不同施钾水平对土壤速效钾含量和三七养分吸收及产量的影响

选取二年生三七[Panax notoginseng(Burk.)F.H.Chen]作试验材料,通过田间试验研究了不同施钾(K2O)水平(0、337.5、450、675、1 012.5 kg/hm2)对土壤速效钾、三七养分吸收、钾肥利用效率及产量的影响。结果表明,不同施钾水平下土壤速效钾含量随生育期推进逐渐降低;与K0相比,施用钾肥显著提高了土壤速效钾含量(P0.05),土壤速效钾含量随施钾用量增加而增加;三七根部氮、磷、钾吸收量随着生长不断增大,施钾可明显提高三七各部位主要生育期氮、磷和钾吸收量,随着钾肥施用量的增加,三七地上部、根部氮、磷、钾吸收量先升高后降低,以K3处理吸收量最高;钾素偏生产力随着施钾水平的提高而显著下降(P0.05);不同施钾水平下三七株高、叶长、叶宽、茎粗和不同部位生物量均随生育期推进逐渐增加,施钾可以促进三七生长发育,显著提高三七产量(P0.05),施钾处理较K0处理增产6.90%~17.17%,其中,K3处理产量最高,K4处理次之。综合三七生长发育,养分吸收、钾肥利用效率与产量,本试验条件下,要实现三七高产高效以K3处理的施钾量(675 kg/hm2)为宜。     

不同施肥结构对茄子产量、养分吸收及土壤有效养分动态变化的影响

为了解湖南岳阳君山区蔬菜基地土壤肥力状况、不同施肥结构对茄子生长发育的影响。通过田间小区试验、室外采样和室内测定,研究了不同施肥结构对茄子产量、养分吸收和土壤有效养分动态变化的影响。结果表明:(1)有机肥与化肥配合施用较纯化肥处理(NPK),可以显著提高茄子产量,尤以牛粪+化肥(NPKM1)处理茄子产量最高。(2)有机肥与化肥配合施用较当地习惯施肥处理和化肥处理,可以提高茄子对N、P、K养分的吸收量和利用率;(3)在茄子生长的前期,化肥可迅速提高土壤有效养分的含量。在茄子生长的后期,有机肥对提高土壤有效养分的含量有重要作用。由以上结果,根据不同施肥结构茄子的产量和茄子对肥料养分的利用率、土壤养分状况及有效性,初步提出了在茄子生产中增施有机肥的优化施肥结构模式,以保证茄子的丰产优质。     

不同施氮水平对加工番茄养分吸收、分配及产量的影响

根据供试土壤的养分状况,通过2年不同施氮水平的田间小区试验,2007年设施N 0、135、270、405 kg/hm2四个水平,2008年设施N0、150、300、450 kg/hm2四个水平,在加工番茄的主要生育期,测定植株生物量和不同器官氮、磷、钾含量,并结合成熟期产量,研究不同施氮水平对加工番茄养分吸收、分配及产量的影响。结果表明,加工番茄对氮、钾需求量远大于磷;加工番茄干物质及氮、磷、钾养分的积累动态均呈"S"型增长;施氮可以极大地促进加工番茄植株对氮、磷、钾的吸收,各施氮处理比不施氮处理多吸收氮75.8%～189.2%,多吸收磷49.4%～162.7%,多吸收钾60.7%～176.8%;在一定的施氮范围内,吸收氮、磷、钾的量随施氮量增加而增加;植株吸收的养分最终50%以上都聚集在果实中;在施用磷、钾肥的基础上合理施用氮肥可以显著提高加工番茄的经济产量,2007和2008年增产分别达43.8%和114.3%;过量施氮可造成加工番茄贪青晚熟,但可以通过后期合理增施氮肥,作为解决加工番茄采收期短、加工紧张问题的一个辅助措施。     

