盐池县聚落地名自然要素的空间特征研究

宁夏盐池县自然地理环境独特,生态环境脆弱,这对聚落地名产生了深远的影响。通过对盐池县聚落地名的自然要素进行统计,可将之归纳为地貌、水文、动植物、土壤、气候等类型。自然要素的分布受自然地理实体的制约,也受到人为因素的影响。在两方面因素的共同作用之下,盐池县聚落地名各自然要素呈现不同的空间特征,文中就其分布及成因进行探讨。     

1373～1596年河湟谷地聚落格局的时空演变

通过对历史文献中的聚落信息进行搜集整理,建立了河湟谷地聚落地名数据库,重建了明代1373~1596年的聚落格局时空演变过程,将其分为建制扩张期(1373~1411年)和防御扩增期(1480~1596年)。从空间分布上看,河流冲、洪积平原是聚落分布最密集的区域,且湟水流域聚落多于黄河流域。而空间演变过程则表现出冲、洪积平原密度增大并向高海拔地区扩展的特点。聚落的建立和分布受多重因素的影响,区域的自然地理条件、明代建制、军事防御、屯田和驿道的分布均产生重要作用,并在不同社会背景下产生了不同的聚落类型。     

呼和浩特400余年乡村聚落格局时空演变分析

以历史文献、地方志、历史地图为基础,利用核密度分析、莫兰指数等方法对呼和浩特地区1572-2020年的聚落演变过程进行了分析。结果发现：1)聚落数量变化呈波动增长过程。明末清初聚落散落分布,清中叶确定基础集聚格局,民国时期奠定现代聚落格局。2)聚落空间集聚自南部长城沿线半湿润区不断向大青山北部半干旱区移动,发展过程中由插花式布局向条带状扩展布局转变,在武川县北部和黄河沿岸形成高密度集聚。3)水热条件和地貌状况是聚落发展的基础条件,人口数量变化是聚落兴起的前提条件,历史政策和社会经济繁荣是驱动农牧交错区聚落发展的主要因素,聚落格局演变实质上反映农牧交错带北移和地区农业化发展的过程。以上内容对重新认识北方农牧交错带地区聚落的形成过程及原因具有一定参考意义。     

文化生态视角下清代以来围场地名景观演变

以围场地区清代以来地名演变为研究对象，通过收集历史文献与现代地名资料，运用文化生态学视角分析了围场地名景观演变过程与影响因素。研究表明：围场早期蒙古语地名体系，含义多体现“万灵萃集，上塞神皋”的良好生态，是游牧为主生产方式的反映。建围时，清王朝为弘扬骑射本领与朴实风气，凸显“满蒙一家”政治理念，充分继承原有蒙语地名，形成七十二围地名体系。清末全面放垦后，围场生产方式由游牧转为农耕，在原有地名基础上形成了农耕色彩鲜明的聚落命名特征，体现了政府、流民、商号及地主等多方力量在围场放垦中的共同参与。这一过程中，政策主导下生产方式的转变，对围场地名景观演变起了决定性的作用。围场地名景观不仅是区域深厚历史文化底蕴的印证、生态环境变迁的标志，也反映了蒙古族、满族、汉族等多民族交流融合的过程，具有鲜明的多元文化色彩与地域特征。随着时代变迁、人口迁移及行政体制调整，不少地名消失，成为当地文化资源的损失。在历史文化日益受重视的当下，应注重处理好地名文化保护与社会发展关系，彰显围场深厚历史底蕴与鲜明地域特色。     

陇中黄土丘陵区乡村聚落发展及其空间扩展特征研究

乡村聚落是乡村人口居住和生产生活的场所,是乡村地域空间的人口聚居点,其形成和发展受自然条件和乡村社会、经济、文化等因素的深刻影响。本文基于历史文献资料和统计数据,对历史时期和新中国成立后秦安县域乡村聚落的数量增长与发展演变进行了分析研究,并对乡村聚落的分裂演变进行了理论假设与分析;运用GIS方法,对乡村聚落的区位演变和空间扩展过程进行了分析研究,在此基础上总结分析了黄土丘陵区乡村聚落发展及空间扩展的基本特征与规律。     

