稀土共掺杂纳米TiO2/MWCNT复合光催化剂的研究

以Gd3 和Eu3 为掺杂剂,分别采用溶胶 - 凝胶法和水热法制备了稀土共掺杂纳米TiO2/MWCNT(multi-walled carbon nanotube)复合光催化剂,用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、光致荧光光谱仪(PL)对光催化剂进行表征,以甲基橙为目标降解物对催化剂进行活性评价.结果表明:水热法制得的复合光催化剂样品中,二氧化钛颗粒基本均匀分布在碳纳米管上,同时,其光催化活性也比溶胶 - 凝胶法制得的样品高;Gd3 和Eu2 共掺杂能有效提高其光催化活性,当Gd3 和Eu2 掺杂量为分别为0.1%和1.0%时,TiO2/MWCNT复合光催化剂具有较高的光催化活性.     

氧化钛/活性炭纳米光催化剂氧化苯酚的研究

以活性炭(AC)为载体,利用溶胶-凝胶工艺制备氧化钛(TiO2)溶胶,通过浸渍法制备负载型 TiO2／AC纳米光催化剂以及掺杂Fe3+和Cu2+的M-TiO2／AC纳米复合光催化剂。以紫外灯做光源,用制得的 TiO2／AC纳米光催化剂对苯酚溶液进行光催化氧化降解试验,并研究了掺杂Fe3+和Cu2+的M-TiO2／AC纳米复合光催化剂对苯酚的催化活性。结果表明,在紫外光条件下,TiO2／AC纳米光催化剂对苯酚的降解率达99％,较日光条件下高;掺杂Fe3+能提高M-TiO2／AC纳米复合光催化剂对苯酚的催化活性。     

TiO2-ZnO光催化性能及其降解苯酚废水动力学研究

以紫外光为光源,低浓度苯酚溶液模拟工业废水为处理对象,研究了自制TiO2-ZnO复合材料的光催化活性,考察了苯酚溶液初始浓度、催化剂投放量等对光催化降解的影响,并初步探讨了其反应动力学。结果表明,TiO2-ZnO复合催化剂对苯酚光催化降解反应符合一级动力学方程,光催化效果随苯酚初始浓度增加而降低,催化剂最佳投放量为2 g/L,TiO2-ZnO复合催化剂光催化活性高于纯TiO2、ZnO的光催化活性,是一种降解效果优异的光催化材料。     

磁性负载型光催化材料TiO2/Fe3O4的制备、改性及表征

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备核-壳式结构的TiO2/Fe3O4负载型光催化剂,并对其进行中间层改性,制备出TiO2/SiO2/Fe3O4光催化材料.研究了pH等制备条件对TiO2/Fe3O4材料光催化性能的影响,并对比了改性前后降解甲基橙的光催化性能,通过X射线衍射仪(XRD)、红外光谱仪(FT-IR)、振动样品磁强计(VSM)和透射电子显微镜(TEM)对改性前后颗粒的磁性能、晶相和形貌进行了表征.研究表明:磁性负载光催化剂TiO2/Fe3O4和TiO2/SiO2/Fe3O4均为超顺磁性,且光催化性能较高,在1 h内甲基橙脱色率达90%以上,其降解反应均属于一级动力学反应;SiO2中间层的引入可显著提高材料的饱和磁化强度、光催化速率和循环使用的光催化活性.     

POMs/TiO_2复合催化剂光催化降解有机污染物的研究

[目的]采用溶胶-凝胶方法制备了几种POMs/TiO2复合光催化剂,考察了催化剂在紫外光照射下对模拟染料废水（酸性媒介黑PV溶液）的光催化降解行为,为降解有机污染物提供理论指导。[方法]研究了催化剂中的POMs含量、催化剂用量、溶液的pH及H2 O2浓度对PV溶液降解过程的影响。[结果]H4SiW12O40/TiO2复合催化剂光催化降解模拟染料废水（PV溶液）效果最佳。PV溶液初始浓度为300 mg/L时,脱色反应最佳条件：催化剂为H4SiW12O40/TiO2,α-H4SiW12O40质量分数为1.5%时,催化剂用量为60 mg、pH为2.0、H2 O2浓度为20 mmol/L时,PV降解质量分数可达到72.48%。[结论]POMs/TiO2复合催化剂较纯TiO2光催化降解PV溶液活性明显,其光催化降解有机污染物意义重大。     