不同施氮水平下水稻的养分吸收、转运及土壤氮素平衡

【目的】为解决东北地区水稻合理施用氮肥问题,系统研究了不同施氮水平条件下,东北水稻产量及构成因素、养分吸收、转运、氮肥利用效率及土壤氮素平衡的变化,并探讨各养分间及其与产量间的关系,为东北地区水稻合理施氮提供理论基础。【方法】于2012~2013年在吉林省松原市前郭县红光农场,选用当地主栽水稻品种富优135和吉粳511为材料,设置施N 0、60、120、180和240 kg/hm25个水平。于水稻返青期、分蘖期、抽穗期、灌浆期及成熟期采集植株样本,分为茎鞘、叶片和籽粒三部分,测定氮、磷、钾含量,计算水稻主要生育期植株养分吸收、转运、氮素利用特性的相关参数及各养分吸收、转运与产量间的关系。水稻移栽前和收获后采集0—100 cm土壤样品,每20 cm为一层(共5层),测定铵态氮、硝态氮含量,并根据各层土壤容重计算0—100 cm土体无机氮积累量,分析土壤氮素平衡状况。【结果】施氮量60~180 kg/hm2范围内,水稻产量随着施氮水平的提高而增加,氮肥用量超过180 kg/hm2水稻产量下降。结合当年水稻和肥料价格,根据水稻产量(y)和施氮量(x)拟合方程,得出最高产量氮肥用量分别为212.8 kg/hm2和220.6 kg/hm2,施氮范围在202.2~231.6 kg/hm2之间,最佳经济产量氮肥用量分别为203.0和209.1 kg/hm2,施氮范围在192.9~219.6 kg/hm2之间。施用氮肥可显著提高水稻主要生育期氮、磷、钾吸收量,且能提高水稻抽穗期氮、磷、钾养分向籽粒的转运,施氮量180 kg/hm2处理抽穗期各养分累积量与籽粒转运量呈正比,当氮肥用量超过180 kg/hm2后,氮、磷、钾养分向籽粒转运出现负效应。氮素农学利用率和偏生产力随着施氮水平的提高而显著下降,氮肥当季回收率以施氮量180 kg/hm2处理最高。相关分析表明,水稻主要生育期氮、磷、钾的吸收、转运与产量间均存在显著或极显著的正相关性,其中灌浆期氮、磷、钾的吸收状况与产量间的相关系数最大。施用氮肥可显著提高收获后0—100 cm土壤中残留无机氮(Nmin),氮素表观损失量随施氮水平的提高而增加。【结论】适宜的氮肥用量可显著提高水稻产量,各生育时期养分吸收总量,提高水稻生育后期秸秆中氮、磷、钾向籽粒的转运量,并能降低土壤氮素表观损失量。综合考虑提高水稻产量、效益、氮肥当季回收率及维持土壤氮素平衡等因素,在本试验条件下,施氮范围在192.9~219.6 kg/hm2。     

冬种紫云英对水稻产量及其养分吸收的影响

通过始于2008年冬季的定位试验研究了不同施肥处理下冬种紫云英对水稻产量及养分吸收的影响。结果表明:相同施肥措施下,冬种紫云英后能够提高水稻产量和地上部全氮吸收量,紫云英翻压后,减少化学氮肥用量20%～40%,不会降低稻谷和稻草产量。紫云英翻压后,N、P、K化肥100%施用的处理其水稻地上部对全N、全P、全K的吸收总量最高,分别为228.6、48.6、305.6 kg/hm2,若氮肥用量减少20%,不会对水稻地上部氮素的吸收累积产生明显影响,但当水稻季化学氮肥用量减少40%,将会明显降低水稻地上部氮素的吸收总量。紫云英翻压后,水稻不施K肥处理,其稻谷产量分别较NPK(冬种紫云英)处理和NPK(冬闲)处理降低了13.0%和3.4%;没有外源钾肥的投入,使得其水稻地上部全氮、全钾吸收总量明显下降,钾素生理效率提高,说明冬种紫云英不能完全替代化学钾肥作用。     

钾对苎麻养分吸收及产量品质影响

通过四种不同钾肥施用量的田间小区试验，配合室内植株养分测定，纤维品质分析，研究了钾对萱麻养分吸收及纤维产量品的影响，结果表明：施钾能促进苎麻对钾的吸收，调节中、后期在麻器官中的分配增加麻皮、麻骨的分配比例；适量的钾也能促进氮的吸收，对磷吸收的作用不明显；增施钾肥能明显搞苎麻纤维产量，增加原纤维素含量，降低含胶量，增加单纤维支数。     