陇中黄土丘陵区乡村聚落发展及其空间扩展特征研究——以甘肃省秦安县为例

乡村聚落是乡村人口居住和生产生活的场所,是乡村地域空间的人口聚居点,其形成和发展受自然条件和乡村社会、经济、文化等因素的深刻影响。本文基于历史文献资料和统计数据,对历史时期和新中国成立后秦安县域乡村聚落的数量增长与发展演变进行了分析研究,并对乡村聚落的分裂演变进行了理论假设与分析;运用GIS方法,对乡村聚落的区位演变和空间扩展过程进行了分析研究,在此基础上总结分析了黄土丘陵区乡村聚落发展及空间扩展的基本特征与规律。     

山西省非物质文化遗产空间分布格局及影响因素探析

文中运用核密度估算法、区位熵等研究方法,对山西省非物质文化遗产的规模、结构、空间分布格局及影响机理进行了解析,研究表明:1)山西省非物质文化遗产项目类型分布结构层级分明,以传统技艺为主,民俗、传统美术、传统舞蹈与传统戏剧次之;2)山西省非物质文化遗产空间分布不均衡,呈以太原盆地和临汾盆地双核心集聚带状分布格局,中部、西南地区集聚明显,东南、北部地区分布较少;3)通过从地形、水系、交通等层面进行空间分析发现山西省非物质文化遗产主要聚集在中南部带状低海拔区域,与主要水系分布空间耦合良好,且与主要交通干线空间分布关联度较高;4)地形地貎、水系因素、交通因素、经济和社会文化等多种因素对山西省非物质文化遗产空间格局产生重要影响。     

基于网格水文单元的流域水资源自然再生能力评价

首先,从水资源自然再生能力的基本概念探讨入手,提出了一种网格水文单元水资源自然更新率概念,用以表证该网格水文单元的水资源自然再生能力;在此基础上,建立了一种全新的水资源自然再生能力评价方法。其次,在基于GRID的泾河流域水量动态平衡模拟基础上,通过逐网格计算泾河流域1996年各月水资源自然更新率,来对泾河流域1996年水资源自然再生能力进行评价。评价结果表明:泾河流域水资源自然再生能力在年内时间尺度上存在明显的准周期运动规律。泾河流域水资源自然更新率在-1.5到1.5之间,4月为最低值,6月为最高值,整个趋势受降水量的影响较大,丰水期与枯水期差别明显。与此同时,泾河流域水资源自然再生能力也存在明显的空间分布规律,具体表现为泾河流域中部的水资源自然再生能力最高,流域南部地区中等,流域北部水资源自然再生能力较弱。水资源的这种空间分布规律主要取决于该流域降水、蒸发,以及植被与土壤等下垫面空间分布规律。     

牧区聚落时空特征及其形成机制——以正蓝旗为例

牧区聚落作为人地关系相互作用的重要载体与空间分布类型之一,研究其时空特征能很好的表征牧区乃至人类聚落发展的演变规律。基于GIS和Excel统计分析方法,探讨典型草原牧区正蓝旗在2000—2017年聚落的时空分布特征,进一步分析聚落形成与发展的主要影响因素。结果表明：（1）2000—2017年,正蓝旗聚落分布时空特征呈现急速增长的态势,聚落分布整体较为聚集,呈＂南密北疏＂的空间差异;研究区聚落斑块规模相差悬殊,小型聚落占主体。（2）区域上,聚落分布格局呈现出明显的区域差异性。在海拔1 196-1 428 m和坡度5°-15°的范围内分布的聚落较多,随着海拔和坡度的变化,聚落斑块数和规模趋于正态分布态势;随着道路和河流的变化,聚落斑块数和规模布局大致呈逐级递减的趋势。（3）水文、交通及地形地貌等地理要素对正蓝旗聚落区位的选择起到很大的限制作用,这三个因素也是决定聚落空间分布的主导因素。总体上,分析该牧区聚落的发展变化与形成机制,可对整个牧区聚落空间布局调整、优化提供重要的借鉴价值。     

