添加葡萄糖对红壤农田肥料氮转化及其酸化的影响

采用室内培养实验,初步研究了外加葡萄糖对红壤肥料氮素转化及其酸化作用的影响,其中葡萄糖添加量充足,为8 g·kg–1干土,氮肥以(NH4)2SO4和KNO3为例.结果表明,在对照、单施(NH4)2SO4或KNO3处理中,土壤中氮转化过程主要以有机氮净矿化和铵态氮净硝化为主,这主要是由于红壤可利用碳源较少.而外加足够葡萄...     

Nutrient Mineralization from Nitrogen- and Phosphorus-Enriched Poultry Manure Compost in an Ultisol

The combination of inorganic fertilizers and compost is a technique aimed at improving crop growth and maintaining soil health. Understanding the rate of nutrient release from enriched compost is important for effective nutrient management. A laboratory incubation study was conducted for 112 days to study the nutrient mineralization pattern of poultry manure compost enriched with inorganic nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) fertilizer nutrients in an Ultisol. Compost applied at the rate of either 5 or 10 g kg^?1 was blended with N (50 kg N ha^?1) and P (30 kg P ha^?1). Carbon dioxide evolution and N and P mineralization were measured fortnightly. The bacterial and fungal populations were determined at the mid and end of the experiment. The combination of compost and inorganic N and P increased carbon (C) and P mineralization by 4?8% and 56?289%, respectively, over the application of either compost or inorganic N and P. However, P addition influenced the amount of C mineralized. Inorganic N and P, on the other hand, were better at increasing N mineralization than compost blended with inorganic N and P over a short time. The addition of compost stimulated bacterial and actinomycete populations, while fungal populations were unaffected. Actinomycetes and bacteria had similar and higher relationship trend with C (R² = 0.24) and P (R² = 0.47) mineralization and were key determinants in nutrient mineralization from compost in this Ultisol. Integrating compost with inorganic fertilizers improves nutrient availability through the growth and activities of beneficial microorganisms.     

称重法在水土保持各地类面积监测中应用研究

在水土保持项目监测中 ,经常需要对各种地类面积进行勾图测量 ,通常采用的方法是用量算纸勾绘图斑量面积 ,这种方法的缺点是效率低、误差大。笔者在工作实践中应用称重法量算各种地类面积 ,有效地提高了量算效率和准确性。1　方法与原理称重法是采用质地均匀的纸张 (或其他图斑     

Effects of three soil tillage systems on some biological activities in an Ultisol from southern Chile

Intensive tillage for annual crop production may be affecting soil health and quality. However, tillage intensity effects on biological activities of volcanic-derived soils have not been systematically investigated. We evaluated the effects of three different tillage practices on some biological activities of an Ultisol from southern Chile during the third year of a wheat–lupin–wheat crop sequence. Treatments were: no tillage with stubble burning (NTB), no tillage without stubble burning (NT) and conventional tillage with disk-harrowing and stubble burning (CT). Biological activities were evaluated in winter and summer at 0–200 mm and at three soil depths (0–50, 50–100 and 100–200 mm) in winter. Total organic C and N were significantly higher under no-tillage systems than CT. In general, NT increased C and N of microbial biomass in comparison with CT, especially in winter. Microbial biomass C was closely associated with microbial biomass N (r = 0.986, P < 0.05); acid phosphomonoesterase (r = 0.999, P < 0.05); β-glucosidase (r = 0.978, P < 0.05), and others. Changes in biological activities occurred mainly in the upper soil layer (0–50 mm depth) in spite of the short duration of the experiment. Biological activities could be used as practical biological indicators to apply the more appropriate management systems for increasing soil sustainability or productivity.     

Impact of Chemical Amendment of Dairy Cattle Slurry on Soil Phosphorus Dynamics Following Application to Five Soils

A 9-month incubation study was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of amending dairy cattle slurry with either alum, lime, poly-aluminum chloride (PAC), or ferric chloride (FeCl₃) in reducing water-extractable P (WEP) levels in five soils (four mineral and one organic). Alum, lime, and PAC were the most effective amendments in decreasing WEP (compared to a slurry-control) for the four mineral soils (by an average of 47% at the end the 9-month incubation period). In comparison, FeCl₃ increased WEP (compared to the slurry-control) by an average of 35% at the end the study. None of the amendments examined effectively reduced WEP of the organic soil. No amendment reduced soil-test P [(Morgan’s P (P_m) and Mehlich 3 P (M3P)] compared to the soil-only treatment. Alum maintained the greatest levels of M3P across the four mineral soils with the least risk of P loss to overlying water.     