土施L-色氨酸对甘蓝产量和养分吸收的影响

本文就土施Ｌ－色氨酸即Ｌ－ＴＲＰ对盆栽甘蓝产量和养分吸收的影响进行了研究。结果表明，在移植前一周土施Ｌ－ＴＲＰ，能明显提高甘蓝产量和干物质积累，并明显促进了甘蓝植株对Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ的吸收，提高了Ｎ、Ｐ在球叶中的分配，降低了Ｋ在球叶中的积累。     

深松对玉米产量和养分吸收的影响

为了研究深松对我国玉米主产区产量、养分吸收利用以及土壤养分分布的影响,于2011—2014年在我国东北、华北以及西北地区的9个试验站进行深松改土与常规旋耕对比的联网试验。结果表明,相比于传统耕作,3个区域深松均表现出了增产趋势,产量增加的中值为5.8%,其中,东北和西北区域的增产幅度高于华北区域,而东北区域秋季深松增产的变异低于春季深松。相比于常规旋耕,深松对玉米植株地上部氮和磷的吸收有显著的促进作用,在东北、西北和华北区域深松处理的地上部吸氮量和吸磷量均有所增加,中值分别为24%,5%和10%以及17%,8%和19%。深松处理增加了东北和西北区域土壤表层(0—15cm)和亚表层(15—25cm)的有效磷含量,而在华北区域没有趋势性变化。     

不同大豆品种在养分吸收及产量上的比较

采用盆栽试验方法对红丰11等四个大豆品种吸收利用氮、磷、钾养分的能力进行了比较研究。结果表明，在施肥一致的条件下，不同大豆品种对养分的吸收利用能力不同，养分利用率也不同，导致产量的差异。以红丰11养分吸收量最多，表现产量最高。     

不同施氮量对甜瓜养分吸收、分配、利用及产量的影响

通过田间膜下滴灌栽培,研究不同氮素水平对甜瓜养分吸收、 分配及产量的影响。结果表明,增施氮肥显著提高了甜瓜的氮、 磷、 钾的积累量,特别是显著提高了甜瓜后期氮、 磷、 钾的积累量。在施P2O5 140 kg/hm2、 K2O 150 kg/hm2 的基础上施N 225 kg/hm2,甜瓜的养分吸收量和产量均为最高,各施氮处理甜瓜氮肥利用率在11%~29%之间,且随施氮量的增加而降低。甜瓜对钾的吸收量最高,氮次之,磷最少,表明甜瓜是喜钾作物。     

不同氮肥水平下水稻产量以及氮素吸收、利用的基因型差异比较

采用田间试验在施氮量为06、0、120、1802、40、3003、60.kg/hm27个水平下研究了不同水稻子粒产量、产量构成因子以及氮素吸收和利用的差异。结果表明,水稻品种4007的子粒产量在各个施氮水平下显著高于品种ELIO对氮肥的响应度高。施氮水平显著影响子粒产量构成因子。有效穗数与子粒产量存在显著正相关:ELIO和4007的相关系数(r)分别为0.839**和0.933**,表明有效穗数对水稻子粒产量起着非常重要的作用。本试验条件下,ELIO和4007获得最高产量所需的有效穗数分别为332、561个/m2;两者的氮素吸收效率在各施氮素水平下差异很小,均随着施氮量的增加而增加,而氮素利用效率均随着施氮量的增加而下降。4007的氮素利用效率在各个施氮水平下显著高于ELIO,较高的氮素收获指数(NHI)是主要原因之一。水稻氮素利用效率与成熟期茎秆、叶片的氮含量显著负相关,说明开花期后植物将吸收的氮素从营养器官有效地转运到子粒中是氮素利用效率高的重要原因之一。     

