饲料添加沼液喂猪的效果观察和安全性研究

经分析,沼液中含有猪生长所需要的营养物质.选择杜长大三元杂交猪80头进行饲养试验,结果:饲料中添加1∶0.5、1∶1和1∶1.5沼液的日增重分别为784.4g、843.3g和832.2g,与对照组的748.9g相比差异极显著(P<0.01),并能降低猪的发病率.消化试验表明,各试验组对各种养分的表观消化率比对照组都有所提高,但各组差异不显著(P＞0.05).屠宰结果表明,饲料中添加沼液后,肌肉中水分、粗灰分、蛋白质和微量元素的含量均有不同程度的提高,但对肌内脂肪和pH影响不大;Ca、Mg、Fe、Zn等微量元素和As、Cd、Pb、Hg等重金属元素均在国家规定的标准之内;猪肉感官、物理性质符合猪肉卫生标准,说明饲喂沼液后猪肉质是安全、可食用的.     

饲料中添加沼液喂猪时铜的迁移规律研究

对沼液中含铜量及饲料中添加沼液喂猪对猪日增重、料肉比和肝脏、肌肉、粪便中含铜量的影响进行了研究。采用GB13885-91方法,间隔30 d三次测定沼液中铜含量,结果分别为0.13μg/mL、0.16μg/mL和0.18μg/mL,试验设3个添加沼液处理,饲料与沼液的比例分别为1∶0.5、1∶1和1∶1.5,进行饲养试验,并采用GB13885-91方法对猪肌肉、肝脏及粪铜含量测定。结果：饲料中添加1∶1和1∶1.5的沼液,日增重极显著高于对照组和饲料中添加1∶0.5的沼液组,饲料中添加1∶1的沼液组日增重极显著高于饲料中添加1∶1.5的沼液组;饲料中添加沼液显著提高了肝脏、肌肉和粪便中铜含量,且随着沼液添加量的增加,肝脏、肌肉和粪便中含铜量随之增加。说明肝脏、肌肉和猪粪中含铜量与饲粮的含铜量是密切相关的,饲料中添加沼液喂猪可以降低饲料中铜的添加量。     

饲料中添加沼液喂猪时铜的迁移规律研究

对沼液中含铜量及饲料中添加沼液喂猪对猪日增重、料肉比和肝脏、肌肉、粪便中含铜量的影响进行了研究。采用GB13885-91方法,间隔30 d三次测定沼液中铜含量,结果分别为0.13μg/mL、0.16μg/mL和0.18μg/mL,试验设3个添加沼液处理,饲料与沼液的比例分别为1∶0.5、1∶1和1∶1.5,进行饲养试验,并采用GB13885-91方法对猪肌肉、肝脏及粪铜含量测定。结果：饲料中添加1∶1和1∶1.5的沼液,日增重极显著高于对照组和饲料中添加1∶0.5的沼液组,饲料中添加1∶1的沼液组日增重极显著高于饲料中添加1∶1.5的沼液组;饲料中添加沼液显著提高了肝脏、肌肉和粪便中铜含量,且随着沼液添加量的增加,肝脏、肌肉和粪便中含铜量随之增加。说明肝脏、肌肉和猪粪中含铜量与饲粮的含铜量是密切相关的,饲料中添加沼液喂猪可以降低饲料中铜的添加量。     

中草药发酵物对生长猪养分利用率的影响研究

采用中草药发酵物进行了生长猪对饲料养分的表观消化率和肠道消化酶活性试验。试验选用85日龄荣昌×大白二元杂交猪24头,分为4个处理,每个处理选择体重平均的生长猪6头,设3个重复,每个重复2头。组1为对照组,组2、3、4为试验组,分别添加200、400和800mg/kg的羊红膻、天青地白等中草药的发酵物。试验猪只置于代谢笼中饲养,预试期6d,正式试验期4d;消化试验结束后,解剖了部分生长猪,测定了胰脏和十二指肠消化酶活性。结果表明:饲料中补充200~800mg/kg的中草药发酵物之后,饲料中的粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、粗纤维、粗灰分的表观消化利用率均显著高于对照组(P0.05),但各中草药发酵物添加组之间无显著差异(P0.05);组2和组3的饲料干物质表观消化率与组1无显著差异(P0.05),组2、3、4之间也无显著差异(P0.05),但显著高于组1(P0.05);组2的能量表观消化率与组1无显著差异(P0.05),组2、3、4之间也无显著差异(P0.05),组3、4显著高于组1(P0.05)。消化酶测定结果表明:饲料中补充400~800mg/kg中草药发酵物之后,胰脏的胰蛋白酶活性、胰糜蛋白酶活性和淀粉酶活性比对照组均显著提高(P0.05),各中草药发酵物添加组之间无显著差异(P0.05)。饲料中补充400~800mg/kg中草药发酵物之后,十二指肠的胰蛋白酶活性和淀粉酶活性比对照组均显著提高(P0.05),但对胰糜蛋白酶无显著影响(P0.05)。综上所述,可以得出,饲料中补充200~400g/t的中草药发酵物可有效改善生长猪的饲料养分利用率;补充400~800g/t的中草药发酵物可显著提高胰脏和十二指肠消化酶活性。因此,400g/t为中草药发酵物在生长猪最合适的添加量,生长实践中考虑到经济效益因素,建议添加200~400g/t为宜。     