B、Mo掺杂TiO2光催化剂降解苯酚的研究

以活性炭(AC)为载体,利用溶胶-凝胶工艺制备二氧化钛(TiO2)溶胶,通过浸渍法制备了活性炭负载的TiO2/AC以及掺杂B(Ⅲ)和Mo(Ⅵ)的M-TiO2/AC(M=B、Mo)纳米光催化剂。以紫外灯做光源,用制备的TiO2/AC光催化剂对苯酚溶液进行了光催化氧化降解试验,研究了掺杂B(Ⅲ)和Mo(Ⅵ)对M-TiO2/AC纳米光催化剂光催化降解苯酚的影响。结果表明,掺杂B(Ⅲ)、Mo(Ⅵ)的掺杂能明显提高TiO2/AC光催化剂对苯酚的催化活性。     

节杆菌(Arthrobacter sp.)CN2对对硝基苯酚的趋化性研究

利用已获取的对硝基苯酚降解菌CN2,以对硝基苯酚为底物,通过游动平板趋化性、土壤趋化性实验以及毛细管趋化性实验对该菌株的趋化特性进行了研究,同时通过模拟土壤原位修复探究了菌株在实际应用中的效果。高效液相色谱检测结果表明,72 h内菌株CN2对对硝基苯酚的降解率大于99%。CN2在平板趋化性与土壤趋化性实验中均表现出对对硝基苯酚的趋化性特征,毛细管趋化性实验中,当对硝基苯酚浓度在一定范围内(5~800 mg·L~(-1))时,菌株的趋化性与对硝基苯酚浓度呈正相关,当其浓度高于800mg·L~(-1)时,菌株的趋化性逐渐受到抑制。模拟土壤原位修复实验的结果表明,菌株CN2在未灭菌土壤中的对硝基苯酚降解速率高于灭菌后土壤中的降解速率,在14 d内其降解率可达95%。研究表明,该菌株对环境具有良好的适应性,其对污染环境修复具有应用价值与潜力。     

微波辅助光催化降解水中苯酚

利用改装的家用微波炉、微波无电极灯(EDLs)和TiO₂催化剂研究了水溶液中苯酚的光催化降解效果.结果表明,反应30 min,微波辅助光催化(MAPC)能去除92%的苯酚,溶液总有机碳(TOC)减少84%.MAPC的最佳反应条件为:苯酚初始浓度10 mg/L,微波功率900 W,反应液体积50 mL,EDLs-3,催化剂用量1～4 g/L,循环态流速15 mL/min.MAPC处理含酚废水具有较好的应用潜能.     

RuOx·nH2O在碳管表面的电沉积及其电容性能研究

以石墨底材上直接生长的碳纳米管为基体,采用电化学循环伏安法制备了氧化钌/碳纳米管/石墨电极,通过扫描电子显微镜考察了电极的表面形貌,并在硫酸溶液中研究了其电化学性能.结果表明:氧化钌/碳纳米管/石墨电极具有较好的超电容性能,当RuO2的载量为15.5μg.cm-2时,该复合电极的比电容为215 F.g-1,为相同条件下制备的氧化钌/石墨电极比电容的2.4倍.     

