水电站工程弃渣场植被恢复的土壤养分条件研究

土壤养分水平是衡量植被自然恢复效果的一个重要指标,为了更好地进行植被恢复,采用野外调查和室内试验相结合的方法,选取云南金安桥水电站工程2#、3#弃渣场的渣体为研究对象,以渣场对应的原生植被区土壤作为对照,从土壤化学性质方面探索植被恢复的土壤养分状况,结果显示:弃渣场土壤pH均值为8.22,为碱性,超出了大多数营养元素的有效pH值范围,不利于植被恢复;弃渣场土壤有机质含量较低,2#、3#渣场分别为4.85%、10.56%,仅占对应原生植被区土壤有机质含量的8.33%和6.69%,无法提供植物正常生长所需的养分;弃渣场土壤全氮、全磷、全钾及水解氮、速效磷、速效钾含量均较低,但除氮素外,其余基本上可满足植被正常生长的需要。     

不同粒径石灰岩弃渣客土改良效果分析

生态环境的保护与治理是目前世界关注和研究的重点,以石灰岩弃渣为研究对象,重点解决目前工程弃渣改良利用客土施用量大的难题.为了获取不同粒径区间弃渣混合客土改良的最优比例,试验选取北京房山石灰岩采石场弃渣,筛分成4种粒径区间,并按比例混合客土,撒播高羊茅种子,进行盆栽试验.通过测定不同配比弃渣的密度、孔隙度、毛管持水量和最大持水量,以及高羊茅植株的保存率、生长高度、生物量和根茎比,获取添加不同比例客土的改良效果和高羊茅生长状况.结果显示:客土改良石灰岩弃渣的影响体现需要一定的灌溉沉降过程,不同粒径弃渣土壤水分性质受客土添加量影响,相关性顺序为20 ～40 mm＜ 10 ～20 mm ＜2 mm ＜2 ～ 10 mm,高羊茅在不同粒径弃渣生长受客土添加量的影响,其相关性影响顺序为2 mm ＜2 ～ 10 mm＜ 10～20 mm ＜20 ～40 mm,客土最适添加比例为＜2 mm和2～ 10 mm粒径弃渣添加40％,10 ～ 20和20 ～ 40 mm粒径弃渣添加60％.研究结果可为不同粒径石灰岩弃渣资源化利用及客土改良,提供理论和数据参考.     

大型开发建设项目弃渣场植被重建的限制因子

为研究大型开发建设项目金安桥水电站弃渣场植被重建的限制因子,选取金安桥水电站2#弃渣场和3#弃渣场的渣体为研究对象,以原地貌灌草地和林地土壤作为对照,从土壤理化性质方面探索植被重建的限制因子,结果显示:在土壤物理性质方面,弃渣场土壤粒径组成不合理,大粒径颗粒含量较多,是植被重建的一个主要限制因子;在土壤化学性质方面,弃渣场土壤有机质和氮素含量极低,无法提供植物正常生长所需的养分,是另一个主要限制因子。要恢复植被,就必须进行基质改良,逐步改善弃渣场土壤的理化性质,提高土壤肥力。     

采石废弃地弃渣与农田土混合土壤粒径特征及水文效应

探究弃渣与农田土不同混合比例下重构土体粒径特征和水文效应的差异,对于提高采石废弃地重构土体的结构稳定、水资源高效利用以及资源利用化具有重要意义。以采石场弃渣和农田土为重构基质,以0∶10(C₁),3∶7(C₂),5∶5(C₃),7∶3(C₄),10∶0(C₅)体积比例混合,采用野外土柱模拟方法,探究不同配比下土壤粒径特征和水文效应的差异。结果表明:(1)不同配比下弃渣含量越高,砂粒比重越大、黏粒和粉粒比重越小,砂粒比重最大为61.50%,分散度、偏度、峰态等群体特征参数变化分别为降低、升高、升高,不均匀系数显著降低,曲率系数在1~3波动,分形维数呈不显著降低趋势,土体结构朝不稳定方向变化。(2)混合土壤弃渣含量增大会引起容重变大、毛管孔隙和总孔隙数量减少、非毛管孔隙数量增加等土壤孔隙方面以及田间持水、毛管持水、饱和持水三者下降等土壤持水性能方面的变化,同时,初始入渗、稳定入渗、平均入渗等速率变化以及累计入渗量基本呈增加趋势,稳渗用时呈波动式变化。不同配比下土壤入渗模型拟合R²≥0.856,RRMSE≤0.153,整体上模型拟合效果较好,灰色关联分析结果表明,C₅入渗性能最好。(3)弃渣∶农田土以3∶7体积比例混合后的土壤在粒径结构和水文效应2个方面评价结果中表现最佳。[JP]     

