转Bt基因玉米幼苗残体中Ory1Ab杀虫蛋白田间降解动态

【目的】研究间苗后留在田间地表的转Bt基因玉米幼苗残体中Cry1Ab杀虫蛋白的降解规律,比较两种Bt玉米幼苗残体中Cry1Ab杀虫蛋白的降解速度。【方法】以两种表达Cry1Ab杀虫蛋白的转Bt基因抗虫玉米MON810和Bt11为材料,采用ELISA方法测定各取样时期中幼苗残体中Cry1Ab杀虫蛋白残留量。【结果】转Bt基因玉米幼苗残体中杀虫蛋白降解是逐渐的,且降解速度较快,到50d时幼苗残体已经完全腐烂,Bt11幼苗残体中的杀虫蛋白已经完全降解,在MON810中还能检测到微量的杀虫蛋白。两种转基因玉米幼苗残体中的Bt杀虫蛋白的初始含量差异不显著,但在同一时间段的Bt杀虫蛋白降解速度存在差异均显著,在30d前MON810幼苗残体中Bt杀虫蛋白降解速度比Bt11降解的快,30d后,则降解趋势相反,到50d取样结束时MON810和Bt11分别降解了初始含量的99.81%和100%。【结论】两种转Bt基因玉米间苗后留在田间的幼苗残体中的Cry1Ab杀虫蛋白降解速度不同,在50d完全腐烂时,其中的杀虫蛋白完全降解或仅有微量残留。     

转Bt基因抗虫玉米根茬和根际土壤中Cry1Ab杀虫蛋白的田间降解动态

【目的】研究转cry1Ab杀虫蛋白基因玉米收获后玉米根茬及其根际土壤中Cry1Ab杀虫蛋白的降解动态,比较两种Bt玉米根茬和根际土壤中Cry1Ab杀虫蛋白的降解速度。【方法】以两种表达Cry1Ab杀虫蛋白的Bt抗虫玉米MON810和Bt11为材料,采用ELISA方法测定玉米收获后根茬残体和根际土壤中Cry1Ab杀虫蛋白的田间降解动态。【结果】转Bt基因玉米根茬残体和根际土壤中杀虫蛋白是逐渐降解的,Bt玉米MON810根茬中Cry1Ab杀虫蛋白含量较高,降解的速度也较慢,收获后8个月时还不能完全降解;Bt玉米Bt11根茬中Cry1Ab杀虫蛋白含量较低,降解速度比MON810根茬中Cry1Ab杀虫蛋白降解速度快,到7个月时已检测不到Cry1Ab杀虫蛋白。Bt玉米MON810根际土壤中Cry1Ab杀虫蛋白的降解较Bt11的慢,MON810和Bt11根际土壤分别在8个月和7个月时检测不到Cry1Ab杀虫蛋白。【结论】种植过Bt11和MON810抗虫玉米的田块,在第二年春播农作物已经出土时,其根茬和根际土壤中残留的Cry1Ab杀虫蛋白尚不能完全降解,还有少量残留。     

Bt玉米杀虫蛋白含量的时空表达及对亚洲玉米螟的杀虫效果

 利用ELISA方法对2个转Cry1Ab基因抗虫玉米品种MON810和Bt11在不同生育期、不同组织器官中杀虫蛋白的表达量进行了分析,利用室内生测方法研究了不同组织器官对亚洲玉米螟初孵幼虫杀虫效果,并分析了杀虫蛋白表达量与杀虫效果的相关性。结果表明,Cry1Ab杀虫蛋白在Bt玉米MON810和Bt11的不同生育期和组织中的表达量呈明显的时空动态变化,以营养生长阶段的心叶组织表达最高,分别为1880.6和1473.1ng·g-1,生殖生长阶段的花粉含量最低,分别为52.3和73.3ng·g-1。随着叶片的生长,     

影响Bt稻离体叶中Cry1Ab杀虫蛋白降解的环境因子研究

 【目的】研究转Bt基因水稻表达的外源Bt杀虫蛋白在土壤中的环境去向，以便进行转BT基因水稻的生态风险性评价。【方法】室内采用ELISA法，研究了转Bt基因水稻克螟稻2号（KMD2）粉碎叶片中Cry1Ab杀虫蛋白在3种水稻土，即青紫泥田、黄筋泥田和黄松田土中不同土壤含水量、土壤pH值和温度条件下的降解动态。【结果】供试叶片粉中Cry1Ab蛋白在3种水稻土中的降解动态均可用一级化学反应动力学指数方程来拟合，降解半消减期t0.5为1.8～4.0 d。【结论】土壤含水量、pH和温度对Cry1Ab蛋白降解速率均有一定影响，但pH和温度的影响更为明显。通常pH较低的酸性土壤和低温不利于土壤中Cry1Ab蛋白的降解,特别是在酸性黄松田中降解最慢。     