河套地区史前城址与聚落遗址时空关系研究

基于GIS空间分析方法,从集聚性、分布密度和重心位移的角度,按照仰韶晚期、庙底沟二期、龙山这三个时期对河套地区66座城址与848座聚落遗址的时空关系进行了研究.结果 表明:1)城址与聚落遗址的集聚程度有关但规律并不一致,城址逐渐区别于聚落遗址,其功能、作用与地位更加重要.2)城址与聚落遗址的分布密度存在一定关联,龙山时...     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.     

The autumn leafroller: Phenology,damage and parasitoids in a Dutch apple orchard

The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.     

Characterization of Sclerotinia minor populations in Texas peanut fields

In the summer of 2004 an epidemic of sclerotinia blight of peanut, a disease caused by Sclerotinia minor, occurred in Texas in fields where the disease was never previously detected. The disease was observed on many plants within one of the fields (>3000 disease foci), although most foci were <1 m. It is hypothesized that these observations were inconsistent with the recent introduction of a monocyclic pathogen, even if disease developed under conducive environmental conditions. The pattern of disease is most suggestive of the presence of foliar (ascospore) infections, although air temperature was above the known limits for apothecia development if the pathogen had arrived in the field in 2004 peanut seed. To further examine this epidemic, 232 isolates were collected, across a variety of spatial scales spanning this field and other Texas peanut fields, and evaluated for aggressiveness, fungicide sensitivity and genotypic diversity. There was wide variation among isolates for the phenotypic characteristics measured, but there was no evidence that a genotypically unique, highly aggressive, and fungicide resistant isolate had been introduced or evolved. The predominant genotype, TX1, which contained 154 isolates, was found in every county and field population.     

Eyespot of Cereals Revisited: ITS phylogeny Reveals New Species Relationships

Four species so far classified in Pseudocercosporella or Ramulispora (hyphomycetes) are associated with eyespot disease symptoms of cereals. Two of these have been linked to teleomorphs that were described in Tapesia. Sequence data derived from the Internal Transcribed Spacer region (ITS1, 5.8S and ITS2) of the rDNA operon showed, however, that the eyespot fungi associated with Tapesia are not congeneric with Ramulispora sorghi, the type of Ramulispora. The genus name Tapesia is now rejected in favour of the conserved name Mollisia, which appears to comprise heterogeneous fungi. Tapesia yallundae is not closely related to the type of Mollisia, M. cinerea, but clusters separately, being more closely allied to species with Cadophora anamorphs. A new holomorph genus, Oculimacula, is therefore proposed for teleomorphs of the eyespot fungi, while the anamorphs are accommodated in Helgardia gen. nov.     