2种优势植物对不同粒径炼锌废渣团聚体养分及重金属赋存形态分布的影响

为评价土法炼锌废渣堆场上自然着生的优势植物对废渣团聚体中重金属的控制效应及生态修复效果,以废渣堆场上已自然定居且生长茂盛的本土植物土荆芥(Chenopodium ambrosioides L.)和大叶醉鱼草(Buddleja davidii Franch.)为研究对象,以未经修复的空白废渣为对照,分析这2种优势植物对根际、非根际废渣内不同粒径团聚体中主要养分(氮、磷、有机质)和主要重金属(Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd)赋存形态及含量分布的影响。结果表明:土法炼锌废渣堆场上自然着生的2种优势植物对根际与非根际不同粒径炼锌废渣的主要养分含量具有显著影响,且不同种类植物参与对根际与非根际废渣中有机质的贡献明显不同。养分在粒径<1 mm的团聚体废渣中分布含量较高,除大叶醉鱼草非根际废渣中的总氮含量低于对照废渣外,植物影响下的各粒径团聚体中的养分含量总体高于对照废渣。优势植物生长明显影响炼锌废渣中Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd等主要重金属在不同粒径废渣中的含量分布及赋存特征,Cu和Cd主要分布在粒径<0.25,0.25~0.5,0.5~1 mm团聚体中,Zn主要分布在粒径<0.25,2~5 mm团聚体中,Pb则在0.25~5 mm的4种不同粒径团聚体中含量分别达最高;且其降低了各粒径废渣团聚体中Cu、Pb含量,对粒径>5 mm团聚体中的Cd含量有一定的提高作用,其中,2种优势植物影响下的粒径<5 mm团聚体中的酸可溶解态Cu、Pb、Zn的比例明显降低,而残渣态Zn和酸可溶解态Cd的比例有所提升。主成分分析结果表明,2种优势植物对根际和非根际粒径<5 mm团聚体中的养分、Zn全量及酸可溶解态Cd含量贡献率高,但对粒径>5 mm团聚体中的养分影响不大。综上,自然定居且繁茂生长的土荆芥和大叶醉鱼草可显著改善铅锌冶炼废渣中的养分状况,同时可有效减小废渣中重金属Cu、Pb、Zn对环境生态的潜在风险,开展铅锌冶炼废渣堆场水土保持及生态修复相关工作时可优选这2种植物作为先锋植物。     

不同制样粒径对土壤有效养分测定结果的影响

研究选择3种母质上发育的5种土壤,分别设置1mm和2mm制样粒径处理,采用常规分析方法对pH值、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾和有效硅等属性进行了测定。结果表明:土壤制样粒径不同对分析结果的准确度和精密度均有一定程度影响,1mm粒径土壤的测定精密度略高于2mm粒径土壤,其中有效磷测定误差较大;1mm和2mm粒径土壤养分含量测定结果依养分种类不同而存在差异,对于碱解氮、速效钾和有效硅,1mm粒径土样测定结果略高,但是相差不大,而有效磷则相差较大,1mm粒径土样测定结果普遍低于2mm土样,平均低6.9%,最多低30%以上;pH测定不受粒径影响。     

不同配比护坡营养基材pH的动态变化研究

不同配比护坡营养基材模拟试验表明．护坡营养基材pH值随着凝固时间的延长而下降,并逐渐趋于稳定,不同配比的护坡营养基材pH值稳定的最短时间不同。影响护坡营养基材pH值变化的主要因素有水泥的掺入量、基质土壤类型、成孔材料添加比例等。研究结果表明,水泥掺入量在基质土壤的2％～4％范围内对植物生长是安全的。在设计护坡营养基材配方方面,以城市垃圾土为基质土壤,添加3％的稻草粉有利于降低护坡基材pH值和促进植物生长。     

