塞曼特罗（CIM）对猪的生长,胴体组成和营养分代谢的影响

选用２４头杜二杂种猪和３２头大二杂种猪（试验２）进行日粮添加ＣＩＭ１μｇ／ｇ试验。试验１和２试验期分别为２８ｄ和２０ｄ。其中ＣＩＭ组的平均日增重分别较对照组提高１５．７％和１２．９％，粒重比分别降低１３．３％和１０．０％。     

含大豆抗营养因子的日粮添加细菌来源蛋白酶对仔猪生长和器官重的影响

某些来自微生物的蛋白酶在体外能显著抑制大豆中的胰蛋白酶抑制因子的生物活性（ＴＩＡ）,６０ｍｉｎ培养后,使生大豆中的ＴＩＡ活性降至１３．３ｍｇ／ｇ,轻度热处理大豆仅残留１．９ｍｇ／ｇ。２４头４周龄断奶仔猪随机分成３组,每组两个重复,每个重复４头,随机接受一种处理日粮：（１）对照;（２）基础日粮＋蛋白酶Ｅ１;（３）基础日粮＋蛋白酶Ｅ２。经１７ｄ的试验,Ｅ１和Ｅ２组的日增重分别比对照高３６％和１８％,但差异不显著。处理组仔猪的器官重占空体重的比例,心脏比对照少７．８％和５．９％,脾脏少１１．１％和７．４％,胰脏少１６．７％和１２．５％。消化道重趋于减少,胃少２６．４％和２４％（Ｐ＝０．１９８）,小肠少１８．９％和７．７％（Ｐ＜０．０５）,盲肠少２１．９％和９．４％（Ｐ＝０．１１４）。试验表明日粮中添加细菌来源蛋白水解酶对生长和饲料利用率有积极的作用,减弱大豆抗营养因子的负作用。     

肽制品喂大快在仔猪日粮中的应用

本试验以８０头三元杂交仔猪为研究对象随机分为２组,即对照组和试验组,每组各设２个重复,每个重复组２０头,进行了２５ｄ的试验,研究了日粮中添加０．３％的喂大快对仔猪生长的影响。试验结果表明：试验组平均日增重比对照组提高１２．７５＄,腹泻率下降６０％,经济效益提高１５．６２％。     

发酵豆粕部分替代鱼粉乳清粉对断奶仔猪生产性能的影响

本试验选择28日龄断奶仔猪200头．随机分为5个处理,每个处理4个重复,每个重复10头猪。研究发酵豆粕替代鱼粉、乳清粉．及发酵豆粕与鱼粉、乳清粉的不同配比对断奶仔猪生产性能的影响。结果发现：发酵豆粕部分替代鱼粉可以提高仔猪日采食量和平均日增重,降低仔猪腹泻率．差异不显著（P〉0．05）;发酵豆粕部分替代乳清粉也可以提高仔猪日采食量和平均日增重,降低仔猪腹泻率,差异不显著（P〉0．05）。发酵豆粕在断奶仔猪饲料中部分替代鱼粉和乳清粉时,对仔猪生产性能有更好地改善效果。     

加酶小麦日粮对猪生产性能的影响

试验选用杜×长×大三元杂交猪６４头，公母各半，分为８组，统计检验组间差异不显著。试验共分为４个处理，每个处理２个重复，每个重复８头猪。分别为对照１组、对照２组和处理１、２组。　对照１组为典型玉米—豆粕日粮，对照２组为小麦替代日粮中８０　％的玉米，处理１、２组分别添加１．５‰的溢多酶８３８Ａ和０．６‰的罗氏小麦酶（均是木聚糖酶为主的复合酶）。试验结果表明：试验全期日增重，处理１、２组分别比对照２组提高９．５９　％和９．４７　％（Ｐ＜０．０５）　；比对照１组提高４．０７　％和３．９５　％（Ｐ＜０．０５）。小麦日粮不加酶组与玉米－豆粕日粮相比，全期日增重降低５．０４　％（Ｐ＜０．０５）。添加复合酶对生长猪日增重的提高幅度大于肥育猪，提示阿拉伯木聚糖的抗营养作用，在幼龄动物表现更为明显。以经济效益来衡量，当小麦价格低于玉米时，简单用小麦代替玉米，添加以木聚糖酶为主的复合酶，可显著提高经济效益。     

猪水解血球蛋白和发酵豆粕替代鱼粉对断奶仔猪生长性能的影响

为研究用猪水解血球蛋白和发酵豆粕替代鱼粉配制无鱼粉饲粮对断奶仔猪生长性能的影响,选取28日龄长大商品代断奶仔猪48头,按体重相近的原则随机分为2组,每组4个重复,每个重复6头猪。对照组饲喂玉米-豆粕-鱼粉型饲粮,试验组饲喂1.6%猪水解血球蛋白和2%发酵豆粕全部替代鱼粉的无鱼粉饲粮。断奶前7 d为预试期,断奶当天至断奶后28 d为正试期。结果表明,与对照组相比,试验组仔猪平均日增重提高8.7%(P0.05),料重比降低5.2%(P0.05),腹泻率降低46.5%(P0.05),每千克增重成本降低0.51元,说明用发酵豆粕和猪水解血球蛋白全部替代鱼粉能够改善断奶仔猪的生长性能,且取得了很好的经济效益。     