Cu^2＋作用下Fenton氧化处理苯酚废水研究

[目的]寻找Cu2＋存在条件下Fenton氧化处理苯酚模拟废水的最佳条件。[方法]研究不同浓度H2O2、Fe2＋及pH下Cu2＋的存在对Fenton氧化处理苯酚模拟废水的苯酚去除率的影响和对COD降解效果的影响。[结果]在苯酚浓度为250 mg/L,最佳pH为3.0,H2O2浓度为297.5 mg/L,Fe2＋浓度为140 mg/L时,苯酚的最高去除率为94.5%;在此条件下,Cu2＋浓度为40 mg/L时,苯酚最高去除率为97.7%,提高了3.2%。在pH3.0、Cu2＋浓度40 mg/L条件下,分别求得不同Fe2＋/H2O2下的模型条件参数,结果表明Fenton氧化降解苯酚废水符合二级降解动力学反应模型。[结论]适当浓度的Cu2＋可提高Fenton氧化降解苯酚废水的效率。Fenton氧化降解苯酚废水符合二级降解动力学反应模型。     

血红蛋白于CeO2/MWNTs /CHIT纳米材料复合膜上的电化学行为

[目的]制备CeO2/MWNTs/CHIT纳米材料复合膜并研究血红蛋白（Hb）的直接电化学行为。[方法]通过制备CeO2/MWNTs/CHIT悬浮液和Hb/CeO2/MWNTs/CHIT/GCE电极研究了Hb的电化学行为及其影响因素。[结果]电镜表征表明,纳米级的CeO2与MWNTs均匀地分布在CHIT膜中。CeO2/CHIT/GCE、MWNTs/CHIT/GCE、CeO2/MWNTs/CHIT/GCE以及裸玻碳电极CV的2对可逆氧化还原峰分别出现在138（Epc）和217mV（Epa）。与裸玻碳电极相比,CeO2/CHIT/GCE、MWNTs/CHIT/GCE和CeO2/MWNTs/CHIT/GCE的峰电流分别增加了1.5、1.9和3.6倍。1mgCeO2、2mgWMNTs和100mgCHIT制备的复合膜具有最大的峰电流。电极表面的电子转移是表面控制的。Hb/CeO2/MWNTs/CHIT/GCE膜具有很强的协同效应,并且大大增强了Hb对于H2O2的催化作用,这些效应在5.0×10-6～4.6×10-4mol/L的范围内具有良好的线性关系,检测限为6.7×10-7mol/L。[结论]成功制备了一种新型CeO2/MWNTs/CHIT纳米材料复合膜,该复合材料增强了单一材料对Fe（CN）3-/4-的氧化还原信号。     

Carbon nanotube quantum resistors

The conductance of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) was found to be quantized. The experimental method involved measuring the conductance of nanotubes by replacing the tip of a scanning probe microscope with a nanotube fiber, which could be lowered into a liquid metal to establish a gentle electrical contact with a nanotube at the tip of the fiber. The conductance of arc-produced MWNTs is one unit of the conductance quantum G0 = 2e2/h = (12.9 kilohms)-1. The nanotubes conduct current ballistically and do not dissipate heat. The nanotubes, which are typically 15 nanometers wide and 4 micrometers long, are several orders of magnitude greater in size and stability than other typical room-temperature quantum conductors. Extremely high stable current densities, J > 10(7) amperes per square centimeter, have been attained.     

ZnO:Er/Yb不同形貌纳米颗粒的制备与上转换发光性质研究

分别采用沉淀法、碱腐蚀法、模板法等3种不同的实验方法制备了不同形貌的氧化锌掺杂稀土元素纳米粉末，对所得到的样品进行了上转换光学性质分析.用X射线衍射仪对样品进行了结构分析，用扫描电子显微镜观察了粉末形貌并估算颗粒大小，用荧光光谱仪测试样品的上转换发光光谱并进行了机理分析.结果表明，纳米粉末粒径的大小影响了材料发光的性能.粒径较小的空心球结构颗粒其光学性能优于粒径较大的实心球颗粒. 对于空心球结构，当粒径相对较小时，有利于红光上转换发射；而粒径较大时，有利于增强绿光上转换发射.     

Large-Scale Synthesis of Aligned Carbon Nanotubes

Large-scale synthesis of aligned carbon nanotubes was achieved by using a method based on chemical vapor deposition catalyzed by iron nanoparticles embedded in mesoporous silica. Scanning electron microscope images show that the nanotubes are approximately perpendicular to the surface of the silica and form an aligned array of isolated tubes with spacings between the tubes of about 100 nanometers. The tubes are up to about 50 micrometers long and well graphitized. The growth direction of the nanotubes may be controlled by the pores from which the nanotubes grow.     