西藏高寒地区不同边坡生态修复类型土壤的肥力变化

[目的] 对西藏DG水电站6种不同边坡生态修复类型土壤的肥力变化进行对比研究,为西藏水电工程扰动区生态环境的修复提供理论依据和技术支撑。[方法] 采用实地测量和室内试验等方法,分析不同边坡生态修复类型的肥力变化特征及植被生长情况,并用相关性分析确定边坡土壤肥力时空变化与植被生长情况之间的相关性,探讨影响边坡植被生长土壤的肥力主控因素。[结果] 在6种边坡生态修复类型土壤中有机质和氮元素波动变化均较大,随季节变化呈现先降低后增加再降低的趋势,而pH值、速效磷、速效钾变化相对较小。从不同边坡对比结果来看,边坡的土壤养分含量从高到低依次均为：弃土弃渣地 > 土质边坡 > 一般施工场地 > 土石混合边坡 > 岩质边坡 > 施工硬化地表,不同边坡的植被恢复生长状况方面,与土壤养分含量呈现相同的排序。各肥力指标中氨氮、硝氮、速效磷与植被生长情况的相关性最高,其次为速效钾、有机质,而与pH值相关性最低,说明氨氮、硝氮、速效磷对边坡植被生长效果的影响较大。[结论] 在不同边坡的土壤肥力状况中,弃土弃渣地表现最佳,而岩质边坡和施工硬化地表均表现较差,且土壤肥力中氨氮、硝氮、速效磷含量与植被生长情况紧密相关。     

不同植被恢复年限弃渣场边坡土壤物理性质特征

研究不同植被恢复年限弃渣场土壤侵蚀物理性质特征,可为生产建设项目弃渣场水土流失防治及植被恢复提供理论基础。本文以重庆市典型弃渣场为研究对象,采用野外调查及室内综合分析等方法研究不同恢复年限弃渣场的边坡不同部位土壤物理性质特征。结果表明:不同恢复年限弃渣的细小颗粒(0.25mm)含量差异较大,其随着时间的增加呈先减小后增加的趋势;随着恢复年限增加,弃渣容重呈减小的趋势,2月弃渣容重在1.48~1.64 g/cm3,4年弃渣容重可达1.20~1.40 g/cm3,而弃渣场不同坡位的总孔隙度均与土壤容重呈反比;土壤水分含量明显增大,4年弃渣边坡的自然含水率为2月和2年弃渣的2倍左右,田间持水量也以4年弃渣最大,其平台及边坡的平均持水量为22.26%;在植物根系及其枯落物作用下,弃渣边坡土壤物理性质得到改善,其增强了边坡稳定性。     

抚顺矿区不同复垦年限土壤的养分及有机碳特性研究

以素有煤都之称抚顺矿区复垦土壤为例,对不同年限不同深度的土壤进行分析,揭示了抚顺煤矿区土壤养分的时空演变规律。结果表明,随着复垦年限的增加,与未曾复垦的矸石相比,矿山复垦土壤pH值逐年降低,pH值的变化范围在9.95~6.58之间,其最大值出现在未曾复垦的矸石,最小值出现在复垦60年的土壤中,其pH值已经达到适合植物生长的范围;全氮、有效磷、碱解氮等呈现逐年增加的趋势,土壤中钾含量较高,可以满足植被生长所需,矿山复垦土壤中由于排弃的矸石中含有一些含碳矿物和少量煤块的原因导致总有机碳含量较高;随着土层深度增加,pH值逐渐升高,全氮、有效磷、碱解氮等逐渐降低。短时间的矿区复垦土壤需要使用相应的肥料保证植物的正常生长。矿山复垦土壤中有机碳随着复垦年限的增加及自然、人为活动影响,碳黑、颗粒状碳趋向于减少,而易氧化碳的数量增加。     

Nutrient availability in the initial stages of surface mine spoil reclamation — Impact on plant growth