转Bt基因玉米残体Cry1Ab蛋白在土壤中的残留动态

采用ELISA定量法研究了(28±1)℃下转Bt基因玉米植株残体不同组织所含Cry1Ab蛋白在黄褐土和红壤中的残留动态,并对其进行方程拟合。结果表明,转Bt基因玉米植株残体不同组织释放的Cry1Ab蛋白在不同土壤中的残留动态基本一致,均呈前期快速降低和后期稳定下降2个阶段,但同一组织释放的Cry1Ab蛋白在不同土壤中的残留变化速率存在显著差异,黄褐土中下降明显快于红壤,1周内表现尤为显著;不同组织释放的Cry1Ab蛋白在同一土壤中其残留差异显著,且受培养时间等因素的影响,总体表现为根>叶>茎,与初始时Cry1Ab蛋白土壤可提取量表现基本一致;双指数模型比移动对数模型和指数模型更符合转Bt基因玉米残体中Cry1Ab蛋白在土壤中的残留动态。     

Bt稻Cry1Ab杀虫蛋白在水体中的残留和Bt稻田三类水生昆虫数量调查

以转Btcry1Ab基因水稻克螟稻1号(KMD1)和克螟稻2号(KMD2)黄熟期的茎叶为材料,室内测定了其经浸水处理后(28℃,L16∶D8)残体和水体中Cry1Ab杀虫蛋白的含量;测定了KMD1与早籼稻嘉早935培育成的Bt稻华池B6分蘖期稻田水体中Cry1Ab蛋白的含量,同时调查了该Bt稻和对照稻嘉早935在分蘖初期、盛期和末期稻田3类水生昆虫的数量。结果表明,KMD1和KMD2茎叶经浸水100d后,水体中残留有Cry1Ab杀虫蛋白。华池B6分蘖期稻田水体中没有检测到Cry1Ab蛋白;除分蘖末期华池B6稻田中的蜉蝣目昆虫个体数量显著高于对照田嘉早935外,其他2类水生昆虫摇蚊(spp.)和鞘翅目甲虫(sp.)在两类稻田间均无显著差异。     

Bt杀虫蛋白在亚洲玉米螟幼虫体内组织中的分布

采用ELISA法检测了亚洲玉米螟取食转基因玉米后,Bt杀虫蛋白(Cry1Ab杀虫蛋白)在幼虫体内组织中的分布情况.结果表明,中肠和血淋巴中Bt杀虫蛋白含量最高,分别为267 ng·g-1和417 ng·g-1,丝腺、脂肪体、马氏管的含量较低,生殖器官中未检测到Bt杀虫蛋白;幼虫取食转基因玉米3d后改喂普通玉米的亚洲玉米螟发育成的蛹、成虫及卵中不含Bt杀虫蛋白.     

Cry1Ia和Cry2Ab融合蛋白的表达

[目的]苏云金芽孢杆菌表达的杀虫蛋白Cry1Ia和Cry2Ab对鳞翅目和鞘翅目昆虫具有较好的杀虫活性。为充分利用已有Cry蛋白,本文构建了两者的融合蛋白,并对融合蛋白的原核表达进行检测。[方法]本文将两个基因的编码基因,按照两种先后顺序拼接起来,获得cry1Ia-cry2Ab融合基因和cry2Ab-cry1Ia融合基因。另外,将Cry1Ia蛋白N端第一个α-螺旋(73个氨基酸)的编码序列删除后,接入cry2Ab基因5'端,获得第三个融合基因cry1IaD73-cry2Ab。将3个基因分别插入pHT304载体,并由cry1Ac基因的启动子和终止子调控其在Bt细胞中表达。[结果]SDS-PAGE结果显示,Cry1Ia-Cry2Ab、Cry2Ab-Cry1Ia和Cry1IaD73-Cry2Ab三个融合蛋白均能够在Bt细胞中表达,其测定分子量与预期大小一致,分别约152kDa、152kDa和144kDa。蛋白印迹法分析发现,在表达过程中,三种融合蛋白均有一定比例的降解。另外,不同温度对融合蛋白的表达也有不同程度的影响。[结论]本研究构建了3种融合杀虫基因并在Bt细胞中成功表达,为进一步解析这类融合蛋白的杀虫活性和机理奠定了基础。     