Comparative Study of the Leachates from Syngonium podophyllum using Different Fertilization Techniques and Nitrogen Forms

The objectives of this article were to analyze the evolution of the nutrient parameters of the leachates collected from Syngonium podophyllum var. Silver plants cultivated for 20 weeks in a buried greenhouse with four methods of fertilization. The treatments were T₁, standard liquid feeding (SLF) [7.0 mmol L^?1 nitrate (NO₃ ^?) nitrogen (N), 0.3 mmol L^?1 phosphorus (P), and 3.5 mmol L^?1 potassium (K)] after transplanting; T₂, liquid feeding soluble fertilizer (LFSF) [6.9% NO₃ ^? N, 11.1% ammonium (NH₄ ⁺) N stabilized by 3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate, 8.0% P₂O₅, and 14.0% K₂O] after transplanting; T₃, controlled release fertilizer (CRF I) (7.4% NO₃ ^? N, 8.6% NH₄ ⁺ N, 8.0% P₂O₅, and 12.0% K₂O) applied before planting and half concentration of SLF from 45 days after transplanting; and T₄, controlled release fertilizer (CRF II) (8.5% NO₃ ^? N, 7.5% NH₄ ⁺ N, 8.0% P₂O₅, and 12.0% K₂O) applied before planting and half concentration of SLF from 45 days after transplanting. Solution pH, electrical conductivity (EC), NO₃ ^? N, NH₄ ⁺ N, K, and P concentrations in the leachate were analyzed weekly. Plant quality was assessed at the end of the trial through objective and subjective parameters. Significant differences among the different fertilization methods were observed. CRF treatments resulted in the greatest nutrient leachate concentration during the first 6 weeks of the study, and afterward it decreased gradually until the end of the cultivation. CRF I showed greater leachate concentrations of N, P, and K than the others during the first half of the study. The concentrations of NO₃ ^? N and P from all the fertilizer types were often above the permissible levels cited in the federal Clean Water Act. The best-quality plants were obtained with CRF II, whereas the greatest height and Aerial Dry Weight (ADW) were obtained with CRF treatments and the greatest Root Dry Weight (RDW) was obtained with the NH₄ ⁺ N treatments.     

Water Leachates of Nitrate Nitrogen and Cations from Poultry Manure Added to an Alfisol Udalf Soil

Water, Air, & Soil Pollution - The paper summarizes results of chemical analyses of fog and rime water samples. The samples were collected at Milesovka, the Czech meteorological observatory....     

Occurrence of PFCs and PBDEs in Landfill Leachates from Across Canada

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) are both classes of persistent organic pollutants with potential major health and environmental concerns. Many PBDE- and PFC-containing products are ultimately discarded in landfills. In samples from 28 landfills and dumpsites across Canada, PBDEs and PFCs were detected in almost all landfill leachate samples, with concentrations up to 1,020 and 21,300?ng/L, respectively. Mean concentrations were 166?ng/L for PBDEs and 2,950?ng/L for PFCs. Landfill leachates from southern Canada generally had greater concentrations of PBDEs and PFCs than those from northern Canada. The dominant compounds were decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) (mean contribution 52 %) for the PBDEs and perfluorohexanoic acid (mean contribution 25 %) for the PFCs. There were strong correlations for some compounds within each contaminant class, such as the major congeners in the penta-BDE commercial mix (BDE-47, BDE-99, and BDE-100). Estimated average ??PBDE and ??PFC loadings from an urban landfill to the environment were calculated to be 3.5 and 62?tonnes/year, respectively.     

The amelioration effects of low temperature biochar generated from nine crop residues on an acidic Ultisol

Biochar was prepared using a low temperature pyrolysis method from nine plant materials including non‐leguminous straw from canola, wheat, corn, rice and rice hull and leguminous straw from soybean, peanut, faba bean and mung bean. Soil pH increased during incubation of the soil with all nine biochar samples added at 10 g/kg. The biochar from legume materials resulted in greater increases in soil pH than from non‐legume materials. The addition of biochar also increased exchangeable base cations, effective cation exchange capacity, and base saturation, whereas soil exchangeable Al and exchangeable acidity decreased as expected. The liming effects of the biochar samples on soil acidity correlated with alkalinity with a close linear correlation between soil pH and biochar alkalinity (R² = 0.95). Therefore, biochar alkalinity is a key factor in controlling the liming effect on acid soils. The incorporation of biochar from crop residues, especially from leguminous plants, can both correct soil acidity and improve soil fertility.     