The aim of this study was to characterise nutrient availability in the initial stages of reclamation and its impact on the growth of Secale multicaule L., the typical cover crop in newly established Pinus silvestris L. stands. A field experiment testing different levels of nutrient supply (N, P, K) was conducted on a carboniferous and a non-carboniferous sandy mine spoil representing typical mine spoils in the open-cast lignite mining district of Lower Lusatia. On both types of mine spoils, primarily N and P limited plant growth. On non-carboniferous mine spoil, low P availability to plants was alleviated by mineral fertiliser application while on carboniferous mine spoil, due to P immobilisation, P availability was still limiting plant growth after similar levels of P fertilisation. The elevated N_min content in carboniferous mine spoil compared to non-carboniferous mine spoil is probably the result of less N leaching as the dominant N form in carboniferous mine spoil is NH₄⁺ while the highly mobile NO₃^— is prevailing in the non-carboniferous mine spoil. N release from geogenic organic matter in carboniferous mine spoil as suggested by comparable N_t contents in pedogenetically formed soil organic matter is less likely.     

无机粘结剂对工程弃渣的物理性状和稳定性的影响

为了确定无机粘结剂对工程弃渣物理性状和抗雨水侵蚀能力的影响,将工程弃渣与自然土壤混合配制成植物生长基质喷附在坡面模型上,开展不同降雨强度下的侵蚀实验。结果表明:无机粘结剂用量小于40 kg/m³时,提高了工程弃渣的水分渗透但对水分蒸发有抑制作用,用量大于40 kg/m³时无机粘结剂增加了工程弃渣的透气性,但导致工程弃渣保墒能力下降,硬度随之增加。少量的无机粘结剂对于工程弃渣的抗雨蚀能力并无提高,只有在无机粘结剂用量增加到50 kg/m³（含）以上时才会显著降低泥沙流失量。无机粘结剂40 kg/m³的用量为对工程弃渣物理性状影响的分水岭。而当用量达到50 kg/m³临界值时,无机粘结剂开始起到帮助工程弃渣抵御雨水侵蚀的作用。     

Improvement in nitrogen availability, nitrogen uptake and growth of aerobic rice following soil acidification

A yield decline and increase in soil pH under continuous cropping of aerobic rice have been reported in previous studies. However, the underlying mechanisms governing the poor growth and low yield of aerobic rice following an increase in soil pH are unknown. The objective of the present study was to determine the effect of soil acidification on the soil nutrient availability, plant nutrition and growth of aerobic rice grown in continuously cropped aerobic soil. Two pot experiments were conducted using soil from a field where aerobic rice had been grown for 13 consecutive seasons. Soil was acidified by adding 50–300 mL of 0.05 mol L^–1 sulfuric acid to 3.0 kg of air-dried soil to achieve a range of soil pH levels. Rice was grown aerobically with N rates of 0–1.2 g per pot using urea or ammonium sulfate. Soil chemical properties were measured as were leaf nutrient concentrations, plant growth parameters, and the above-ground N uptake. A 5.5-fold and 1.5-fold increase in soil ammonium and nitrate were observed, respectively, after adding sulfuric acid. Plant growth and N uptake improved significantly with soil acidification, regardless of N rates or N sources, and were associated with an improvement in plant N nutrition. The application of N had greater positive effects on plant growth and N uptake than soil acidification. The growth response to soil acidification reduced as the rate of N application increased. These results suggest that the yield decline of continuous aerobic rice is probably associated with a reduction in soil N availability and plant N uptake as a result of a gradual increase in soil pH.     

Tolerance of limpograss (PI 364344) to excess manganese in acid soil and nutrient solution

Previous studies showed that limpograss, Hemarthria altissima (Poir), Stapf & C. E. Hubb (PI 364344) was tolerant to low temperature and to high concentrations of Al in acid soil, mine spoil and nutrient solution. Additional experiments were conducted to test the tolerance of this limpograss clone to excess Mn, another potential growth‐limiting factor in acid soils.

Cuttings from a single plant were grown in pots of Mn‐toxic Zanesville soil with no lime (pH 5.1) and 1250 ppm CaCO (pH 6.3) and in nutrient solutions containing 0, 4, 8, 16, 32 or 64 ppm Mn at pH 4.0. The grass was highly tolerant to excess Mn in both media. Liming the soil from pH 5.1 to 6.3 did not significantly affect top dry weight of the first harvest and significantly decreased that of the second. In nutrient solutions at pH 4.0 top dry weights were not significantly affected by Mn concentrations up to 64 ppm. Root dry weights were significantly increased by Mn additions of 16, 32 and 64 ppm. Limpograss (PI 364344) was not injured when Mn concentrations were as high as 930 and 9152 ppm in tops and roots, respectively. High Mn tolerance is yet another trait that should enhance the potential use of this grass in revegetating acid mine spoils and other acid sites.     

