A-3型松褐天牛引诱剂监测松树主要蛀干害虫林间种群动态研究

在广东地区,应用A-3型松褐天牛引诱剂连续3年监测松褐天牛及其它松树主要蛀干害虫的为害情况,结果表明:A-3型松褐天牛引诱剂可以持续监测林间松褐天牛、赤梗天牛、马尾松角胫象和松瘤象等松树主要蛀干害虫成虫的发生时间、发生量和发生规律,为监测、预报、控制松树主要蛀干害虫提供直接、客观的依据。     

松树蛀干类害虫引诱剂引诱松褐天牛试验

报道采用自行配制的松树蛀干害虫引诱剂引诱松墨天牛的试验结果,对引诱剂的诱捕效能进行了分析。研究结果表明该诱捕剂单日最大诱捕量为5头/单个诱捕器。雌雄比为1:1.02,所诱捕到天牛雌虫60%-80%腹内有卵,藏卵数各地统计,8-40粒不等。引诱剂引诱距离的测定结果,引诱剂在离松林缘150-200m距离内均能引诱到松褐天牛。诱集的虫种中有两种天牛,其中松褐天牛占总虫量35.7%,短角幽天牛占11.6%。     

利用引诱剂林间监测松褐天牛效果初报

通过利用引诱剂(M99型、FJ-Ma-02型混用)在林间诱捕松褐天牛成虫(Monocha mus alternatusHope),以监测其发生情况,结果表明,发生在畹町思茅松林区内的松褐天牛成虫出现初期为4月上旬,5月下旬至6月下旬为高峰期,9月中旬为末期;同时引诱剂也可诱捕到松林蛀干害虫松瘤象、小蠹类4种、马尾松角胫象及其它种类天牛9种、金龟子等以鞘翅目为主的多种昆虫。     

几种诱杀松墨天牛方法的效果比较及评价

利用３种方法诱杀松墨天牛成虫的试验结果表明,松饵木能引诱到补充营养的松墨天牛成虫,且雌成虫能在松饵木上产卵,引诱剂对引诱怀卵的松墨天牛成虫的效果较好。引诱剂和松饵木使用方便、安全,成本较低,大面积应用可降低松墨天牛种群密度,减少松材线虫传播机会。但单独使用达不到防治松材线虫病的目标。灯光诱杀远不如引诱剂和松饵木,且其成本高,安全性差,用于松墨天牛防治不宜提倡。利用引诱剂和松饵木在监测松墨天牛及松材     

松墨天牛引诱剂不同缓释载体释放速率的研究

松墨天牛是严重危害松树的蛀干害虫之一,作为重要检疫性有害生物-松材线虫的传播媒介,受到国内外关注。该文通过研究2种松墨天牛引诱剂(高密度聚乙烯缓释瓶HDPE和APF-I短效引诱剂)在不同温度下的挥发释放速率,得出高密度聚乙烯缓释瓶的持效期较APF-I引诱剂长久,旨在对开发高效持久的松墨天牛引诱剂提供参考。     

侧柏蛀干类害虫植物源缓释型引诱剂防治试验

侧柏蛀干类害虫植物源引诱剂缓释型与普通型对比,缓释剂引诱剂及缓释瓶引诱效果比普通型的低10%左右,改进后缓释剂及普通塑料瓶释放方法,使诱杀效果提高了4%以上,发生期无需再添加引诱剂。实现省工、省力又高效的目标。     

广东河源地区松墨天牛成虫林间诱捕试验

松墨天牛是一种严重危害松林的蛀干害虫。该文采用不同诱捕器及不同引诱剂进行了松墨天牛的野外诱捕试验及种群动态监测。结果表明:3种组合均能引诱松墨天牛,而厦门诱捕器与APF-Ⅰ型引诱剂组合的引诱能力最强;4~11月野外均有松墨天牛成虫持续羽化,5~6月为高发期,诱捕量占全年56%。     