Long-Term Cropping System, Tillage, and Poultry Litter Application Affect the Chemical Properties of an Alabama Ultisol

Sustainable agricultural practices have been steadily increasing in the last couple of decades. These management practices frequently involve cover crops, less or no-tillage, and organic fertilization. In this study, we evaluated the effects of cropping systems,tillage and no-tillage, and the application of poultry litter(PL) on selected soil physicochemical properties and soil test nutrients. Soil samples were collected from the topmost surface(0–5 cm) and subsurface(5–10 cm) layers. The general effect trend was PL application no-tillage cover crop cropping type. There were more statistically significant(P ≤ 0.05) correlations between the 18 soil attributes at the topmost surface than at the subsurface. This could be due to the accumulation of external C inputs and nutrients by crop residues and PL application as well as the retaining effects of no-tillage on less mobile nutrient components. Because of their high mobility and volatile nature, total nitrogen(N), ammonia-N(NH_4~+-N), and nitrate-N(NO_3~--N) levels varied greatly(high standard deviations), showing no consistent patterns among the treatments. Compared to the soybean cropping system, corn, especially with the wheat cover crop, contributed more to the total carbon(C) and sulfur(S) in the topmost surface soils(0–5 cm). Poultry litter application greatly increased pH, cation exchange capacity(CEC), base saturation, magnesium(Mg), phosphorus(P), calcium(Ca),sodium(Na), potassium(K), manganese(Mn), copper(Cu), and zinc(Zn) in both soil layers. Contrast comparisons revealed that PL application had more of an effect on these soil chemical properties than no-tillage and cropping systems. These results will shed light on developing better nutrient management practices while reducing their runoff potentials.     

Photocatalytic Degradation of Herbicide Quinmerac in Various Types of Natural Water

The efficiency of the photocatalytic degradation of the herbicide quinmerac in aqueous TiO₂ suspensions was examined as a function of the type of light source, TiO₂ loading, pH, temperature, electron acceptors, and hydroxyl radical (^?OH) scavenger. The optimum loading of catalyst was found to be 0.25?mg?mL^?1 under UV light at pH?7.2, with the apparent activation energy of the reaction being 13.7?kJ?mol^?1. In the first stage of the reaction, the photocatalytic degradation of quinmerac (50???M) followed approximately a pseudo-first order kinetics. The most efficient electron acceptor appeared to be H₂O₂ along with molecular oxygen. By studying the effect of ethanol as an ^?OH scavenger, it was shown that the heterogeneous catalysis takes place mainly via ^?OH. The results also showed that the disappearance of quinmerac led to the formation of a number of organic intermediates and ionic byproducts, whereas its complete mineralization occurred in about 120?min. The reaction intermediates (7-chloro-3-methylquinoline-5,8-dione, three isomeric phenols hydroxy-7-chloro-3-methylquinoline-8-carboxylic acids, and 7-chloro-3-(hydroxymethyl)quinoline-8-carboxylic acid) were identified and the kinetics of their appearance/disappearance was followed by LC?CESI?CMS/MS. Tentative photodegradation pathways were proposed and discussed. The study also encompassed the effect of quality of natural water on the rate of removal of quinmerac.     

Use of crop residues with alkaline slag to ameliorate soil acidity in an Ultisol

Information regarding the interaction between liming agents and crop residues on soil acidity amelioration is limited. A laboratory incubation study was undertaken to investigate the combined application of alkaline slag (AS, the major component is CaO) and crop residues with different C/N ratios and ash alkalinity content. Incorporation of amendments was effective in reducing soil exchangeable acidity and Al saturation and increasing exchangeable base cations (P < 0.05), but the effect of AS on soil pH adjustment was reduced when added with a high amount of residue with a low C/N ratio. Initial increases in soil pH were attributed to the release of alkalinity from the combined amendments and the mineralization of organic nitrogen (N). During subsequent incubation, the soil pH decreased because of nitrification. Crop residues with a high C/N ratio increased N immobilization and reduced net nitrification, resulting in a slight pH decrease. Crop residues with a low C/N ratio resulted in a sharp decrease in soil pH when applied with low levels of AS because of stimulated soil nitrification, whereas high AS had no consistent effect on net nitrification. Hence, compared to the control (pH = 4.21), a large increase in soil pH occurred, especially when peanut straw was applied at 10 g/kg (pH = 5.16). It is suggested that crop residues with high C/N ratio and also combined with a liming agent such as AS are preferred to ameliorate soil acidity. The liming effect of AS is likely to be negated if added in combination with residues with high N contents.     