基于三级营养传递Cry1Ac蛋白对普通草蛉酶活力及生长发育的影响

【目的】研究Cry1Ac蛋白通过棉花、棉蚜的传递对普通草蛉酶活性及生长发育的影响,为转Bt基因棉花的安全性评价提供参考和依据。【方法】采用ELISA方法,检测Bt棉、取食Bt棉的棉蚜和捕食棉蚜普通草蛉体内Bt杀虫蛋白含量;通过酶活力测定普通草蛉幼虫取食Bt棉花上棉蚜后其体内的类胰蛋白酶、类胰凝乳蛋白酶和氨肽酶的酶活性;室内生物测定普通草蛉取食Bt棉花上的棉蚜后对其生长发育的影响。【结果】Cry1Ac杀虫蛋白在棉叶中的表达量为788.76 ng/g,远高于棉蚜体内的2.35 ng/g,取食Bt棉花上棉蚜的普通草蛉3龄幼虫体内并未检测到Bt杀虫蛋白;通过三级营养传递的Cry1Ac蛋白对普通草蛉酶活力影响甚微。【结论】棉蚜取食Bt棉花后体内仅能累计微量Cry1Ac蛋白;普通草蛉取食Bt棉花上的棉蚜后,对其体内三种酶活性和生长发育均没有负面影响。     

Cry1Ab13杀虫基因的PCR诱变及功能验证

【目的】通过易错PCR技术克隆一种新的Cry1Ab13基因,以利用Cry类Bt基因提高作物抗虫性,丰富基因资源。【方法】利用易错PCR技术对苏云金芽孢杆菌Cry1Ab13基因进行随机诱变,构建突变体文库,筛选获得突变株Cry1Ab13-1,将该基因构建原核重组表达载体后转化到大肠杆菌中进行异源表达,并利用表达的目的蛋白进行抗虫鉴定。【结果】序列分析表明,突变株Cry1Ab13-1基因序列全长2 036bp,与原始碱基序列的一致性为97.79%,有2个碱基发生突变,导致该基因编码的氨基酸序列中有2个氨基酸改变,分别是第130位由脯氨酸变成丝氨酸,第383位由丝氨酸变成苏氨酸;改变后的氨基酸序列与原始氨基酸序列一致性为96.97%。在线分析表明,该基因与已知过敏源的序列同源性低于35%,不存在致敏性。SDS-PAGE电泳分析表明,表达蛋白分子质量大小为79.5ku,与预期结果相符。抗虫鉴定表明,处理72h时表达的目的蛋白对小菜蛾(Plutella xyllostella)幼虫的致死率达87.88%,明显高于未突变基因对照组的幼虫死亡率;对亚洲玉米螟(Ostrinia nubilalis)幼虫的致死率达81.11%,而且存活的亚洲玉米螟幼虫的生长发育受到明显抑制。【结论】成功克隆了Cry1Ab13-1抗虫基因,且该基因对小菜蛾幼虫和亚洲玉米螟幼虫均具有高效的杀虫活性。     

Field Evaluation of the Asian Corn Borer Control in Hybrid of Transgenic Maize Event MON 810

In this study,a transgenic Bt maize hybrid(event MON 810 from Monsanto Company)expressing Cry1Ab protein derived from Bacillus thuringiensis(Bt)and its negative isoline hybrid were evaluatrial. Maize plants were artificially infested with neonate larvae of Asian corn borer at the mid-whorl(firstgeneration),pre-tassel(first-and/or second-generation),and silk(second-generation)growth stages.The transgenic Bt maize hybrid sustained significantly less leaf feeding damage(rating 1.0±0.0)than its negative isoline control(rating 7.3±0.1).With the Bt maize,1.3-6.8%of plants were damaged by corn borer tunneling with＜0.5 cm tunneling per stalk under different levels of infestation,compared with 100%of plants damaged with 9.3-25.0 cm tunneling per stalk for the negative isoline control. On average,transgenic Bt maize hybrids had only 0.01-0.05 tunnels per stalk and no stems were broken.In contrast,the negative isoline control had 3.11-8.36 tunnels per stalk and 31.2-73.9% of stems broken.Yields were significantly higher in trahsgenic Bt maize than in the control. These results demonstrate that transgenic Bt maize can significantly minimize yield losses caused by the Asian corn borer through resistance to the first-and second-generation larvae.     