Transgene herbizidresistente Kulturen

Zusammenfassung Herbizidresistente Kulturpflanzen nehmen unter den derzeit weltweit angebauten gentechnisch veränderten Ackerbaukulturen Sojabohne, Baumwolle, Raps und Mais den weit überwiegenden Anteil ein. Als Ursachen für die rasche Zunahme der Anbauflächen herbizidresistenter Sorten sind unter anderem die Unzulänglichkeiten der für diese Kulturen bestehenden Herbizidlösungen sowie die Zunahme der pfluglosen Bestellverfahren zu sehen. Im Gegenzug hat die Minimalbodenbearbeitung aufgrund der Einführung der Herbizidresistenztechnologie, insbesondere in Sojabohne, ein ausgeprägtes Flächenwachstum erfahren.Als Entscheidungskriterien für die Wahl des Unkrautbekämpfungssystems unter Einbezug des Anbaus herbizidresistenter oder konventioneller Sorten lassen sich aus den Erfahrungen der vergangenen 8 Jahre anführen: Sortenleistung, erhöhte Kulturverträglichkeit und zeitliche Anwendungsflexibilität, Wirkungssicherheit einer Nachauflaufbehandlung in Trockenregionen, Wirkungsbreite, Wirkungsdauer und Bekämpfung resistenter Unkrautbiotypen. Aufgrund fehlender Zulassungen und Kennzeichnungsvorschriften in wichtigen Exportmärkten sind für den Anbau transgener Sorten in Übersee auch Vermarktungseinschränkungen sowie für den Anbau in Europa Haftungs- und Koexistenzregeln wichtige einzelbetriebliche Entscheidungsparameter.Fortschritte erfährt die Herbizidresistenztechnologie kurz- und mittelfristig in der Weiterentwicklung bereits praktizierter Spritzfolgen und Tankmischungen zu Fertigformulierungen der Komplementärherbizide mit residualen Partnern. Zur Bekämpfung und Vorbeugung der Ausbreitung neuer herbizidresistenter Biotypen werden die Komplementärherbizide mit Partnern anderer Wirkungsmechanismen kombiniert. Weitere Entwicklungen sind die Kombination verschiedener transgener Merkmale mit der Herbizidresistenz sowie die Ausweitung von den derzeit dominierenden Kulturen auf weltweit weniger bedeutsame Kulturen, in denen die Entwicklung neuer konventioneller Herbizidwirkstoffe bisher wenig erfolgreich war oder im Verhältnis zum Aufwand nur bedingt attraktiv ist. Für die langfristige Entwicklung könnte die Plastidentransformation zur Verhinderung einer unerwünschten Ausbreitung transgener Merkmale Bedeutung erlangen.     

Pathogenic fungi involved in root rot of peas in the Netherlands and their physiological specialization

Research on root rot pathogens of peas in the Netherlands has confirmed the prevalence ofFusarium solani, F. oxysporum, Pythium spp.,Mycosphaerella pinodes andPhoma medicaginis var.pinodella. Aphanomyces euteiches andThielaviopsis basicola were identified for the first time as pea pathogens in the Netherlands. Other pathogens such asRhizoctonia solani andCylindrocarpon destructans were also found on diseased parts of roots. F. solani existed in different degrees of pathogenicity, and was sometimes highly specific to pea, dwarf bean of field bean, depending on the cropping history of the field.A. euteiches was specific to peas, whereasT. basicola showed some degree of physiological specialization.     

Surveys of cereal diseases and pests in the Netherlands. 3. Monographella nivalis and Fusarium spp. in winter wheat fields and seed lots

Data from surveys of winter wheat fields in the period 1974–1986 and of seed lots in the period 1962–1986 and identifications of diseases on plant samples were compiled to describe the occurrence of snow mould (Monographella nivalis) andFusarium spp. On average,M. nivalis dominated overFusarium spp. The complex ofFusarium spp. constituted mainly ofF. culmorum, followed byF. avenaceum andF. graminearum. M. nivalis was dominant in May on stem-bases and in July on leaves and leaf sheaths. On seedsM. nivalis predominated only in years with low temperatures in July and August.Average brown footrot infection in the field was 4% tillers in May and 5% culms in July. Brown footrot intensity in July was high in cropping seasons with high precipitation in October and with low temperatures in October, November and December. In July during the early eighties, an average of 8% of leaves and 6% of flag leaf sheaths were infected byM. nivalis. Average ear blight incidence was 1.2% glumes infected. Seed contamination by these pathogens averaged 16% in the years 1962–1986. The contamination was high in years with high precipitation in June, July and August. Aspects of cv. resistance and yield loss are illustrated.