Plant phosphorus and rice yield in an Ultisol of the humid forest zone in West Africa

Abstract

Little attention has been devoted to calibrating plant tissue tests for phosphorus (P) in the field for upland rice in West Africa, although information is needed for improving crop production through efficient P nutrition. A field experiment was conducted under rainfed conditions in the 1994 season to establish the relationships between plant P content and grain yield of upland rice grown on an Ultisol, having a range in extractable P, in the humid forest zone of Ivory Coast. The critical limit of P content in the whole rice plant tops at the tillering stage, at 90% relative grain yield, was found to be 2 g kg^‐1 P for the four upland rice cultivars tested. Total P uptake in the biomass was significantly correlated with rice grain (r=0.81, n=20) and straw (r=0.79) yields of the cultivars.     

Early effects of tillage and crop rotation on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal propagules in an Ultisol

The aim of this work was to study the early influence of conventional tillage (CT) and no-tillage (NT) on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal (AMF) propagules. A short 2-year-course crop rotation, i.e. trial consisting of a succession of wheat and oat, was studied in a typic Chilean Ultisol from the second to fourth year after the beginning of the experiment. Measurements included mycorrhizal characteristics and some soil properties in order to explain their influence on AMF propagules. Soil samples were taken yearly in autumn (fallow period) and in early spring (flowering). Significant differences in AMF hyphal length were observed between NT and CT in the first year, but such differences disappeared thereafter. No differences in metabolically active hyphae were obtained with wheat or oat under the two tillage systems. Mycorrhizal root colonization was always higher under NT than under CT. The number of AMF spores was also higher under NT than under CT, ranging from 158 to 641 spores per 100 cm³. Twenty-two AMF species including eight Glomus spp., six Acaulospora spp., four Scutellospora spp., one Archaeospora sp., one Diversispora sp., one Entrophospora sp. and one Pacispora sp. were observed in both agro-ecosystems. Higher spore number of Acaulospora spp. was found under wheat than under oat and under CT than under NT, whilst more spores of Scutellospora spp. were observed under NT than under CT. From all mycorrhizal characteristics, spore number could be visualized as an early and useful indicator of the effect of tillage systems on mycorrhizal propagules in short-term experiments.     

Changes in chemical properties of an Ultisol as affected by palm oil mill effluent application

Abstract

An experiment was conducted to determine the effects of palm oil mill effluent (POME) application on soil chemical properties. The POME was incorporated into the top 0–30 cm of Batang Merbau soil, an Ultisol. POME was applied at 0, 5, 10, 20, and 40 t ha^‐1, both in the presence and absence of 2 t ground magnesian limestone (GML). A succeeding crops of maize and groundnut were planted. The results of the experiment showed that POME application up to the rate of 40 t ha^‐1 did not significantly change the topsoil pH and exchangeable calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and aluminum (Al). The addition of POME improved the soil fertility, which resulted in an increase of maize yield. The Ca and Mg from the POME accumulated in the topsoil, being held by the negative charge present on the exchange complex. The beneficial effects of POME and/or GML application lasted for about 3 years. The study indicated that application of POME together with GML is a good agronomic option to alleviate soil acidity in Ultisol for maize production.     

西藏高寒地区不同边坡生态修复类型土壤的肥力变化

[目的]对西藏DG水电站6种不同边坡生态修复类型土壤的肥力变化进行对比研究,为西藏水电工程扰动区生态环境的修复提供理论依据和技术支撑.[方法]采用实地测量和室内试验等方法,分析不同边坡生态修复类型的肥力变化特征及植被生长情况,并用相关性分析确定边坡土壤肥力时空变化与植被生长情况之间的相关性,探讨影响边坡植被生长土壤的肥...     

Temperature has a strong impact on the abundance and community structure of comammox Nitrospira in an Ultisol

Journal of Soils and Sediments - Temperature is a key factor influencing the growth and activities of microorganisms and their associated biogeochemical processes including nitrification. However,...     

