Variation of Grain and Malt Qualities in Barley as Affected by Cultivars and Environments

Inferior and unstable quality of malt barley in China has limited its wide use in malting and brewing industries. In this research, eight two-rowed barley cultivars were planted at 7 locations with different ecological conditions in southern China, to investigate the cultivar and environmental effect on grain and malt qualities. The results showed that grain protein content differed dramatically among locations, but there were no significant differences among cultivars. For four malt qualities including diastatic power, wort viscosity,Kolbach index and malt extract, significant differences were found among cultivars and locations, except for diastatic power among cultivars. Coefficients of variance (CV) caused by location were greater than those caused by cuitivar for each quality parameter, especially for diastatic power and Kolbach index, indicating the predominant influence of environment on malt quality. The analysis showed that grain protein content was positively related to diastatic power and wort viscosity, and negatively to malt extract. Kolbach index was positively related to malt extract, and negatively to diastatic power and wort viscosity. Diastatic power showed positive and negative correlation with wort viscosity and malt extract, respectively.     

The influence of drought stress on malt quality traits of the wild and cultivated barleys

As a major abiotic stress, drought causes instability and deterioration of malt barley quality. There is distinct difference among barley cultivars in the responses of the main malt quality traits to drought stress. In the previous study, we identified some Tibetan wild barley accessions with relatively less change of malt quality traits under drought. In this study, we examined the impact of drought stress during grain filling stage on grain weight and several important malt quality traits, including total protein content, β-glucan content, limit dextrinase activity, β-amylase activity, and protein fractions in four barley genotypes(two Tibetan wild accessions and two cultivars). Drought treatment reduced grain weight, β-glucan content, and increased total protein content, β-amylase activity. These changes differed among barley genotypes and treatments, and are closely associated with grain filling process and kernel weight. All the results indicated Tibetan wild barley had great potential for developing drought tolerant barley cultivars. Relatively stable kernel weight or filling process under water stress should be highlighted in malt barley breeding in order to reduce the effect of water stress on malt barley quality.     

大麦发芽的化学调控及其在麦芽生产中的应用

用乙烯利、赤霉酸作为麦芽添加剂,在浸渍过程中处理大麦种子,结果表明：1.0ppm赤霉酸、5.0ppm乙烯利,尤其是二者结合处理,能促进发芽种子的根芽生长和呼吸作用,加速种子贮藏物质的分解和转化;1000ppm左右的高浓度乙烯利强烈抑制发芽种子的根芽生长、呼吸作用和种子贮藏物质的分解和转化;用高浓度乙烯利与赤霉酸结合处理,虽然也显著抑制发芽种子的根芽生长和呼吸作用,但却能使种子贮藏物质的分解和转化达到或超过对照水平。这样,在麦芽工业上就能在保证麦芽品质的条件下,提高麦芽产量。研究表明,低浓度乙烯利及其与赤霉酸结合处理,能缩短麦芽制造时间,有被开发利用的可能性;高浓度乙烯利与赤霉酸结合处理,作为麦芽添加剂,在麦芽生产上,尤其是非啤酒用麦芽生产上及发芽饲料工业等行业上的应用,是值得深入研究的。     

Effect of seed planting depth on brewing qualities of barley grain and malt

The work is devoted to the effect of planting depth of seeds depending on their size on productivity formation and brewing quality of barley grain and malt. At a planting depth of 8 and 12 cm compared with the adopted depth of 4 cm, the grain protein content increased. In this case, malt solubility on the basis of the difference in fine- and coarse-grind extract content improves, but becomes worse with respect to coarse-grind flour extraction and malt hardness traits.     

73份优异啤酒大麦种质资源主要麦芽品质性状的评价

以73份国内外啤用大麦种质资源为材料,分析了5个主要麦芽品质指标(麦芽浸出率、糖化力、α-氨基氮、库尔巴哈值、蛋白质)的遗传多样性及其相关.结果表明,73份大麦基因型麦芽品质性状间具有不同程度的变异,不同大麦基因型的5个主要品质指标均具有很高的遗传多样性指数,且5个品质性状之间存在不同程度的复杂相关.动态聚类分析将73份大麦基因型分成3类,不同类型分别适合于不同用途.研究结果可为啤酒大麦种质资源的多元化利用提供基础.     

Prediction of protein content in malting barley using proximal and remote sensing

This paper examines the prediction of within-field differences in protein in malting barley at a late growth stage using the Yara N-Sensor and prediction of its regional variation with medium resolution satellite images. Field predictions of protein in the crop at a late growth stage could be useful for harvest planning, whereas regional prediction of barley quality before harvest would be useful for the grain industry. The project was carried out in central Sweden where the variation in protein content of malting barley has been documented both within fields and regionally. Scanning with an N-sensor and crop sampling were carried out in 2007 and 2008 at several fields. The regional data used consisted of weather data, quality analyses of the malting barley delivered to the major farmers’ co-operative, crops grown and field boundaries. Satellite scenes (SPOT 5 and IRS-P6 LISS-III) were acquired from a date as close as possible to the N-sensor scans. Reasonable partial least squares (PLS) models could be constructed based on weather and reflectance data from either the N-sensor or satellite. The models used mainly reflectance data, but the weather data improved them. Better field models could be created with data from the N-sensor than from the satellite image, but a local satellite-based model based on a simple ratio (middle infrared/green) in combination with weather was useful in regional prediction of malting barley protein. A regional prediction model based only on the weather variables explained about half the variation in recorded protein.     