不同树龄骏枣树养分吸收差异研究

【目的】旨在明确不同树龄骏枣树形成单位产量所需的各器官营养元素年吸收量的异同点,以期为骏枣生产中的科学均衡施肥提供理论依据。【方法】以新疆阿克苏地区4、 7和10年生骏枣树作为试材,从枣树地上部分各器官分别采样,测定N、 P、 K、 Ca、 Mg、 Mn、 Fe、 Zn和Cu含量。【结果】骏枣树形成地上部各器官单位生物量所需要的养分含量,不同树龄间相比差异均不显著,但其生物量在总生物量中所占的百分率有差异,4、 7、 10年生骏枣树果实占地上部年总生物量的百分率依次为72.9%、 73.7%、 75.7%,叶片依次为5.4%、 5.2%、 5.1%,花依次为1.3%、 1.5%、 1.4%,茎枝依次为20.4%、 19.5%、 17.6%,三个树龄骏枣树各器官生物量的大少顺序均为果实＞茎枝＞叶片＞花。每形成1000 kg果实的总生物量随着树龄的增大而逐渐减少,茎枝保留和剪掉部分生物量均降低。采前落果率随树龄增加上升,叶片生物量减少,受精花生物量上升,而其掉落部分生物量表现先上升后下降。三个树龄骏枣地上部分生物量年增加量所需要的各营养元素量顺序均为K＞N＞Ca＞Mg＞P＞Fe＞Zn＞Mn＞Cu,每形成1000 kg果实所需要吸收的养分量非常接近,4年生骏枣树为N 22.8 kg、 P 1.7 kg、 K 34.0 kg、 Ca 7.4 kg、 Mg 5.0 kg、 Mn 54.5 g、 Fe 916.9 g、 Zn 202.8 g、 Cu 42.5 g; 7年生骏枣树为N 22.7 kg、 P 1.7 kg、 K 33.9 kg、 Ca 7.3 kg、 Mg 4.9 kg、 Mn 53.9 g、 Fe 907.2 g、 Zn 204.5 g、 Cu 42.0 g; 10年生骏枣树N 22.1 kg、 P 1.7 kg、 K 33.4 kg、 Ca 6.8 kg、 Mg 4.7 kg、 Mn 51.8 g、 Fe 871.3 g、 Zn 204.8 g、 Cu 40.4 g。【结论】3种树龄骏枣树地上部年总生物量中果实生物量与其余生物量的比例约为3∶1,且形成1000 kg果实所需的养分量也基本一致。由于总生物量和果实产量随树龄的增加而增加,因此,对养分的总需求量增加。但是由于果实生物量所占比例有所增加,测算单位产量所需要的各营养元素年吸收量时,也应考虑果实以外器官的年生物量所需要的养分吸收量,才能得到较准确的肥料施入量和各营养元素的比例。     

Nutrient uptake and use efficiencies in Medicago ciliaris under salinity

Salt-induced responses of Medicago ciliaris was studied under controlled conditions. Twenty-two-day old seedlings were cultivated for one month in a nutrient medium added or not with 75 mM sodium chloride (NaCl). Our results showed that this species is relatively salt-tolerant since the whole biomass production of salt-treated plants was affected a little (?30%) as compared to the control. The slight salt effect was mainly nutritional and concerned both macro potassium, calcium and magnesium (K, Ca, and Mg) and micro-nutrients iron (Fe). K and Fe uptake efficiencies were more affected than those of Ca and Mg. Nevertheless, M. ciliaris was able to counterbalance this impact by increasing both K and Fe use efficiencies. The enhancement of K use efficiency could be due in part to the plant aptitude to accumulate sodium (Na⁺) ions within its shoot tissues and to use them for osmotic adjustment. This “includer” behavior allowed M. ciliaris to maintain an adequate water status under saline conditions.     

Nitrogen and water uptake patterns and growth of plants at various minimum solution nitrate concentrations

Increasing fertilizer and energy costs, as well as awareness of environmental quality, require greater fertilizer use efficiency. Providing plant nutrients in the quantity and at the time needed, possibly through fertigation, should lead to more efficient fertilizer use. Knowledge on crop nutrient requirements and minimum nutrient concentrations in the root zone at different stages of growth is important. Hydroponic greenhouse experiments were conducted using tomato and lettuce plants to determine minimum solution nitrogen concentrations which would allow maximum plant growth for a system of frequent nitrogen application and to quantitatively measure nitrogen uptake rates as a function of time. Minimum N levels for the tomato experiment were 2, 10, and 20 mg/1. Solutions were analyzed three times a week to determine N uptake and sufficient KNO₃ was added each time to supply the plant N demand so that the targeted minimum N concentration would be achieved at the next sampling time. The minimum N concentrations in the lettuce trial were 5, 10, 20 and 50 mg/1. A control consisting of 105 mg/1 N was used for both crops. There was no significant effect of N concentration on N uptake throughout the experiment for lettuce and during the early stages of tomato growth. Higher N uptake during the latter stages of tomato growth occurred for the control as compared to the other treatments. The latter observation was probably caused by N diffusion gradient development because of the dense root system and inadequate solution stirring. Plant growth results were comparable to N uptake results. The ratio of N to water uptake was fairly constant throughout the growth period with a trend toward decrease in the ratio with time for tomatoes. Low N concentrations can occur at the root surface without limiting plant growth.     

