苯丙氨酸∶组氨酸∶赖氨酸∶精氨酸∶色氨酸=6.02∶3.12∶5.66∶9.45∶4.33∶4.50∶2.56∶11.15∶7.06∶1.00,翎鲳肌肉必需氨基酸中缬氨酸∶蛋氨酸∶异亮氨酸∶亮氨酸∶苏氨酸∶苯丙氨酸∶组氨酸∶赖氨酸∶精氨酸∶色氨酸=5.64∶2.42∶5.18∶8.74∶4.12∶4.13∶2.46∶10.28∶6.65∶1.00。统计分析表明,银鲳与翎鲳间肌肉中氨基酸总量、必需氨基酸总量、呈味氨基酸总量以及必需氨基酸的组成模式并无显著性差异(P0.05)。     

人工养殖宝石鲈肌肉营养成份分析

对工厂化养殖的宝石鲈肌肉营养成份进行测定。结果表明:宝石鲈肌肉中干物质中粗蛋白和粗脂肪含量分别为19.16%、12.65%。18种氨基酸含量为16.35 g,其中必需氨基酸含量为6.80 g,占氨基酸总量的41.59%;谷氨酸、天冬氨酸、丙氨酸和甘氨酸4种风味氨基酸总含量为5.97g,低于鳜鱼、异育银鲫、泥鳅和斑点叉尾鮰,稍高于黄颡鱼。     

Rare serotype occurrence and PFGE genotypic diversity of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from tilapia in China

Previously, we reported 10 PEGE types of 85 tilapia Streptococcus agalactiae(GBS), which shifted from Streptococcus iniae in China, by using PEGE method. Presently, larger and more representative tilapia GBS were isolated, for the ?rst time in China, to characterize their serotypes and genetic diversities more precisely than had done before. 168 GBS strains were distributed in ?ve provinces of China, in which Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan were the major ones, holding36.9%(62/168), 37.5%(63/168) and 19.6%(33/168), respectively. Serotypes, Ia, Ib and III, were observed in these strains and the most predominant one was Ia(95.2%), which mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Ia initially occurred in 2009, it shoot up to 32.1% in 2010,but decreased to 16.1% in 2011 before went up to 45.2% in 2012. Ib sporadically occurred during2007–2011, III onlyoccurred in 2012. 14 different PFGE types, including 4 new types(N, O,P and Q), were observed, in which B, D, F and G were the predominant types, holding 83.9%(141/168) of the total GBS strains. Ia corresponded to 11 PFGE types(A–H, N–P), in which type D predominated(51%). Ib represented 3 genotypes(I, J and Q) and III harbored only 2genotypes(N and F). Type N and Fsynchronously presented in Ia and III. In summary, the genetic diversity of tilapia GBS varied by serotypes and changed with geographical locations and years.Although Iastillpredominated, new rareserotypeIII alreadyoccurred in China.     

Growth hormone (GH) and reproduction: a review

Interaction between growth and reproduction occurs in many vertebrates and is particularly obvious at certain stages of the life cycle in fish. Endocrine interactions between the gonadotropic axis and the somatotropic axis are described, the potential role of GH being emphasised. A comparative analysis of these phenomena in mammals, amphibians and fish, suggests a specific role of GH in the physiology of puberty, gametogenesis and fertility. It also shows the original contribution made by studies on the fish model in this field of investigations.     

Purification and partial characterization of GtHs (cfLH and cfFSH) from Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus) (L.) and development of a homologous ELISA for cfLH

Two gonadotropins (GtH; Qa and Qb) were purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography from the pituitaries of Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). The presence of GtH during purification was assessed by in vitro oocyte maturation and in vivo steroidogenic activity, and their identities were determined by elution profiles, molecular weight, biological activities and yield. The molecular weights of Qa and Qb were 37 and 42 kDa, respectively, and composed of distinct subunits (Qa: 20 and 14 kDa and Qb: 26 and 18 kDa). Polyclonal antibodies raised against Qa immunostained Qa, Qb and pituitary GtH cells. A competitive Qa‐ELISA was developed whose sensitivity was 6.25 ng mL^?1 (1.25 ng well^?1) with intra‐ (3.5%) and inter‐ (12.4%) assay coefficients of variation. Displacement curves parallel to the standard were obtained with plasma and pituitary extracts of catfish, Qb and carp GtHII. The assay was validated by measuring the plasma Qa levels after LHRH treatment and in relation to ovarian growth in the female catfish during different reproductive phases. Based on the results, Qa and Qb corresponded to fish LH and FSH respectively. The findings will increase the knowledge of the mechanisms controlling fish reproduction and identification of sensitive phases in fish in captivity for hormonal manipulation.     

Controlled infection of Poecilia reticulata Peters (guppy) with Tetrahymena by immersion and intraperitoneal injection

Tetrahymena is a protozoan parasite, which infects guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, and causes substantial economical losses in commercial farms worldwide. Studies of guppy infected by Tetrahymena require standardized infection protocols. The LD50 for Tetrahymena infection of guppies by intraperitoneal (IP) injection was calibrated, and the level obtained was 946 parasites per fish. Guppy infection with Tetrahymena by immersion, imitating the natural route of infection via the integument, was studied under normal or stress conditions. Exposure to cold and netting (CNI) and to cold only (CI) followed by immersion exposure to 10 000 Tetrahymena per mL resulted in 22.5% and 19.2% mortality, respectively, as compared to 14.2% and 10% in groups that were netted only (NI) or non‐stressed (I). Histopathology revealed that immersion infection resulted in a systemic infection. Lysozyme levels, measured 3 weeks after infection, were significantly higher in the CNI group (288 μg per mg protein) compared with CI‐, NI‐ and I‐treated groups (94.5, 64 and 62.3 μg mg^?1, respectively). There was no evident parasite immobilization activity in body homogenates, suggesting no development of acquired immunity. Re‐infection by IP injection revealed no increase in protection in any of the treatment groups, mortality range of 56.3–75%, higher than in the non‐exposed control (40.6% mortality).     