Engineering modified Bt toxins to counter insect resistance

The evolution of insect resistance threatens the effectiveness of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxins that are widely used in sprays and transgenic crops. Resistance to Bt toxins in some insects is linked with mutations that disrupt a toxin-binding cadherin protein. We show that susceptibility to the Bt toxin Cry1Ab was reduced by cadherin gene silencing with RNA interference in Manduca sexta, confirming cadherin's role in Bt toxicity. Native Cry1A toxins required cadherin to form oligomers, but modified Cry1A toxins lacking one alpha-helix did not. The modified toxins killed cadherin-silenced M. sexta and Bt-resistant Pectinophora gossypiella that had cadherin deletion mutations. Our findings suggest that cadherin promotes Bt toxicity by facilitating toxin oligomerization and demonstrate that the modified Bt toxins may be useful against pests resistant to standard Bt toxins.     

氨肽酶N(APN)与鳞翅目昆虫对Bt抗性的关系

使用Bt Cry毒素防治农业害虫是作物生产上的一个革命性的进步,受体与Bt杀虫蛋白结合能力的改变可能是昆虫对Bt产生抗性的主要原因。氨肽酶N(aminopeptidase N,APN)是一类存在于昆虫中肠内的Bt毒素受体蛋白,通过讨论APN与Bt毒素的结合作用,综述了APN基因变异与鳞翅目昆虫Bt抗性相关的分子机理,并介绍了(Bt)Cry毒素与APN相关的作用方式新模型。     

Effect of three insect-resistant maizes expressing Cry1Ie,Cry1Ab/Cry2Aj and Cry1Ab on the growth and development of armyworm Mythimna separata(Walker)

Three transgenic maize events(IE09 S034, Shuangkang 12–5 and C0030.3.5) produced Cry1 Ie, Cry1 Ab/Cry2 Aj and G10-EPSPS, Cry1 Ab and EPSPS, respectively, all of which target the Asian corn borer. The oriental armyworm Mythimna separata(Walker) is the secondary target. In this study, the effects of the three Bt maizes on the development and survival of armyworm were studied. The results showed that IE09 S034 had insecticidal activity against 1 st instar larvae, and the survival rate of armyworm fed with Bt maize for 10 days was 46.2%, significantly lower than that of the control. The larvae at 3 rd–6 th instar were more tolerant of the Bt toxin than the early instar larvae. However, Shuangkang 12-5 had good insecticidal activity against 1 st–5 th instar larvae. The mortality was nearly 100% when the larvae were fed with Shuangkang 12-5 before 3 rd instar, and the toxin had quick-acting efficacy. This event significantly inhibited the development of armyworm; that is, the larval duration of the 3 rd and 4 th instar larvae fed with Shuangkang 12-5 was prolonged by 4.5 and 3.0 days, respectively. The pupal weight and egg number were also significantly lower than those of the control. For C0030.3.5, it could control 1 st–5 th instar larvae effectively. The mortality rates were all over 50% if 1 st–3 rd larvae were fed with this event. The pupal weight of 4 th–6 th instar larvae fed with Bt maize were only 53.9, 56.8 and 54.6%, respectively, compared to that of the control. The number of eggs laid was significantly less than the control. The results indicate that all three transgenic maize events exhibit the potential to provide effective control of early instar larvae of armyworm, which can be commercialized in future to control lepidoptera pests such as Asian corn borer and armyworm.     

蛋白质工程在苏云金芽胞杆菌Cry毒素改良中的应用

Bt微生物制剂和转基因抗虫作物已经在全球范围内取得了巨大成功,但是Cry蛋白存在杀虫谱窄、毒力有限以及害虫对Bt毒素的抗性风险上升等诸多问题,将严重制约Bt在未来农业生产中进一步发挥巨大作用。利用理性设计、非理性设计等蛋白质工程技术对Bt Cry蛋白进行改造是解决这些问题的新途径。通过总结蛋白质工程在Cry毒素改良中的应用情况,分析了存在的问题,并对未来发展动向进行了展望。     

棉铃虫氨肽酶N基因片段克隆、表达和内源蛋白检测

氨肽酶N（APN）是苏云金芽孢杆菌杀虫毒素Cry在昆虫中肠中的一个重要受体。研究氨肽酶N在昆虫中肠中的分布特征对于阐明Cry毒素的杀虫机理和昆虫对Cry毒素的抗性机理具有重要的意义。通过RT-PCR的方法从棉铃虫中肠上皮细胞中克隆得到氨肽酶N的基因片段APN1551,并诱导表达纯化得到其重组蛋白APN517。以此蛋白为抗原,制备其抗血清。用该抗血清能检测到棉铃虫中肠上皮细胞中的APN蛋白。为研究Cry毒素的作用机理奠定基础。     