Effects of Fe compounds on nutrient uptake by plants grown in sand media with different pH

The effect of soil and foliar application of different iron (Fe) compounds (FeSO₄, Fe‐EDTA, Fe‐EDDS, and Fe‐EDDHA) on nutrient concentrations in lettuce (Lactuca sativa cv. Australian gelber) and ryegrass (Lolium perenne cv. Prego) was investigated in a greenhouse pot experiment using quartz sand as growth medium. Soil application was performed in both the acidic and alkaline pH range, and foliar application to plants grown in the alkaline sand only. Lettuce growth was depressed by Fe deficiency in the alkaline sand, whereas the treatments had no effect on ryegrass growth. Soil‐applied Fe compounds raised the Fe concentrations in lettuce. This was especially true for the Fe chelates, which also increased yields. Soil‐applied Fe compounds had no statistically significant effect on Fe concentrations in ryegrass. Concentrations of manganese (Mn) in lettuce were equally decreased by all soil‐applied chelates. In the alkaline sand, soil application of Fe‐EDDHA elevated copper (Cu) and depressed zinc (Zn) concentrations in lettuce. The chelates increased Zn concentration in ryegrass. Foliar application of Fe‐EDDS increased Fe concentrations in lettuce and in ryegrass most. Fe‐EDDHA depressed Mn and Zn concentrations in lettuce more than other Fe compounds, suggesting the existence of another mechanism, in addition to Fe, that transmits a corresponding signal from shoot to roots with an impact on uptake of micronutrients.     

扬辐麦4号小麦不同产量群体氮素吸收利用特性

【目的】 分析扬辐麦 4 号小麦不同产量群体氮素吸收利用特性,为高产群体氮肥调控提供技术依据。 【方法】 2008～2010 年,在稻麦两熟条件下,采用二因素裂区设计,以施氮量为主区,设 N 187.5、225和262.5 kg/hm2 3 水平,以氮肥运筹比例为裂区,设基肥:壮蘖肥:拔节肥:孕穗肥为 7:1:2:0、5:1:2:2 和 3:1:3:3 三个水平。分析了不同产量群体阶段氮素积累量、花后氮素输出量与氮肥利用率。 【结果】 扬辐麦 4 号小麦高产群体（产量 ≥ 7500 kg/hm2）与中高产群体（7000～7500 kg/hm2）和中低产群体（产量 ≤ 7000 kg/hm2）相比,出苗至越冬期、越冬期至拔节期和拔节期至开花期氮素积累量适宜,开花期至成熟期氮素积累量高;高产群体 100 kg 籽粒吸氮量 2.87～3.01 kg、氮收获指数 0.71～0.80、氮肥吸收利用率为 44%～47%;其氮肥农学效率 （17.69～17.96 kg/kg）和偏生产力（34.70～36.07 kg/kg）较高。 【结论】 扬辐麦 4 号采用基本苗 150 × 104/hm2,施氮量 225 kg/hm2条件下,采用基肥 : 壮蘖肥 : 拔节肥 : 孕穗肥分配比例为 5:1:2:2、3:1:3:3 的氮肥运筹方式,可获得最高的花后氮积累量、氮肥利用率以及氮收获指数,较高的氮肥农学效率和氮素利用效率,实现高产高效。      