小麦籽粒制麦过程中蛋白质变化研究

为揭示小麦籽粒蛋白质在制麦过程中的变化情况,探讨籽粒蛋白质对麦芽品质影响的机理,以皖麦38、扬麦13和小偃6号3个小麦品种为研究对象,以澳大利亚啤酒大麦品种Stilling为对照,系统分析了参试材料在降温发芽过程中的蛋白质变化规律。结果发现,总氮在制麦过程中变化较小,仅变化了2．09％;可溶性氮在制麦过程中变化较大,制麦前后相比可溶性氮增加了约4．8倍;隆丁区分的高分子氮变化一直保持较高水平(约为48％),中分子氮变化不大(约为7％),而低分子氮在40％～48％变化。小麦和啤酒大麦在制麦地过程中蛋白质的变化差异较大,揭示其制麦工艺应与啤酒大麦有所不同。     

啤酒大麦新品系垦啤5号选育报告

啤酒大麦新品系垦啤5号是甘肃省农垦农业研究院以法瓦维特为母本,Barletta为父本杂交选育而成,多点试验折合平均产量6907.8 kg/hm^2,比对照品种甘啤4号增产7.1%;生产试验平均产量7207.7 kg/hm^2,比对照品种甘啤4号增产8.2%。该品系矮秆、早熟、高产、抗倒伏、耐密植、适应性广、酿造品质优良,适宜在甘肃啤酒大麦生产区及西北类似地区种植。     

施磷对啤酒大麦产量及品质的影响研究

采用土壤养分状况系统研究法,研究了磷对啤酒大麦产量、品质及土壤养分平衡的影响.结果表明,在平衡N、K及微量元素等养分后,施磷可提高啤酒大麦产量,磷用量在300 kg/hm2以下时,啤酒大麦产量随着磷用量的增加而增加,磷用量为300 kg/hm2时,产量达最高,为7 345 kg/hm2;施磷可改善啤酒大麦的品质,提高啤酒大麦的千粒重,降低啤酒大麦籽粒中的粗蛋白含量,磷用量在225 kg/hm2以下时,千粒重随着磷用量的增加而增加,籽粒粗蛋白含量随着磷用量的增加而下降.     

德国啤酒大麦品种性状评价及综合利用研究

对德国啤酒大麦品种的农艺性状、品质优势及产量潜力进行了详细的论述与评价,提出了直接应用与间接利用的指导性建议.根据多年的引种实践经验,有针对性地从德国引进啤酒大麦品种32份,经过连续近10年的试验研究,筛选出一批优异种质作为育种材料间接利用,选育出垦啤3号新品种已大面积推广应用,另外选育出1个新品系拟参加甘肃啤麦产区旱地试验示范.     

云南省啤酒产业链的关键技术研究与应用

阐述了中国啤酒产业链的关键问题，云南省啤酒大麦育种及其产业化、啤酒麦芽酿造等关键技术研究和特色啤酒研制开发。强调了关键技术在云南啤酒工业中的显著效益。     

Effects of post-heading high temperature on some quality traits of malt barley

Global change is bringing barley with more frequency of suffering from high temperature. However, little has been known about the influence of high temperature on malt quality traits. In this study, we investigated the impact of 1-wk heat stress (32°C/26°C, day/night, 12 h/12 h) initiating from the 7th (HT7) and 14th (HT14) days after heading on some grain and malt quality traits of two barley cultivars. In comparison with normal temperature (24°C/18°C, day/night, 12 h/12 h), heat stress significantly reduced kernel weight, seed setting rate and grains per spike: HT7 having a larger effect than HT14. Meanwhile, total protein and β-glucan contents, and β-amylase and limit dextrinase activities were significantly increased under high temperature, with HT7-treated plants showing larger changes. Moreover, the different changes of four protein fractions under heat stress were found in the two barley cultivars, indicating the possibility of breaking positive association between protein content and enzyme activity.     

Cultivar and Environmental Variation of β-glucan Content in Chinese Barleys

β-glucan is a polysaccharide compound closely related to the quality of barley used as malting,feed and food. Low β-glucan content is expected for brewing and feed barley, while high β-glucan content is desirable for food barley. The β-glucan content of barley genotypes collected from various areas of China as well as from Canada and Australia were assayed. Meanwhile a multi-locations trial was conducted to determineβ-glucan content of 10 barley cultivars in 8 locations for two successive planting years. The results showed that barley genotypes from Tibet and Xinjiang had higher β-glucan content and the genotypes with higher than 8%of β-glucan content were detected in Tibet barleys, being valuable for use in the development of healthy food.Barley cultivars being planted now in winter-sowing areas of China had basically the same β-glucan content as those from Canada and Australia. Barley seeds produced in Hangzhou had lower β-glucan content than seeds from the original areas. There was a highly significant difference in β-glucan content among 10 barleys, 8locations and between years. On an average of two years, Xiumei 3 and Kongpei 1 had the highest and lowestβ-glucan content, respectively, and Taian and Hangzhou produced the highest and lowest β-glucan content barley seeds, respectively. Analysis of AMMI model showed that interaction effect between cultivar and environment was highly significant in both experimental years, and was dependent on cuitivar, suggesting that it is important to plant the suitable cultivars in a particular area in order to obtain barley seeds with reasonableβ-glucan content.     