不同纤维来源与添加水平对断奶仔猪生长性能的影响

试验研究不同纤维来源与不同添加水平对断奶仔猪生长性能的影响。选用21日龄断奶三元杂交(杜长大)仔猪245头,初始平均体重为(6.44±0.09) kg,采用完全随机区组分为5个处理:①对照组;②0.5%小麦麸组;③1%小麦麸组;④1%燕麦糠壳组;⑤2%燕麦糠壳组。每个处理7个重复,每个重复7头猪,试验期21 d,对照组为玉米-豆粕型日粮,中性洗涤纤维(neutral detergent fiber,NDF)水平为5.92%,纤维组直接用纤维原料替代玉米,日粮NDF水平增至7.3%,所有处理组日粮粗蛋白质(crude protein,CP)含量近乎一致。结果表明,纤维组没有降低仔猪生长性能,且断奶后第一周1%麦麸组和1%燕麦糠壳组平均日增重显著高于对照组(P0.05),且2%燕麦糠壳组仔猪平均日增重极显著高于对照组(P0.01)。断奶后第2周1%和2%燕麦糠壳组仔猪平均日增重仍显著高于对照组(P0.05),但第2周平均日采食量并无显著提高(P0.05),直接原因是断奶第2周料重比显著低于其他组(P0.05)。断奶后第3周各处理组间平均日采食量、平均日增重和料重比差异不显著(P0.05),但数据上看纤维组好于对照组。不同处理组粪便评分差异不明显,但2%燕麦壳组腹泻率显著降低(P0.05)。综上所述,以不同纤维源及纤维组分配制的日粮对断奶仔猪生产性能和肠道健康有不同影响。其中日粮中加入2%的燕麦糠壳效果优于其他处理组。     

玉米或小麦型日粮添加菜籽粕对断奶仔猪生长性能、养分消化率和粪中菌群含量的影响

试验旨在通过玉米和小麦与豆粕和菜籽粕营养成分的研究,分析研究玉米或小麦型日粮中添加菜籽粕对断奶仔猪生长性能、养分消化率和粪中菌群数量的影响。选取(21±1)d杜×长×大断奶仔猪480头,采用完全随机设计分为4个组,每组6个重复,每个重复20头。各组分别饲喂以玉米-豆粕、玉米-菜籽粕(20%菜籽粕替代豆粕)、小麦-豆粕和小麦-菜籽粕(20%菜籽粕替代豆粕)的日粮,试验共进行4周。结果显示:各处理组对断奶仔猪平均日采食量、平均日增重和末重均无显著影响(P0.05);仔猪断奶后1~14 d,小麦-菜籽粕型日粮组耗料增重比显著高于玉米-豆粕型日粮组(P0.05);仔猪断奶后15~28 d,玉米-豆粕型日粮组能量和蛋白质消化率显著高于其他各组(P0.05);与小麦型日粮组相比,玉米型日粮组显著提高了粪中乳酸杆菌和粪肠球菌含量(P0.05),但小麦型日粮组粪中梭状芽胞杆菌含量表现为最高(P0.05)。结果表明:玉米或小麦型日粮中添加20%菜籽粕替代豆粕可提高断奶仔猪饲料利用率,蛋白质和能量消化率及粪中微生物菌群的表达量,对仔猪日采食量和日增重无显著影响。     

饲粮中添加功能性诱食肽对猪生长性能的影响

本文旨在研究猪饲粮中添加功能性诱食肽对猪只生长性能的影响.试验选取72头25±1日龄断奶仔猪(杜×长×大),按体重分成2个组,每个组6个重复,每个重复6头猪.对照组饲粮中添加100～ 150mg/kg的甜味剂,试验组添加120～300 mg/kg的功能性诱食肽.试验从仔猪断奶开始一直持续到出栏,试验分为五个阶段.结果表明:与对照组相比,添加功能性诱食肽组各个阶段的平均日采食量、平均日增重都有所提高,其中第一阶段和15～ 30 kg阶段生长性能效果最好,平均日增重分别提高13.71％、10.36％(P＜0.05).由此可见,在猪饲粮中添加诱食性功能肽可以提高猪只平均日采食量和平均日增重,改善生长性能.     

膨化豆粕部分或全部取代鱼粉对断奶仔猪生产性能的影响

试验采用单因子设计,选用48头28日龄断奶健康杜×长×大(DLY)仔猪,随机分为3个处理,每个处理4个重复,每个重复4头猪,分别用膨化豆粕取代断奶仔猪日粮中鱼粉的0、50%、100%,研究膨化豆粕部分或全部取代鱼粉对断奶仔猪生产性能的影响。结果表明:膨化豆粕取代50%或100%的断奶仔猪日粮中的鱼粉对仔猪生产性能无不良影响。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

中华人民共和国农业部公告 第267号

为贯彻落实《兽药生产质量管理规范》(简称《兽药GMP》),进一步推动兽药GMP实施进程,我部制定了《兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法》,现予公告。本公告自2003年6月1日起施行。附件:兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法二○○三年四月十日第一章 总则 第一条 为推动《兽药生产质量管理规范》(以下简称兽药GMP)的实施,规范兽药GMP检查验收工作,制定本办法。 第二条 农业部负责全国兽药GMP管理和检查验收工作;负责制修订兽药GMP检查验收管理规定;负责兽药GMP检查员队伍建设和监督管理工作,负责国际兽药贸易中GMP互认工作。 …