M_(99-1)型引诱剂监测松林蛀干害虫种群数量动态

应用M99-1引诱剂监测松林蛀干害虫的种群动态,结果表明松林间的蛀干害虫优势种群有9种,其中天牛科2种、象甲科3种、小蠹科4种,诱集量分别占总诱集量的22.3%,29.7%和48.0%。不同林龄的林分蛀干害虫诱集量存在显著差异,过熟林中象甲科、小蠹科成虫诱集量显著大于中龄林,但天牛科差异不显著;2006—2008年,连续3 a在同一林地使用M99-1引诱剂诱杀松林蛀干害虫结果表明,不同年份蛀干害虫诱集量存在差异,每年诱集量占总诱集量的比例分别为36.4%,42.6%和21.0%。利用监测结果,对龙游松墨天牛及其它优势种群的成虫动态进行了分析,并提出相应的防控建议。     

松墨天牛引诱剂防治萧氏松茎象试验初报

萧氏松茎象Hylobitelus xiaoi属危险性蛀干害虫。为了探讨其有效防治措施,作者利用松墨天牛引诱剂埋设引诱瓶对萧氏松茎象成虫进行诱捕防治试验。结果表明松墨天牛引诱剂比对照提高捕虫量6～8倍,差异极显著,可作为萧氏松茎象预测和防治的新方法。其不同松林间引诱效果有差异的原因主要是受虫源密度的影响。     

M99-1引诱剂诱捕松墨天牛等松甲虫的研究

报道了松墨天牛成虫活动期间,在马尾松-栎类次生混交林、马尾松-湿地松人工林和黄山松天然林3种不同林分中,应用M99-1引诱剂诱捕钻蛀性松甲虫种类、主要钻蛀性松甲虫成虫种群数量及其比率和不同诱捕期松墨天牛雌成虫孕卵量及其比率的情况.研究结果显示,M99-1引诱剂诱获鞘翅目害虫达26种,其中钻蛀性松甲虫达14种,占诱获种类的53.8%.马尾松角胫象、松墨天牛种群数量比率最高,分别达57.3%～69.8%和27.2%～29.3%.3种不同松林林分中,短角幽天牛、褐幽天牛、薄翅锯天牛等其它主要钻蛀性害虫的数量比率也较高.不同诱捕期松墨天牛雌成虫平均孕卵量及其比率,以活动前期(6月下旬前)为最高,分别达16.9粒和41.9%.M99-1引诱剂诱捕是监测松林钻蛀性松甲虫种群动态和降低其虫口密度的重要方法.     

落叶松八齿小蠹聚集信息素的时空诱集效果

应用落叶松八齿小蠹聚集信息素对内蒙古阿尔山林区落叶松八齿小蠹的年扬飞规律、日扬飞规律、林缘外不同距离以及林内不同高度诱捕器诱集效果等进行了试验。结果表明:落叶松八齿小蠹的成虫发生期从5月中旬开始,到8月底结束,期间有两次明显的扬飞高峰期;成虫活动主要集中在12:00—16:00;聚集信息素对落叶松八齿小蠹的有效引诱距离为200 m左右,在90 m以内引诱效果最佳;林内树干1.5 m处为最佳的诱捕器设置高度。     

桃金娘科引鸟植物在华南地区园林绿地的生态景观营造研究

桃金娘科园林植物形态种类丰富,能吸引鸟类、蜂类、蝶类等,对部分桃金娘科引鸟植物的生态效益和景观营造进行评估。结果表明：桃金娘科植物花色艳丽,果实硕大,可作动物食源,能有效吸引具有生态景观价值的野生鸟类如暗绿绣眼鸟、白头鹎、红嘴蓝鹊、红耳鹎、珠颈斑鸠、黑脸噪鹛、乌鸫、领雀嘴鹎等。结合花期吸引传粉昆虫及果期引鸟效果,提出相应的生态景观营造策略,有利于食物网的完善构建,进一步完善绿地生态系统建设。     

木蠹象对受疱锈菌侵染华山松树皮挥发物的EAG和行为反应

采用触角电位仪和"Y"型嗅觉仪分别研究了茶蔗生柱锈菌锈孢子、感疱锈病树皮、华山松健康树皮挥发性成分对华山松木蠹象的触角电生理和引诱活性.羽化3 d的木蠹象对3种挥发性成分在各浓度下都有明显的EAG反应,锈孢子的EAG反应值最大,健康树皮次之,感病树皮最小,且明显小于前二者.同时,嗅觉生测结果证明,锈孢子挥发性成分对木蠹象的引诱活性最低,平均引诱率不超过20%;同样,感病树皮挥发性成分除浓度为1:15外,其余引诱率都低于35%,二者对该虫总体表现出驱避活性;而健康树皮挥发性成分则有明显的引诱活性.EAG反应值与行为反应的趋向率具有一致性.     