在施钾条件下灌溉水稻的养分吸收和利用效率研究

Potassium is one of the most important nutrients for rice production in many areas of Asia, especially in southeast China where potassium deficiency in soil is a widespread problem. Field experiments were conducted for four consecutive years in Jinhua City, Zhejiang Province, to determine utilization of nutrients (N, P and K) by inbred and hybrid rice and rice grain yields as affected by application of potassium fertilizer under irrigated conditions. Grain yield and nutrient harvest index showed a significant response to the NPK treatment as compared to the NP treatment. This suggested that potassium improved transfer of nitrogen and phosphorus from stems and leaves to panicles in rice plants. N and P use efficiencies of rice were not strongly responsive to potassium, but K use efficiency decreased significantly despite the fact that the amount of total K uptake increased. A significant difference between varieties was also observed with respect to nutrient uptake and use efficiency. Hybrid rice exhibited physiological advantage in N and P uptake and use efficiency over inbred rice. Analysis of annual dynamic change of exchangeable K and non-exchangeable K in the test soil indicated that non-exchangeable K was an important K source for rice. Potassium application caused an annual decrease in the concentration of available K in the soil tested, whereas an increase was observed in non-exchangeable K. It could be concluded that K fertilizer application at the rate of 100 kg ha^-1 per season was not high enough to match K output, and efficient K management for rice must be based on the K input/output balance.     

猕猴桃不同果园土壤和叶片营养状况分析

以"金魁"猕猴桃为试材,分析了湖北宜昌雷家畈地区高中低产园及藤肿病园土壤和叶片营养状况,结果发现,高产园叶片Ca含量比其它果园高10%～17%,叶片Ca为影响猕猴桃产量的关键性因素,叶片Ca含量高则果园整体产量高;藤肿病发生严重的果园土壤有效Cu的含量为0.93 mg/kg,极显著低于其他果园;当地猕猴桃园土壤交换性Ca含量207.8～306.0 mg/kg,有效Fe含量1.98～3.00 mg/kg,处于缺乏状态;P和Cl元素含量丰富。土壤和叶片之间矿质元素有不同程度的相关,其中土壤与叶片之间Cl元素相关性极显著。     

N,P, K and S uptake response to various levels of CO2 assimilation and growth rate in lettuce

Under conditions of limited nutrient supply, plant nutrient uptake is controlled by the external concentration of the ions. Limited information exists about the whole-plant regulation of nutrient uptake when the supply is adequate. To study the relationship between growth rate and carbon dioxide (CO₂) assimilation with nutrient uptake, growth chamber experiments were conducted with temperatures ranging from 10 to 35°C at medium (600 µmol m^?2 s^?1) and high (1200 µmol m^?2 s^?1) light intensities. Nutrient solution samples were collected every 24 hours and the concentration of ions was analyzed by Inductively coupled plasma -atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) and nitrate and ammonium (NO₃^?/NH₄⁺) conductivity. Leaf photo-synthesis was measured using a closed gas exchange system and the total amount of CO₂ assimilated was calculated from dry weight increases. The daily absorption of NO₃^?, Total nitrogen (N), dihydrogen phosphate (H₂PO₄^?) and potassium (K⁺) responded linearly to plant growth, while ammonium (NH₄⁺) and sulfate (SO₄^2?) uptake showed a curvilinear response. All the ions studied showed a curvilinear relation with CO₂ assimilation.     

塑料大棚中不同灌水量下限对生菜生长和生理特性的影响

以两个散叶生菜品种弘农和绿领为材料,研究了塑料大棚栽培条件下不同田间持水量处理(70%～90%、60%～90%、50%～90%、40%～90%)对生菜产量、品质、叶绿素荧光参数和保护酶活性的影响.结果表明,以田间持水量的70%作为灌水量下限条件下生菜地上部鲜质量、叶片含水率、叶片数、叶面积均最大.随着灌水量下限的降低,生菜可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白含最逐渐增加,灌水量下限为田间持水量50%处理下的维牛素C含量显著岛于其他三个灌水量下限处理.对叶绿素荧光参数的分析表明,随着灌水量下限的降低,Fv/Fm(光系统Ⅱ最大光化学效率)、qP(光化学淬灭)、ΦpsⅡ(光系统Ⅱ电予传递量子效率)逐渐减小,而qN(非光化学淬灭)则逐渐增加.SOD(超氧化物岐化酶)和CAT(过氧化氢酶)活性,MDA(丙二醛)和Pro(脯氨酸)含量均随着灌水量下限的降低而逐渐增加.本试验的结果表明,70%灌水量下限处理下生菜的产量最高,综合不同灌水量下限处理对产量和品质的影响,60%的灌水量下限处理是最适合生菜生长的灌水处理.