Toxicity and binding analyses of Bacillus thuringiensis toxin Vip3A in Cry1Ac-resistant and-susceptible strains of Helicoverpa armigera(Hübner)

The Bacillus thuringiensis vegetative insecticidal protein, Vip3 A, represents a new family of Bt toxin and is currently applied to commercial transgenic cotton. To determine whether the Cry1Ac-resistant Helicoverpa armigera is cross-resistant to Vip3 Aa protein, insecticidal activities, proteolytic activations and binding properties of Vip3 Aa toxin were investigated using Cry1Ac-susceptible(96S) and Cry1Ac-resistant H. armigera strain(Cry1Ac-R). The toxicity of Vip3 Aa in Cry1Ac-R slightly reduced compared with 96 S, the resistance ratio was only 1.7-fold. The digestion rate of full-length Vip3 Aa by gut juice extracts from 96 S was little faster than that from Cry1Ac-R. Surface plasmon resonance(SPR) showed there was no significant difference between the binding affinity of Vip3 Aa and BBMVs between 96 S and Cry1Ac-R strains, and there was no significant competitive binding between Vip3 Aa and Cry1 Ac in susceptible or resistant strains. So there had little cross-resistance between Vip3 Aa and Cry1 Ac,Vip3A+Cry proteins maybe the suitable pyramid strategy to control H. armigera in China in the future.     

转Bt基因玉米对亚洲玉米螟的抗性评价

转Bt基因抗虫玉米为诺华公司含Bt11转化系的杂交种NX4777,能全株表达Cry1Ab杀虫蛋白,以其非转基因受体玉米品种NX4906为对照。在玉米生长至心叶中期(50~60cm高)、抽雄前期和抽丝散粉期分别进行人工接亚洲玉米螟[Ostriniafurnacalis(Guenée)]初孵幼虫40~60头。以食叶级别、存活幼虫数、蛀孔数、隧道长度和雌穗被害级别等,分别作为评价玉米心叶期和穗期的抗性标准。结果表明,Bt玉米食叶级别仅为1级,显著低于对照的7级。Bt玉米平均每株存活幼虫0.04~0.20头、蛀孔0.11~0.15个、隧道长度0.13~0.41cm,雌穗被害级别为0,植株折茎率为0,而对照玉米平均每株存活幼虫6.19~12.41头、蛀孔4.48~7.05个、隧道长度12.41~24.09cm,雌穗被害级别为5.9,植株折茎率高达73.6%~95.5%。室内生测结果亦表明,取食Bt玉米心叶、雄穗的初孵幼虫3d全部死亡,取食花丝7d死亡率达到99%,相比之下取食常规玉米的存活率在88.7%以上。表明表达Cry1Ab杀虫蛋白的Bt对亚洲玉米螟具有很高的抗虫性,能够保护玉米全生育期免受玉米螟的危害。     

Thrips-mediated impacts from transgenic rice expressing Cry1Ab on ecological fitness of non-target predator Orius tantilus(Hemiptera:Anthocoridae)

Various rice lines have been genetically modified with genes from Bacillus thuringiensis(Bt) to continuously produce Bt insecticidal proteins against lepidopteran larvae. The Bt insecticidal protein constantly expresses in the plants to create an opportunity for non-target herbivores to acquire and convey the protein to their predators or parasitoids across trophic levels. This paper evaluates the effects of Bt rice(namely, Kemindao 1(KMD1) and Kemindao 2(KMD2)) expressing Cry1 Ab as compared to its non-Bt control line, Xiushui 11 on non-target predator Orius tantilus(a generalist predatory anthocorid of thrips) under laboratory and field conditions. To measure several biological parameters such as total nymphal duration and fecundity of this bug, it was reared on thrips and pollens of KMD1 and KMD2 as compared to their control under laboratory conditions. By comparison with the control, Bt rice did not significantly affect main life-history characteristics(total nymphal duration, female adult longevity, oviposition period and fecundity) of this anthocorid preying on Bt rice-fed thrips along with Bt rice pollens, except that the fecundity of this predator for KMD1 was distinctly lower as compared with KMD2 or the control. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA) results showed that no Cry1 Ab protein was detected in this predator fed on thrips or rice pollen from Bt rice but was in Bt rice pollens. With the beat plate, plastic bag and color trap sampling methods, two-year field monitoring of O. tantilus abundance demonstrated that Bt rice had no significant detrimental effects on the population dynamics and seasonal average densities of this predatory anthocorid as compared with the control. Thus, it is suggested that growing our tested Bt rice(KMD1 and KMD2) producing Cry1 Ab will pose a negligible risk to the anthocorid, O. tantilus.