Aromatic plant-derived essential oil: an alternative larvicide for mosquito control

Five aromatic plants, Carum carvi (caraway), Apium graveolens (celery), Foeniculum vulgare (fennel), Zanthoxylum limonella (mullilam) and Curcuma zedoaria (zedoary) were selected for investigating larvicidal potential against mosquito vectors. Two laboratory-reared mosquito species, Anopheles dirus, the major malaria vector in Thailand, and Aedes aegypti, the main vector of dengue and dengue hemorrhagic fever in urban areas, were used. All of the volatile oils exerted significant larvicidal activity against the two mosquito species after 24-h exposure. Essential oil from mullilam was the most effective against the larvae of A. aegypti, while A. dirus larvae showed the highest susceptibility to zedoary oil.     

Photosynthetic characteristics of Fagus sylvatica and Quercus robur established for stand conversion from Picea abies

Efforts in Europe to convert Norway spruce (Picea abies) plantations to broadleaf or mixed broadleaf-conifer forests could be bolstered by an increased understanding of how artificial regeneration acclimates and functions under a range of Norway spruce stand conditions. We studied foliage characteristics and leaf-level photosynthesis on 7-year-old European beech (Fagus sylvatica) and pedunculate oak (Quercus robur) regeneration established in open patches and shelterwoods of a partially harvested Norway spruce plantation in southwestern Sweden. Both species exhibited morphological plasticity at the leaf level by developing leaf blades in patches with an average mass per unit area (LMA) 54% greater than of those in shelterwoods, and at the plant level by maintaining a leaf area ratio (LAR) in shelterwoods that was 78% greater than in patches. However, we observed interspecific differences in photosynthetic capacity relative to spruce canopy openness. Photosynthetic capacity (A₁₆₀₀, net photosynthesis at a photosynthetic photon flux density of 1600 μmol photons m⁻² s⁻¹) of beech in respect to the canopy gradient was best related to leaf mass, and declined substantially with increasing canopy openness primarily because leaf nitrogen (N) in this species decreased about 0.9 mg g⁻¹ with each 10% rise in canopy openness. In contrast, A₁₆₀₀ of oak showed a weak response to mass-based N, and furthermore the percentage of N remained constant in oak leaf tissues across the canopy gradient. Therefore, oak photosynthetic capacity along the canopy gradient was best related to leaf area, and increased as the spruce canopy thinned primarily because LMA rose 8.6 g m⁻² for each 10% increase in canopy openness. These findings support the premise that spruce stand structure regulates photosynthetic capacity of beech through processes that determine N status of this species; leaf N (mass basis) was greatest under relatively closed spruce canopies where leaves apparently acclimate by enhancing light harvesting mechanisms. Spruce stand structure regulates photosynthetic capacity of oak through processes that control LMA; LMA was greatest under open spruce canopies of high light availability where leaves apparently acclimate by enhancing CO₂ fixation mechanisms.     

Antibacterial activity of plant extracts from Brazilian southeast region

A screening was conducted with 26 plants collected in the Brazilian southeast region, to identify plant extracts with antibacterial properties against Aeromonas hydrophila, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. Initially, the agar diffusion method was employed. Then, those extracts presenting activity were submitted to a broth microdilution assay to determine the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC). It was observed that 13 of the tested extracts showed antibacterial activity. The best results were obtained with those from Lantana lilacina and Phyllanthus tenellus.     

Antimicrobial activity of some endemic plants growing in the Eastern Black Sea Region, Turkey

The Eastern Black Sea Region has an extensive flora because of ample rainfall lasting all year. In this study, antimicrobial effects of 74 crude extracts of 22 endemic plants were investigated. Among the 30 active crude extracts, water-insoluble crude extracts from Betula medwediewii, Heracleum platytaenium, Primula longipes, Anthemis cretica ssp. argaea and Centaurea helenioides were the prominent ones with their MIC values.     