大量使用非常规饲料对育肥猪生产性能的影响

试验组A饲料中添加非常规饲料、试验组B在饲料中添加中药添加剂,试验组C在饲料中添加苜蓿草。测定试验各组胴体品质、猪肉风味和品质等各项指标。试验结果表明:平均末重、日增重上差异极显著(P<0.01)。A、B、C3组在中猪期的料肉比和在大猪期的料肉比以及全期的料肉比差异均极显著(P<0.01)。     

纤维素酶处理杂交狼尾草对育肥猪生产性能及猪肉品质的影响

研究通过向杂交狼尾草中添加纤维素酶,酶解之后供猪只采食,观察杂交狼尾草新鲜饲喂及酶解后饲喂,对猪肉肉品氨基酸含量、脂肪酸含量的影响。试验选取60头杜×长×大生长育肥猪,随机分成3个处理,其中对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验Ⅰ组饲喂基础日粮添加杂交狼尾草的混合饲料,试验Ⅱ组饲喂基础日粮添加酶解杂交狼尾草的混合饲料。试验期78d。结果表明:(1)试验Ⅰ组及试验Ⅱ组日增重均略低于对照组,平均耗料及料肉比均高于对照组,但差异不显著(P0.05);(2)试验Ⅰ组肌肉中谷氨酸、天冬氨酸、丙氨酸、鲜味氨基酸、水解氨基酸总和均显著高于对照组(P0.05),试验Ⅱ组天冬氨酸、丙氨酸、鲜味氨基酸、水解氨基酸总和显著高于对照组(P0.05),除甘氨酸外,试验Ⅰ组各氨基酸指标均显著高于试验Ⅱ组(P0.05);(3)试验Ⅱ组饱和脂肪酸含量显著低于对照组及试验Ⅰ组(P0.05),不饱和脂肪酸含量显著高于对照组(P0.05);试验Ⅰ组饱和脂肪酸含量显著高于对照组(P0.05)。结果提示:杂交狼尾草作为青绿饲料,可显著提高育肥猪的猪肉品质,但略降低生产性能,若经纤维素酶处理后,则可改变这一影响。     

益生菌缓解抗生素对生长猪饲料干物质消化率及后肠微生物的影响

试验选用体况和日龄相近的杜长大三元杂种生长猪300头以研究益生菌结合抗生素对猪饲料干物质消化率以及后肠微生物的影响。试验分为5组,每组3个重复,每个重复20头猪,试验周期9 d。5组分别为空白对照组、基础饲粮添加林可霉素（10%）1 kg/t组;基础饲粮添加枯草芽孢杆菌、地衣芽孢杆菌、粪肠球菌（7∶2∶1,共50亿CFU/kg载体）1 kg/t饲料组;每吨基础饲粮添加林可霉素（10%）100 g＋枯草芽孢杆菌、地衣芽孢杆菌、粪肠球菌（7∶2∶1,共50亿CFU/kg载体）900 g组;每吨基础饲粮添加林可霉素（10%）100 g＋枯草芽孢杆菌、地衣芽孢杆菌、粪肠球菌（7∶2∶1,共100亿CFU/kg载体）900 g组。结果表明：单独添加抗生素、微生态制剂以及同时添加抗生素与微生态制剂都能提高饲料干物质消化率且与对照组相比差异显著（P〈0.05）;林可霉素组大肠杆菌数量显著低于林可霉素＋2倍复合菌组（P〈0.05）;乳酸杆菌数量在各组间均无显著差异（P〉0.05）;总好氧菌和总厌氧菌数量试验组显著高于对照组（P〈0.05）,各试验组间无显著差异（P〉0.05）。表明抗生素结合益生菌使用能改善生长猪后肠微生物菌群结构,对饲料干物质消化率也有明显改善。     