工程堆积体产流产沙及水沙效益对植被近地表特征的响应

针对陡坡工程堆积体水土流失严重的问题,通过野外模拟降雨试验开展植被不同近地表特征对堆积体产流产沙和蓄水减沙效益特征影响的定量研究。选择土石混合堆积体（10%砾石质量分数,坡度30°）作为工程侵蚀下垫面的典型代表,并以裸坡（bare slope, BS）为对照,定量分析了植被在3种近地表特征条件下（完整植株（intact grass,IG）,不含叶（not leaf,NL）,只含根系（only root,OR））对堆积体产流产沙特征和蓄水减沙效益影响。结果表明：1）植被在IG条件下延缓坡面径流发生使其较BS滞后,效益达50.74%～188.98%,但不完整植被（NL、OR）会加速径流发生使其较BS提前2.19%～70.12%;2）植被在NL和OR下的瞬时径流率比IG增大0.20%～185.58%,在降雨强度1.8 mm/min的瞬时径流率甚至比BS高1.20%～169.10%;植被在IG和NL条件下瞬时侵蚀速率比BS减少0.91%～98.71%,但在降雨强度达到1.8 mm/min时OR条件下甚至增大侵蚀使其比BS高6.76%～75.63%;3）随降雨强度增大,植被在NL和OR条件下的减沙效益由95.18%和68.31%分别递减至46.58%和-68.13%,但对IG下的减沙效益影响小（效益差异＜2%）,平均蓄水效益随降雨强度增大而减小。不同堆积体水沙呈显著线性相关（R²在0.40～0.88）,且径流率达到4 L/min会显著改变植被对堆积体坡面防护效益。提出开展堆积体生态修复时选择冠层丰富的植被,同时要避免外部因素对植被造成损害。研究结果对于揭示植被防护扰动边坡侵蚀机制具有重要意义,可为堆积体植被修复提供实践指导。     

Adaptation of some introduced eragrostis species to calcareous soil and acid mine spoil

Abstract

Plant growth is frequently limited by Fe‐related chlorosis on calcareous soils and by mineral toxicities on strongly acid soils and mine spoils. Better adapted varieties are needed for both soil situations, which are not always economically correctable. In a search for such geraplasm, 4 species (20 accessions) of Eragrostis were grown in greenhouse pots of a calcareous soil at pH 7.3. Two species were also compared on acid mine spoil at pH 3.5 and 4.7.

Species, and accessions within species, differed significantly in tolerance to the calcareous soil, as measured by susceptibility to chlorosis and yield of plant tops. The range in top yield was 11‐fold for accessions of Eragrostis capensis, 3‐fold for Eragrostis lehmanniana, and 1.7‐fold for Eragrostis superba. Eragrostis plana (P.I. 364340) was more tolerant to acid mine spoil (pH 3.5) but less tolerant to calcareous soil (pH 7.3) than Eragrostis superba (P.I. 364833).

Chlorosis and poor growth of certain accessions on calcareous soil (pH 7.3) were not explained by specific mineral deficiencies or toxicities. However, the tops of chlorosis‐susceptible accessions had lower ratios of Fe/Mn, Fe/Zn, and Fe/Cu than those of chlorosis‐resistant accessions. This imbalance is believed to interfere with Fe metabolism in plant tops.

Results suggested that superior strains of Eragrostis species can be selected for adaptation to calcareous or acid soils and that certain accessions characterized in these studies can be useful in studying the physiological mechanisms of mineral stress resistance in plants.     

The potential of mycorrhizal inoculation and organic amendment to increase yields of Galega orientalis and Helianthus tuberosus in a spoil‐bank substrate

An agricultural use of reclaimed coal‐mine spoil banks is limited to nonfood crop uses and provides potential for biofuel crops. Two high‐biomass crops—Galega orientalis and Helianthus tuberosus—were cultivated in a greenhouse pot experiment conducted in sterilized and nonsterile spoil bank clay. We aimed (1) to determine the possibility of reducing the applied rate of organic amendments (thus decreasing the costs of spoil‐bank reclamation) and (2) to assess whether the inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) can improve plant growth and biomass accumulation of bioenergy crops even in nonsterile soil containing naturally occurring AMF. The spoil substrate was either unamended or treated with a mixture of composted urban waste and ligno‐cellulose at a rate corresponding to 40 t ha^–1. Three native AMF isolates or three isolates from the International Bank of Glomeromycota (BEG) originating from man‐made ecosystems were used for inoculation. Generally, both plant species positively responded to both mycorrhizal inoculation and organic amendment. While G. orientalis did not show any preferences towards the AMF inoculum origin in the nonsterile soil, for H. tuberosus the specific combination of organic amendment and BEG isolates resulted in highest yields of shoot biomass. The study shows that the successful planting of both tested crops requires the organic amendment. However, its dosage can be substantially reduced. The effectiveness of mycorrhizal inoculation can vary for the combination of plant species and the origin of the applied AMF.     

工程堆积体流速及产沙特征对坡长及砾石作用响应

随着经济社会的高速发展以及工程建设项目的快速递增,大量生产建设项目扰动地表并破坏原地貌植被,大范围且不平衡的挖填活动使得多余的土石混合堆积,尤其在山区工程建设形成的多余土石混合介质,堆积在沟道和河道上游及边坡,在强降雨条件下易发生严重水土流失,甚至造成滑坡、泥石流等灾害。以人为重塑工程堆积体为研究对象(坡度25°),通过模拟降雨试验,开展极端降雨条件下(降雨强度为2.5 mm/min)不同坡长(3,5,6.5,12 m)及砾石质量分数(0,10%,20%,30%)共同作用对堆积体流速空间分布特征及产沙特性影响的研究。结果表明：(1)坡长12 m时流速在降雨全过程始终处于波动状态,随砾石质量分数增大,波动幅度减小,而坡长3,5,6.5 m下的流速随产流历时呈先递增后趋于稳定的变化趋势。中下坡位平均流速是中上坡位的1.12～1.54倍,随着坡长增大,平均流速递增17.81%～335.94%,含砾石堆积体平均流速较纯土堆积体降低22.88%～54.67%,砾石质量分数比坡长对流速影响更显著。(2)纯土堆积体平均侵蚀速率随坡长显著增大,递增幅度达7.88%～87.67%,而含砾石堆积体随坡长增...     

两种驱动力作用下植被调控堆积体坡面减水减沙效益

定量分析侵蚀驱动力的变化对于植被调控堆积体坡面水文和产沙过程的影响,对于深刻理解植被防护堆积体侵蚀及其水土保持效益具有重要作用。该研究以陡坡工程堆积体(30°)作为研究对象,采用野外模拟降雨和降雨+上方汇水试验研究苜蓿对工程堆积体侵蚀过程的影响及其减水减沙效益。结果表明:1)两种驱动力下苜蓿对工程堆积体坡面减沙和减流效益分别为57.28%～98.51%和13.17%～83.11%,加入上方汇水后减沙和减流效益分别减少17.01%和68.74%;2)降雨条件下苜蓿对堆积体坡面减流减沙效益随降雨强度增大降低,而加入上方汇水后减沙效益随降雨强度增大而增大,但减流效益减小。显著性差异分析表明降雨强度对裸坡和苜蓿堆积体的径流和产沙均有显著影响(P0.01),且上方汇水的作用大于降雨;3)两种驱动力下裸坡堆积体侵蚀速率总体随产流历时减少,而苜蓿堆积体在降雨条件下侵蚀速率总体增大。加入上方汇水后裸坡及苜蓿堆积体坡面侵蚀和径流随产流历时的波动性显著增强;4)裸坡堆积体在降雨和降雨+上方汇水条件下产流前期的平均侵蚀速率是后期的1.06～2.90倍,苜蓿堆积体在降雨条件下产流前期平均侵蚀速率小于后期。研究成果可为生产建设项目工程堆积体水土流失防治和植被措施布设提供科学指导,具有显著的科学意义和工程实践指导价值。