Growth and physiological response of six Australian rainforest tree species to a light gradient

An understanding of growth and photosynthetic potential of subtropical rainforest species to variations in light environment can be useful for determining the sequence of species introductions in rainforest restoration projects and mixed species plantations. We examined the growth and physiology of six Australian subtropical rainforest tree species in a greenhouse consisting of three artificial light environments (10%, 30%, and 60% full sunlight). Morphological responses followed the typical sun-shade dichotomy, with early and late secondary species (Elaeocarpus grandis, Flindersia brayleyana, Flindersia schottiana, and Gmelina leichhardtii) displaying higher relative growth rate (RGR) compared to mature stage species (Cryptocarya erythroxylon and Heritiera trifoliolatum). Growth and photosynthetic performance of most species reached a maximum in 30–60% full sunlight. Physiological responses provided limited evidence of a distinct dichotomy between early and late successional species. E. grandis and F. brayleyana, provided a clear representation of early successional species, with marked increase in A_max in high light and an ability to down regulate photosynthetic machinery in low light conditions. The remaining species (F. schottiana, G. leichhardtii, and H. trifoliolatum) were better represented as falling along a shade-tolerant continuum, with limited ability to adjust physiologically to an increase or decrease in light, maintaining similar A_max across all light environments. Results show that most species belong to a shade-tolerant constituency, with an ability to grow and persist across a wide range of light environments. The species offer a wide range of potential planting scenarios and silvicultural options, with ample potential to achieve rapid canopy closure and rainforest restoration goals.     

利用三种梢栖真菌生物防治落叶松枯梢病的研究

从落叶松梢栖真菌筛选出对落叶松枯梢病病原菌有抑制作用的菌株,对落叶松枯梢病进行生物防治。将自落叶松梢部分离到的11种梢栖真菌与落叶松枯梢病病原菌进行对峙培养,根据被覆盖程度、抑菌率、拮抗系数和防治预试验的结果,综合评价后发现:粪生粪壳、深绿木霉和球毛壳3种梢栖真菌对落叶松枯梢病有良好的拮抗作用。利用这3个菌株在黑龙江省勃利县通天一林场国富沟进行林间防治试验,结果表明:防治效果为粪生粪壳>代森锰锌400倍液>深绿木霉>球毛壳;深绿木霉和粪生粪壳喷洒浓度50%和球毛壳喷洒浓度75%时,真菌多样性最多,梢栖真菌系统较其他浓度更为稳定,与化学防治相比,既达到了防治目的又具有不污染环境的优势。     

Growth and production varies between pair-wise mixtures and monoculture plantations in North Viet Nam

The potential benefits of species mixture were investigated using pair-wise comparisons of four timber tree species in northern Viet Nam. Chukrasia tabularis, Canarium album, Michelia mediocris and Eucalyptus urophylla were grown in monocultures and in pair-wise mixtures. The trial was established as a randomized block design with each treatment replicated four times. Volume production gain or loss in mixtures was assessed by calculating a mixture index, which is defined as Relative Yield Total (RYT). At age 48 months, the trial indicated mixed performance with both positive and negative impacts of growing some species in mixtures compared to monocultures. The largest gain was shown in the mixture of a shade-intolerant species, Chukrasia with a more shade-tolerant species, Michelia (47% gain in relative yield), and Eucalyptus with Michelia (45% gain in relative yield) at the first 38 months. The other three mixtures tested, and which were not successful (i.e. had lower relative yields) at 38 months, was the mixture of all shade-intolerant species, including Chukrasia with Canarium, Canarium with Eucalyptus and Chukrasia with Eucalyptus. This suggests that species with different shade tolerances can form complementary pair-wise mixtures, but this changed significantly (P < 0.05) over the following 10 months. At age 48 months the RYT of Chukrasia with Michelia increased by 12%, those of Michelia with Eucalyptus decreased by 20% at 48 months compared to 38 months, suggesting that Eucalyptus should be thinned at around year 5 years. Likewise, the RYT of Michelia with Canarium declined significantly by 23% at 48 months. The RYT of other tested mixtures remained almost unchanged over time.