Evaluation of a Fast Method Based on the Presence of Two Restriction Sites in the Mitochondrial ND5 (mt ND5) Gene for the Identification of Scomber Species

The purpose of this work was to evaluate the suitability of a method based on the presence of two restriction sites (for Hae III and Hindf I) in the mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 (mt ND5) gene to identify Scomber species. The evaluation was performed on 144 reference and market samples by sequencing of the entire 505-bp fragment of the mt ND5 gene and of a 464-bp fragment of the Kocher fragment of the cytochrome b gene (mt Cytb). Sequence analysis of any of the two fragments allows the identification of each of the four Scomber species, but S. japonicus and S. colias had the same restriction sites at the ND5 amplicon and would not have been differentiated by this analysis. Similarly, loss of the Hae III site in some S. scombrus individuals would have misidentified them as not being Scomber. All the market products were correctly labeled except one acquired in Spain labeled as originating in the Atlantic and containing S. japonicus.     

Imported ornamental fish are colonized with antibiotic‐resistant bacteria

There has been growing concern about the overuse of antibiotics in the ornamental fish industry and its possible effect on the increasing drug resistance in both commensal and pathogenic organisms in these fish. The aim of this study was to carry out an assessment of the diversity of bacteria, including pathogens, in ornamental fish species imported into North America and to assess their antibiotic resistance. Kidney samples were collected from 32 freshwater ornamental fish of various species, which arrived to an importing facility in Portland, Oregon from Colombia, Singapore and Florida. Sixty‐four unique bacterial colonies were isolated and identified by PCR using bacterial 16S primers and DNA sequencing. Multiple isolates were identified as bacteria with potential to cause disease in both fish and humans. The antibiotic resistance profile of each isolate was performed for nine different antibiotics. Among them, cefotaxime (16% resistance among isolates) was the antibiotic associated with more activity, while the least active was tetracycline (77% resistant). Knowing information about the diversity of bacteria in imported ornamental fish, as well as the resistance profiles for the bacteria will be useful in more effectively treating clinical infected fish, and also potential zoonoses in the future.     

Effect of iodophor disinfection of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs on their bacterial and fungus load

This study investigated the efficiency of iodophor disinfection (135 ppm active iodine for 15–30 min) of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs against different groups of bacteria and against fungus. Egg samples were taken from non‐disinfected and from disinfected eggs, microorganisms were cultured on specific nutrient media and their mass was measured by turbidimetric methods. Bacteria and fungus mass of non‐hardened eggs could be reduced but not eliminated by iodophor disinfection with 135 ppm active iodine for 15 min. The extent of reduction was 47–65% (Experiment 1). The efficiency of disinfection increased with disinfection time as the reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was 40–55% after 15 min and 58–74% after 30 min (Experiment 2). Disinfection efficiency of iodophor solution diluted in water (reduction 49–57%) and of iodophor solution diluted in sodium chloride solution iso‐osmolar to the oocytes (reduction 52–61%) was similar (Experiment 3). The reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was persistent as it was 39–72% lower in embryos deriving from disinfected eggs than in embryos deriving from non‐disinfected ones (Experiment 4). In conclusion, the tested disinfection method is inadequate to eliminate pathogens completely but it could positively influence immune defence of eggs and embryos.     

Nitrogenous waste excretion and accumulation of urea and ammonia inChalcalburnus tarichi (Cyprinidae), endemic to the extremely alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Turkey)

The endemic, anadromous cyprinidChalcalburnus tarichi is the only fish species known to occur in alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Anatolia, Turkey). EightC. tarichi were maintained individually in Lake Van water (17 – 19°C; pH 9.8; 153 mEq·I^–1 total alkalinity; 22 total salinity) and tank water samples analyzed for 24 h in 2 to 4 h intervals. At zero time, < 1µM ammonia was present and urea was undetectable in the tank water; at 24 h, total ammonia and urea made up 114±32 and 35±25µM, respectively. Over the experimental period, ammonia-N and urea-N excretion averaged 1041±494 and 607±169moles·kg^–1 fish·h^–1, respectively. The extent of urea excretion was highly variable between specimens. Uric acid excretion was not detectable.Urea was present at high concentrations in all tissues and plasma (25 – 35moles·g^–1·ml^–1) of freshly caughtC. tarichi; total ammonia content of the tissues was by a factor of 1.9 (liver) to 3.0 (brain) lower. High arginase activity (2.4±0.2 U·min^–1·g^–1) was detected in the liver ofC. tarichi but ornithine carbamoylphosphate transferase, a key enzyme of the ornithine-urea-cycle, was absent. Ureagenesis is likely through degradation of arginine and/or uricolysis. High glutamine synthetase activity (11±0.6 U·min^–1·g^–1) and low ammonia content in brain suggest that, like other teleosts,C. tarichi has an efficient ammonia detoxification in the brain, but in no other tissue.Nitrogenous waste excretion at alkaline pH is discussed. The ability ofC. tarichi to excrete high levels of ammonia at extremely alkaline pH is unique among teleosts studied so far. The mechanism of ammonia excretion under Lake Van conditions remains to be elucidated.