Efficiency of nitrogen-15-labelled fertilizers for rice and rye-grass cultivated in an Ultisol of Brazilian Amazonia

 The objective of this study was to determine the efficiency of two N fertilizers, (NH₄)₂SO₄ and urea, for rice (Oryza sativa L.) and rye-grass (Lolium multiflorum L.) cultivated in an Ultisol of central Amazonia using ¹⁵N as a tracer. Rice was cultivated in the field, while rye-grass was grown in a phytotron. Fertilization with (NH₄)₂SO₄ caused a 16% increase in the yield of rice grains and urea a 36% increase. In both crops total N uptake and N use efficiency of the fertilizers were higher for urea than for (NH₄)₂SO₄. The low values for N derived from fertilizer showed that the fertilizers contributed little to the total N absorbed by the plants. The "priming effect" or positive added N interaction (ANI) between the fertilizer N and soil organic N was observed, especially with urea. Immobilization by soil microorganisms was greater in the presence of urea, while losses were always higher with the (NH₄)₂SO₄ treatments. These losses were significant, and their reduction should allow more efficient use of this N fertilizer. It is possible that the N use efficiency was higher for urea due to a pH increase, caused by urea hydrolysis, which in turn may have favoured the activity of nitrifying bacteria in this extremely acid soil. Received: 6 April 1999     

Microbial and enzymatic properties in response to amelioration of an acidic Ultisol by industrial and agricultural by-products

Purpose

This study aims to evaluate the effects of industrial and agricultural by-products as amendments on soil acidity, soil nutrients, enzymatic and microbial properties, and thus soil quality of an acidic Ultisol under field conditions and to give some index for choosing amendments in acid soils.

Materials and methods

A long-term field experiment was established in an acidic Ultisol in the middle China to investigate the ameliorating effect after application of industrial and agricultural by-products for 4 years. There were five treatments including addition of rice chaff, peanut straw, alkaline slag, alkaline slag with rice chaff, and without amendment of control. Top soil samples (0–15 cm) from individual plots per treatment were collected for the analysis of chemical and microbial properties. The relationships between chemical properties and microbial and enzymatic properties were also analyzed with bivariate correlation analyses and stepwise linear regression.

Results and discussion

Alkaline slag was more effective than rice chaff and peanut straw in correcting soil acidity and induced more increase in catalase activity, acid phosphatase activity, and microbial quotient, and thus more depress in the metabolic quotient, since soil acidity was an important stress factor for microbial and enzyme activities in the Ultisol. Incorporation of rice chaff and peanut straw markedly increased the soil microbial carbon, urease activity, and basal respiration to a greater extent, by more greatly enriching soil with organic carbon and more balanced nutrients of N, P, and K, which were also significant factors affecting microbial properties. Consequently, the application of alkaline slag and rice chaff together was the most effective in enhancing the geometric mean of enzyme activities (an important index of soil quality) when compared with the single application of alkaline slag, rice chaff, or peanut straw.

Conclusions

Soil acidity, organic C, and balanced nutrients of N, P, and K were key factors for affecting soil microbial and enzymatic activities, and thus soil quality in this Ultisol. The combined industrial and agricultural by-products together as amendments would be the better choice to improve soil quality in acidic Ultisols.     

Application of low‐phosphorus‐containing legume residues reduces extractable phosphorus in a tropical Ultisol

Application of legume green manure (GM) is suggested to be effective in increasing the availability of native soil phosphorus (P) and the dissolution and utilization of phosphate rock (PR)‐P by food crops. Experiments were conducted to study the dynamics of extractable P (P extracted by Bray‐1‐extracting solution) of an Ultisol amended with or without GM residues of contrasting P concentrations in the absence of growing plants. In two separate experiments, GM residues of Aschynomene afraspera (a flood‐tolerant legume) and of Crotalaria micans (upland) with varying P concentrations were added to an acidic soil amended with PR‐P or triple superphosphate (TSP) in plastic bottles. Soil moisture was brought to field capacity of the soil in the upland experiment and saturated with distilled water in the lowland setup. This was done to simulate aerobic upland and anaerobic lowland soil conditions in the relevant plastic bottles. Only P concentration of the residues added varied, while lignin and C : N ratios were similar. A temperature of 25°C was maintained throughout the experiment. Changes in soil extractable Bray‐1‐P were measured at the end of the incubation period (60 or 80 d). In the aerobic soils, extractable P in the combined PR+GM or TSP+GM treatments was significantly lower than in the PR‐ or TSP‐ treated soils. The amendment with GM residues alone significantly increased Bray‐1‐P over the unamended control in the case of the inorganic P‐fertilized GM residues. The trend in extractable P was similar in the soils incubated under anaerobic conditions. However, in the case of PR, concentrations of P extracted by Bray‐1 solution did not significantly change in the presence or absence of GM. The results suggest that the incorporation of GM residues with low P concentration does not lead to a net P release in upland or lowland soils. These results have implications for nutrient cycling in farming systems in W Africa as most of the soils are poor and very low in available P.