复合寡糖微量元素络合物对育肥猪肉质及抗氧化功能的影响

旨在探究复合寡糖微量元素络合物加入饲料对育肥猪肉质及抗氧化功能的影响.方法:随机抽取体重约98kg(杜×长×大)规格的三元杂交猪60头,按照随机分配的原则,分为3组,每组均20头,包含2个重复(每个重复10头,公母各半).对照组按照传统的饲养方式进行培育,有机实验组使用添加复合寡糖微量元素络合物的日粮进行饲养,无机实验组使用等量有机实验组的无机微量元素进行饲养,对比三组猪肉的肉质及肌肉、肝脏的抗氧化程度.结果:对照组、无机微量元素实验组、有机微量元素实验组猪肉亮度值分别为:46.13±4.96、44.37±1.98、45.77±1.62;对照组、无机微量元素实验组、有机微量元素实验组猪肉红度值分别为:0.79±0.15、1.38±0.28、1.41±0.38;对照组、无机微量元素实验组、有机微量元素实验组猪肉有机实验组猪肉的黄度值分别为:9.81±1.76、8.39±0.97、9.37±1.23.有机实验组肉质肉色(红度)提高,明显优于对照组猪肉,(P<0.05),差异有统计学意义.显著提高肝脏和肌肉内谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶的活力,同时还显著提高血清铁和肝铁的含量水平.结论:使用复合寡糖微量元素络合物添加的饲料喂养育肥猪,对其肉质肉色有显著地改善,同期对其机体抗氧化功能有明显的提高作用,并且该工艺手段流程操作简便,成本低廉,对于改善猪肉品质和降低养殖业对环境的污染提供了借鉴.     

发酵饲料桑粉对育肥猪生长性能和猪肉品质的影响

为研究育肥期间补饲发酵饲料桑粉对猪的生长性能与猪肉品质的影响,54头胎次、初始体质量(65.80±1.20)kg、日龄基本一致的健康"杜×大×长"三元杂交育肥猪随机分为对照组与试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ组。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验Ⅰ组在基础饲粮的基础上添加15%饲料桑粉,试验Ⅱ组在基础饲粮的基础上添加15%发酵饲料桑粉。育肥猪在饲喂66d后,测定平均日增重、饲料增重比、屠宰率、平均背膘厚度、眼肌面积、肌肉pH值、肌内脂肪含量、肌肉剪切力,脂肪含量和脂肪酸含量等。结果显示,与对照组相比,试验Ⅱ组的猪平均日增重提高了2.51%,差异显著(P0.05);屠宰率有所提高,但差异不显著(P0.05);平均背膘厚度,试验Ⅰ组降低了6.60%,差异显著(P0.05),试验Ⅱ组差异不显著(P0.05);肌内脂肪,试验Ⅰ组、试验Ⅱ分别提高了9.97%,17.82%,差异均显著(P0.05);试验Ⅱ组的猪肌肉剪切力降低了9.86%,差异显著(P0.05);试验Ⅱ组的猪肉内饱和脂肪酸的含量显著降低(P0.05),而不饱和脂肪酸的含量有所提高(P0.05)。     

饲料不添加抗生素对断奶仔猪健康和福利的影响

虽然饲料中添加抗生素可降低猪的发病几率,但抗生素残留会影响猪肉品质和安全。为了研究取消抗生素添加对猪保健和福利的影响,在1个300头基础母猪、自繁自养的商品猪场,选择6批杂交猪(大白猪×长白猪),每批140头,总共840头;将仔猪以往的断奶日龄(28±2)d改为42 d以上,保育期分为2个阶段,即断奶后第1阶段(简称A段,大约35 d)和断奶后第2阶段(简称B段,大约28 d)。整个试验猪群(按批次)随机分为2组:对照组按以往的习惯添加抗生素,试验组饲喂相同的饲料,但不添加抗生素。研究两组之间动物福利、健康、躯体损伤等参数的差异。得出如下结论:断奶仔猪饲料不添加抗生素对仔猪福利、健康参数和恶习行为只有轻微影响,表明取缔抗生素添加不会影响猪的健康和福利。与饲料中有无抗生素相比,诸如日龄、环境影响因子、皮肤温度和体重的变量对猪的行为和福利影响更大。虽然饲料中没有添加抗生素饲喂的仔猪发病时的注射用药量几乎是饲料中添加抗生素饲喂仔猪发病时的2倍,但饲料中没有添加抗生素饲喂的仔猪用药总量减少95%,对猪肉品质和安全保障有不可估量的差异。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein