多杀菌素对舞毒蛾幼虫解毒酶活性的影响

为了研究多杀菌素对森林害虫舞毒蛾的杀虫活性,采用叶片药膜法测定多杀菌素对舞毒蛾3龄和5龄幼虫的生物活性及致死中量对其体内解毒酶活性的影响。结果表明:多杀菌素24h致死中浓度(LC50)分别为0.0249mg·L-1(3龄)和0.2269mg·L-1(5龄);致死中量多杀菌素对舞毒蛾3龄和5龄幼虫体内解毒酶存在不同程度的影响,其中对羧酸酯酶(CarE)、谷胱甘肽S-转移酶(GST)、多功能氧化酶(MFO)和碱性磷酸酯酶(ALP)大体上均表现为先激活后抑制作用,差异显著(P<0.05);而对酸性磷酸酯酶表现为抑制-激活-抑制作用,差异极显著(P<0.01)。LC10和LC50剂量的多杀菌素对舞毒蛾3龄幼虫的发育历期无显著影响,但能显著降低幼虫成活率及化蛹率(P<0.05)。多杀菌素对舞毒蛾有较强杀虫活性,能够有效影响舞毒蛾的生化指标,干扰其正常的生长发育,可以作为防治舞毒蛾的安全有效药剂。     

兴安落叶松诱导抗性对舞毒蛾幼虫解毒酶活性的影响

为了解不同诱导处理与落叶松诱导抗性及广食性昆虫舞毒蛾协同抗性之间的关系,以喷施茉莉酸甲酯、茉莉酮、舞毒蛾幼虫取食和松毛虫幼虫取食4种方法处理落叶松幼苗,检验舞毒蛾幼虫取食不同处理诱导的落叶松后,其中肠酸性磷酸酯酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酯酶(AKP)、羧酸酯酶(CarE)、谷胱甘肽S-转移酶(GSTs)4种解毒酶活性随时间的变化趋势。结果表明:取食不同处理诱导的落叶松后,舞毒蛾幼虫酸性磷酸酯酶活性均显著低于对照;取食经舞毒蛾幼虫取食诱导的落叶松后,试虫中肠碱性磷酸酯酶活性先升高后降低,除此之外,取食其他3种处理诱导的落叶松后,幼虫中肠碱性磷酸酯酶活性均受到抑制;幼虫羧酸酯酶活性也都受到不同程度抑制,与对照相比差异极显著;幼虫谷胱甘肽S-转移酶的活性,取食茉莉酸甲酯和舞毒蛾幼虫取食处理的幼苗显著低于对照,而取食另外2种处理的幼苗显著高于对照。舞毒蛾幼虫取食诱导的植物抗性,可影响同一种群后续取食者的解毒机制,这是植物抗性和昆虫种内竞争的综合表现。茉莉酸甲酯作为一种外源植物激素,可诱导植物产生抗性,且有效抑制后续取食者的解毒作用,其作用强度与作用时间与舞毒蛾幼虫取食处理极为相似。茉莉酸甲酯可作为有效的植物诱导剂,在害虫...     

花吊丝竹组培快繁育苗技术研究

The rapid propagation technology of Dendrocalamus minor var. amoenus was studied by investigating the effects of some factors such as selection of explant, phytohormone, culture method etc. The results show that: The best month for explant collection of D. minor var. amoenus is May and June. The best position for explant collection is middle-upper part knot of semi-lignification branch. The clump shoot could be induced in medium with 3/4MS+BA 4 mg·L^-1+KT 1 mg·L^-1+CW 100 mL·L^-1. The optimal medium for subculture of D. minor var. amoenus is 3/4MS+BA 2 mg·L^-1+KT 1 mg·L^-1+CW 100 mL·L^-1. Liquid medium is beneficial for improving growth condition and proliferation rate of clump shoot. The medium 1/5MS+IBA 8 mg·L^-1+ NAA 4.5 mg·L^-1 + KT 0.1mg·L^-1 is a relative suitable rooting medium for D. minor var. amoenus, with the rooting method of synchronized treatment first and then rooting. The survival rate of seedlings could be higher than 90% in substrate of fine river sand∶peat soil=3∶ 1.     

Cd及矿质营养元素在结缕草植株中的积累特性

以水培方法研究了镉在结缕草中的积累特性及对矿质元素含量的影响。结果表明:Cd²⁺处理下结缕草根、叶中镉的分布比例为细胞壁>胞液>细胞器。低浓度(1、10 mg·L^-1)处理下,结缕草茎细胞液中镉的比例分别较细胞壁中镉的比例高出61.70%、69.60%;高浓度(100 mg·L^-1)处理下,细胞壁中镉的比例较细胞液中镉的比例高出47.70%。低浓度(1、10 mg·L^-1)处理的结缕草地下部的镉含量显著高于地上部,而高浓度下(100 mg·L^-1)结缕草地上部的镉含量较地下部显著提高37.31%;随着处理浓度的升高,镉转运系数显著提高,100 mg·L^-1处理下镉转运系数分别较1、10 mg·L^-1提高了4.12、2.45倍。高浓度(100 mg·L^-1)处理下,结缕草地下部N、K、Ca、Mg含量下降,P、S含量有所提高。高浓度(100 mg·L^-1)镉处理下,地上部N含量较对照显著上升16.11%,Ca、Mg的含量均较对照升高;不同浓度镉处理的地上部P、K、S含量均较对照降低。     

几种植物生长物质对松树枝梢生长的调控及对枝梢害虫的防治

采用CEPA、GA₃、PP₃₃₃、B₉等植物生长物质,以不同浓度处理马尾松、黑松、湿地松、火炬松枝梢,比较药剂种类和处理浓度对枝梢生长的影响。结果表明: GA₃(2 500 mg·L^-1)对各供试树种均有显著促进作用(试验3中对湿地松除外);试验1中,5 000 mg·L^-1 PP₃₃₃显著抑制马尾松枝和黑松枝的伸长生长,具有最佳调节效果;试验2中,5 000 mg·L^-1 PP₃₃₃显著抑制湿地松和马尾松枝的伸长生长,具有最佳调节效果;试验3中,5 000 mg·L^-1 PP₃₃₃＋5 000 mg·L^-1B₉复合制剂显著抑制湿地松和火炬松枝梢的伸长生长,具有最佳调节效果。用"Y"型嗅觉仪测定微红梢斑螟成虫对松梢的嗅觉反应,结果表明处理组枝梢对微红梢斑螟成虫驱避效果明显;微红梢斑螟等松梢害虫危害率调查表明,处理枝梢的被害率也明显低于对照枝梢。     

美国白蛾对摩西球囊霉定殖银中杨的适应和生理响应

【目的】探明美国白蛾对丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)定殖银中杨的适应和生理响应,为揭示AMF在林木与植物昆虫之间的相互作用奠定基础,为利用AMF诱导增强林木化学防御提供理论依据。【方法】对银中杨扦插苗进行外源接种摩西球囊霉(GM),在GM侵染率达到最高时(90天),采叶饲喂美国白蛾幼虫,观察美国白蛾幼虫的生长发育、食物利用情况,分析其消化酶和解毒酶的活性变化。【结果】与对照相比,取食GM侵染的树叶后,3～6龄幼虫体质量均不同程度的低于CK,但差异不显著;2～5龄幼虫发育历期显著延长,且3龄和5龄幼虫相对生长率显著降低;美国白蛾5龄幼虫食物消耗率无显著差异,食物转化率和利用率被抑制;6龄幼虫食物消耗率、转化率和利用率均无显著差异。5龄幼虫脂肪酶活性显著增加,谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶(GSTs)活性被抑制,蛋白酶和淀粉酶、羧酸酯酶(CarE)活性与对照无显著差异。6龄幼虫脂肪酶、蛋白酶和淀粉酶、GSTs和CarE活性均显著高于对照。【结论】接种GM的银中杨对美国白蛾的生长发育和食物利用在短时间内有一定抑制作用,美国白蛾会通过提高消化酶和解毒酶活性来突破这种抑制作用,维持正常生长发育。     

鹅掌楸Genomic-SSR反应体系优化

The optimization of the Genomic-SSR reaction system is a basic protocol when the Genomic-SSR is used for genetic analysis in Liriodendron. The concentrations of Mg²⁺, dNTP, Primer and rTaq were tested by L₉(3⁴) orthogonal experiment and single factor gradient experiment to gain the optimal reaction system. The results indicated that the optimal reaction system should contain 75 ng of genomic DNA, 1 μL of 10×buffer, 0.4 μL of 10 mmol·L^-1 dNTP, 0.75 μL of 2.5 mmol·L^-1 MgCl₂, 0.25μL of 10 μmol·L^-1 Primer, 0.05 μL of 5 U rTaq and final volume of 10μL. Repeated trials and two verification tests showed that this optimal reaction system was stable, reliable, efficient and suitable for the applications of Genomic-SSR in Liriodendron population genetics and quantitative genetics research.     

施肥配比与芸苔素内酯对油茶生长的影响研究

采用L₉(3⁴)正交试验设计,分别对长林系列3个优良油茶无性系进行施肥配比和叶面喷施芸苔素内酯(BR)试验研究,结果表明:(1)油茶品种是影响油茶各项生长指标的最根本的因素;(2)各因子对地径、冠幅、产量和净光合作用影响权重依次是品种、因子间互作、施肥和芸苔素内酯,施肥对叶绿度影响比因子间互作影响大,而对高生长影响刚好相反;对出籽率影响依次是品种、施肥、芸苔素内酯及因子间互作;(3)18号品系、N₂P₂K₂和0.067 mg·L^-1 芸苔素内酯浓度组合时,树高、冠幅和出籽率表现最好;4号品系、N₁P₁K₁和0.067 mg·L^-1芸苔素内酯组合时,地径增长、叶绿度和产量最大;4号品系、N₂P₂K₂和0.033 mg·L^-1芸苔素内酯组合时,日均净光合速率最大。     

云冷杉林风倒区坑丘微立地微气候因子时空变化及其与土温的关系

为了揭示云冷杉林生长季坑丘微立地上微气候因子的时空变化以及PPFD、RH、SWC与不同深度T_S的相关性。2013年7—9月在小兴安岭谷地云冷杉林风倒区1.50 hm²的固定样地内,测定所有35对坑丘微立地(丘顶、丘面、坑底、坑壁)的光量子通量密度(PPFD)、空气相对湿度(RH)、地表土壤温度(T_S0)、5 cm和10 cm深度的土壤温度(T_S5和T_S10),以及07.6 cm、012 cm和020 cm土壤含水量(SWC₁、SWC₂和SWC₃)等微气候因子,并将完整立地(未受掘根干扰的完整林地)设为对照样地。比较5个不同微立地微气候因子的月变化以及PPFD、RH以及SWC对土壤温度(T_S)的影响。结果表明:7—9月,坑丘微立地(丘顶、丘面、坑底、坑壁)的月均PPFD和T_S0均为7月>8月>9月,月均RH以及T_S5和T_S10均为8月>7月>9月,月均SWC均为8最大;7—8月不同微立地月均PPFD大小顺序均为丘顶>丘面>坑底>完整立地,9月却为丘顶>丘面>完整立地>坑底>坑壁;7—9月,各微立地T_S0大小顺序均为丘顶>丘面>完整立地>坑壁>坑底,而5 cm和10 cm均为丘顶>丘面>坑壁>完整立地>坑底;月均RH和月均SWC均为坑底>坑壁>完整立地>丘面>丘顶;7月丘顶的PPFD最大,为736.11 μmol·m^-2·s^-1,完整立地最小,为25.46 μmol·m^-2·s^-1,丘顶T_S最高,为26.29℃,坑底T_S最低,为5.13℃;浅层SWC大于较深层的,最大SWC出现在8月的坑底,为51.58%。相同微立地(丘顶、坑底、完整立地)PPFD与浅层T_S的相关性大于较深层的土壤,T_S0与PPFD呈正相关,与RH呈负相关。     

舞毒蛾核型多角体病毒3个地理品系的毒力比较

采用室内食料给毒法测定了舞毒蛾核型多角体病毒3个地理品系LdNPV-D(北美品系)、Ld-NPV-H(中国黑龙江品系)和LdNPV-J(日本品系)对取食落叶松Larix principis-rupprechtii的舞毒蛾Lymantria dispar 2龄幼虫的致死中量及致死中时间.结果表明,致死中量依次为24(14～38),30(16～67),4 472(1 149～79 335)OBs/μL.3个地理品系的致死中时间依次是9.6(8.6～11.9),20.6(17.6～28.5),20.2(17.7～25.5)d.LdNPV-D对舞毒蛾2龄幼虫的致死中量低,致死中时间短,毒力最高;日本品系LdNPV-J的毒力最低.     

Mn2+和CO2+胁迫对舞毒蛾幼虫营养和抗氧化力的影响

[目的]为了明确舞毒蛾幼虫对Mn^2+和Co^2+胁迫的响应机制。[方法]采用0.40 mmol·g^-1 Mn^2+和0.83 mmol·g^-1 Co^2+的两种混合饲料分别喂食舞毒蛾4龄幼虫,测定了Mn^2+和Co^2+(LC30)对舞毒蛾4龄幼虫体质量、营养取食情况、营养成分含量及总抗氧化力。[结果]与对照组相比较,其取食量、虫粪量、体质量增长量均显著降低;Mn^2+处理组可溶性蛋白含量降低33.76%,碳水化合物含量降低57.56%,海藻糖含量降低64.05%,脂质含量降低27.77%;处理组可溶性蛋白含量降低47.46%,碳水化合物含量降低59.45%,海藻糖含量降低59.16%,脂质含量降低33.71%;Mn^2+处理组总抗氧化力增加28.25%,处理组总抗氧化力增加82.54%.表明Mn^2+和Co^2+对舞毒蛾幼虫取食量、虫粪量、体质量增长量、可溶性蛋白含量、碳水化合物含量、海藻糖含量、脂质含量均有显著的抑制作用,对其总抗氧化力有显著的促进作用。[结论]舞毒蛾幼虫是主要通过提高自身抗氧化力来应对重金属的胁迫,从而提高自身对重金属的抗性。     

俄罗斯远东地区南部枫首毒蛾及其种群增长

枫首毒蛾在普里莫尔斯基地区南部林区严重危害栎树。该虫取食多种树木。在试验室用栎树、桦树和椴树树叶及人工饲料饲养幼虫,结果表明该虫幼虫不取食俄罗斯中部地区树种的叶子。文章介绍了枫首毒蛾种群动态并描述了蛹的形态特征。     

γ射线辐照对舞毒蛾幼虫DNA作用的研究

应用γ射线辐照灭虫方法防治病虫害,可以避免化学防治的药物残留问题。采用不同剂量γ射线辐照舞毒蛾幼虫,再用经典的琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测DNA的损伤程度,研究γ射线对舞毒蛾幼虫细胞的生物学效应。实验结果表明：γ射线照射后的幼虫细胞核DNA片段的大小与辐照剂量之间有明显的剂量效应关系,这为物理灭虫提供理论数据。     

Untersuchungen zur überlebensfähigkeit und Entwicklung der Larven zweier Herkünfte des Schwammspinners Lymantria dispar L. (Lep.: Lymantriidae) in Abhängigkeit von der Fraßpflanze

The polyphagous gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar) is able to feed on about 400 different woody plant species. In general, oak species are preferred – on the other hand some other groups of plants are avoided on account of the presence of toxic substances. These unfavoured hosts are, for example, most of the Papilionaceae, like locust (Robinia pseudoacacia). We compared survival rate and development of two populations of different origin with long-term habituation to oak and locust, respectively. Larvae from the population habituated to oak proved unable to develop on locust food. There must be a lack of detoxification systems to modify the toxic alcaloids and flavenoids produced by Robinia pseudoacacia. On the other hand, larvae isolated from an locust stand were able to feed on oak leaves without problems in larval development or eclosion of adults. Gypsy moth larvae specialized on locust as host showed increased mortality (up to 27?%) in the early larval instars, but the surviving animals, especially female individuals, reached significantly higher pupal weights and showed better fecundity: 40?% higher egg numbers/egg mass compared to those feeding on oak. These results indicate that the gypsy moth population originating from the locust forest had achieved a high level of metabolic adaptation to this host plant and formed a 'biotype' of Lymantria dispar with optimal reproductive conditions in this special habitat.     

Effect of treatment using nuclear polyhedrosis virus on Lymantria dispar in field experiments in central Slovakia

Two strains of the nuclear polyhedrosis virus of the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar, are compared in field applications on experimental plots. With dosages 2 × 10¹¹–10¹² PIB ha⁻¹ received, corrected mortalities of larvae varied from 70% to 92%. At the same time, natural mortality of untreated populations ranged form 27% to 55% at the peak of the outbreak. The total reduction with ‘Gypchek’ the U.S. commercial formulation, reached 95%, compared with 93% after application of non-formulated material of a local strain under identical conditions. The American strain of NPV of the gypsy moth does not differ significantly in its effect from the local NPV on European populations of the gypsy moth.     

四川省大邑县舞毒蛾天敌的研究*

１９９３年在大邑县共收集到舞毒蛾天敌３０种，其中寄生性昆虫１９种，捕食性昆虫９种，病毒和虫霉菌各１种。卵期平均寄生率为２７．０６％±０．５４％，大蛾卵跳小蜂是主要天敌。幼虫期天敌有病毒、斑痣悬茧蜂、毒蛾镶颚姬蜂和绒茧蜂等，平均杀死幼虫５１．５９％±６．４８％。蛹期主要天敌有寄蝇、广大腿小蜂和脊腿囊爪姬蜂等，平均寄生率达３２．９１％±２６．４０％。在舞毒蛾卵－蛹期，累计约有８７．６２％的个体被天敌致死。     

我国口岸亚洲型舞毒蛾监测情况调查分析

为充分应对北美植物保护组织植物检疫措施第33号标准,笔者将我国口岸2011-2017年利用舞毒蛾Lymantria dispar性信息素监测种群发生情况进行了总结,包括具体监测口岸信息、诱捕器数量、年诱捕量,分析各口岸年平均诱捕量与当地平均气温、平均湿度和平均降水量之间的关系。结果表明:空间因素和气候因素共同决定了舞毒蛾发生情况,在R^2=25.1%水平上,空间因素单独贡献了6.9%的影响,而气候因素单独贡献了10.3%的影响,两者综合影响了7.9%;温度和湿度两个气候因子对舞毒蛾发生影响较大。亚洲型舞毒蛾在口岸5 km陆地范围内广泛发生,舞毒蛾输出风险依然存在,应建立国内外有害生物发生动态监测信息平台,以便更好实施有害生物综合防控。     

27种杀虫剂对美国白蛾幼虫的室内毒力比较

美国白蛾(Hyphantria cunea)始发于北美,属鳞翅目,灯蛾科(Liuetal.,2006),为害行道树、花卉、果树和大田作物等。1979年中朝边境首次发现后,由北向南逐年扩展,京、津、辽、冀、鲁均有暴发历史(魏晓棠等,2006)。由于成虫具有较强飞行扩散能     

Monitoring the effects of gypsy moth defoliation on forest stand dynamics on Cape Cod,Massachusetts: Sampling intervals and appropriate interpretations

Gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar L.) outbreaks affect stand dynamics and successional patterns in pine–oak woodlands of North America's Atlantic coastal plain. Species-poor overstories are dominated by pitch pine (Pinus rigida), black oak (Quercus velutina) and white oak (Quercus alba). Both oaks are preferred food for gypsy moth, and white oak is the dominant late-successional species. We documented, over a 21-year period, the effects of gypsy moth defoliation on forest stand dynamics at Cape Cod National Seashore, Massachusetts. Our goal was to better understand the influence of gypsy moth defoliation on temporal changes in stand composition. Tree species abundance and frequency were measured in 16 stands with varying abundances of pitch pine and oak. Regression of 2-dimesional rates of change calculated from principal components analysis showed that gypsy moth significantly influenced stand dynamics and successional patterns between 1981 and 1992/1993. Defoliation was virtually absent in the 1990s, and analysis of 1992/1993–2002 rates of change showed topographic slope to be the most important factor influencing stand dynamics during this time. For the period 1981–2002 rates of change analysis failed to identify either factor as influencing changes in stand dynamics. We conclude that the 1980s defoliation events had a transitory effect on upland forest composition, but that there exists the potential for significant long-term impact due to recurrent defoliation episodes. Stand composition should be monitored at intervals which roughly correspond to the time it takes for stands to recover to disturbance events, in the case of those we sampled, approximately 10 years.     

Effects of herbicides on consumption,growth and food utilization by cotton leafwormSpodoptera littoralis (Boisd.) larvae

The deterrent effects of nine herbicides on feeding and growth of cotton leafworm,Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.), larvae were investigated. Fourth-instar larvae were fed on castor-bean leaves treated with recommended field rates of selected herbicides. Nutritional indices were measured regularly throughout the feeding tests until pupation. The food consumed by larvae in most herbicide-treatments was below that of control. Fluazifop [500 active ingredient (AI)], bentazon (250 AI), ametryne (800, 1600 AI), flamprop (130 AI), and isoxynil (187.5 AI) treatments seemed to be the best feeding deterrents. Relative growth rates of larvae fed on leaves treated with bentazon (250 AI), ametryne (1600 AI), gluphosate (1440 AI), glufosinate (800 AI), and bromoxynil (120 AI) were significantly reduced compared to that in control. Likewise, both the efficiency of conversion of ingested food to body substance (ECI) and the efficiency of conversion of digested food to body substance (ECD) were reduced with herbicide treatments below that in control. Approximate digestibility (AD), however, was significantly increased with most herbicide treatments. Moreover, feeding on herbicide-treated leaves resulted in a significant reduction in both pupation and adult emergence compared to that in control.