Change in quality parameters for brewing barley grain at fractionation

The change in the main quality parameters for brewing barley grain at fractionation has been studied to develop the method of their regulation. The barley grain of different fractions is proven unequal in the biochemical composition and the technological quality. The fractionation of the grain samples collected from the large homogenous grain bulks and the relevant analyses can provide the possibility to determine a wide range of quality parameters for the specific fractions and their grain-size dependencies. The basic parameters for the technological quality of barley grain in a certain bulk may be changed (raised or lowered) to the regulatory standards or the standards that consumers demand with the use of the appropriate top and (or) bottom sieve installation in the grain cleaning machines of secondary cleaning.     

中国啤酒消费趋势及其对啤酒大麦需求的影响

中国作为全球啤酒第一生产大国,啤酒消费量也随产量的增加而大幅度提升。通过对21世纪以来中国啤酒消费水平变化特征的分析,对中国啤酒消费趋势进行预测,认为未来啤酒消费及需求有很大的增长潜力和空间,啤酒消费量的提高必将带动对上游产品麦芽和大麦的需求。     

氮素肥料对啤酒大麦产量和麦芽品质的影响

对啤酒大麦在不同氮肥施用量及不同施肥方式条件下产量和麦芽主要品质变化的研究结果表明:氮肥施用量和氮肥施用方式是啤酒大麦生产过程中影响产量和品质的主要因素,甘肃啤酒大麦产区兼顾产量和品质,最好的氮肥施用方式是作为底肥一次性施入,最佳施氮量是150～180kg/hm2。     

黑龙江省西部雨养农业区优质啤酒大麦品种比较试验

2010年度在黑龙江省西部雨养农业区九三农业科学研究所进行了14个优质啤酒大麦品种比较试验,平年年份筛选出适宜本区域种植的啤酒大麦品种进行本项目试验.结果表明,本年度气候条件下,产量水平和千粒质量分别为5 000.00 kg/hm2、45.00g以上的为适宜种植品种.本项目啤酒大麦品种比较试验的结论,可作为优质啤酒大麦在黑龙江省西部雨养农业区推广种植的技术依据.     

Transformation of TrxS Gene into Barley by Particle Bombardment

The production of malting barley in China can＇t meet the demand of beer industries because of poor quality and it becomes a bottleneck problem in beer manufacture industry. In this paper, TrxS gene cloned from Phalaris coerulescens was transferred into barley cultivar Yupi 1 （YP1） via biolistic bombardment. 1206 immature embryos were bombarded and seven transgenic plants carrying TrxS gene were confirmed by PCR and PCR-Southern blotting analysis. TrxS gene was expressed in transgenic plants by RT-PCR analysis. The activity of Trxh and α-amylase of transgenic line were higher than that of non-transgenic line, which is helpful to improve malting quality of barley.     

啤酒大麦种植密度对产量品质的影响

[目的]探究种植密度对啤酒大麦产量和品质的影响。[方法]以甘啤3号为供试品种,密度试验设9个处理,研究2002—2003年不同播种密度对4个试点啤酒大麦的产量、籽粒蛋白质含量和主要经济性状的影响,并进行产量方差分析和处理间的多重比较。[结果]在一定的种植密度范围内,啤酒大麦产量随密度的增加而提高,超过一定范围产量则随密度的增加而降低;籽粒蛋白质含量随播种量的增加而下降。千粒重也随之降低。产量以播量600万粒／hm^2的最高,产量折合7550．40kg／hm^2,籽粒蛋白质以播量150万彬hm^2的最高,为12．13％。[结论]根据产量和酿造品质综合分析认为,河西地区适宜的播种量应在450万-600万粒／hm^2（202．5—270．0kg／hm^2）,玉门地区播种量应在525万-675万粒／hm^2（240．0～304．5kg／hm^2）。     

啤酒大麦专用肥在引大灌区的施用效果

试验结果表明,不同肥料及施量对啤酒大麦产量、蛋白质、筛选率、千粒重均有显著影响。啤酒大麦专用肥600．0kg／hm^2基施＋新动力微肥75．0kg／hm^2追施后,大麦籽粒的千粒重为50．3g、蛋白质含量为10．5％、≥2．5mm筛选率90．4％,产量8001．0kg／hm^2,比当地常规施肥增产17．27％,经济效益增加2100．0元／hm^2,其次为啤酒大麦专用肥600．0kg／hm^2＋“黑金帅”有机无机复合肥150．0kg／hm^2基施,也具较好的增产增收效果。建议在引大灌区推广以上2个施肥方案。