Engineering carbon nanotubes and nanotube circuits using electrical breakdown

Carbon nanotubes display either metallic or semiconducting properties. Both large, multiwalled nanotubes (MWNTs), with many concentric carbon shells, and bundles or "ropes" of aligned single-walled nanotubes (SWNTs), are complex composite conductors that incorporate many weakly coupled nanotubes that each have a different electronic structure. Here we demonstrate a simple and reliable method for selectively removing single carbon shells from MWNTs and SWNT ropes to tailor the properties of these composite nanotubes. We can remove shells of MWNTs stepwise and individually characterize the different shells. By choosing among the shells, we can convert a MWNT into either a metallic or a semiconducting conductor, as well as directly address the issue of multiple-shell transport. With SWNT ropes, similar selectivity allows us to generate entire arrays of nanoscale field-effect transistors based solely on the fraction of semiconducting SWNTs.     

具有介孔结构的Co/SiO2空心球的制备及其催化性能研究

以二氧化硅为模板,采用牺牲模板法制备具有介孔结构的碱式硅酸钴空心球.采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM),透射电子显微镜(TEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)、氮气吸脱附曲线(BET)和程序升温还原(TPR)等方法,对样品的结构和形貌作了表征.探索了碱式硅酸钴空心球的还原规律,研究了Co/SiO2作催化剂的催化性能.结果表明,180℃下反应1 h时,碱式硅酸钴即为空心球结构;在800℃氢气气氛中反应5 h,碱式硅酸钴完全被还原为Co/SiO2,还原前后仍为空心球结构,比表面积和孔容均有所减小,孔径增大.以Co/SiO2空心球做催化剂进行硝基苯加氢催化,1 h后硝基苯的转化率为56%,比商用Raney Ni提高约14%.     

Electrostatic deflections and electromechanical resonances of carbon nanotubes

Static and dynamic mechanical deflections were electrically induced in cantilevered, multiwalled carbon nanotubes in a transmission electron microscope. The nanotubes were resonantly excited at the fundamental frequency and higher harmonics as revealed by their deflected contours, which correspond closely to those determined for cantilevered elastic beams. The elastic bending modulus as a function of diameter was found to decrease sharply (from about 1 to 0.1 terapascals) with increasing diameter (from 8 to 40 nanometers), which indicates a crossover from a uniform elastic mode to an elastic mode that involves wavelike distortions in the nanotube. The quality factors of the resonances are on the order of 500. The methods developed here have been applied to a nanobalance for nanoscopic particles and also to a Kelvin probe based on nanotubes.     

碳纳米管的表面修饰及其在水中的分散性能研究

采用硫酸和硝酸混合酸对催化裂解法(CⅧ法)制备的多壁碳纳米管(CNTs)进行纯化，然后运用十六烷基三甲基溴化胺(HTAB)对CNTs进行修饰，并利用透射电子显微镜、红外光谱和拉曼光谱表征了CNTs的表面结构；另外，通过数码照相机和乌氏粘度计研究了修饰的CNTs在水中的分散性能，实验结果表明，通过混合酸处理能够使CNTS表面拥有较多的羟基和羧基官能团；在氨水的作用下，CNTs能够被HTAB所包覆，而且修饰后的CNTs在水中的分散性能得到提高．     

Spherical urine in birds: petrography

The white part of bird droppings (the urine) consists of microscopically uniform spheres 2 to 8 micrometers in diameter. Strange behavior of the spheres in polarized light indicates that they are often made of a spiraling arrangement of crystals that are particularly well revealed by the electron microscope. Bird urine has a varied composition, and x-ray analysis shows that it does not consist largely of uric acid, as has frequently been parroted.     

Brown carbon spheres in East Asian outflow and their optical properties

Atmospheric aerosols play a substantial role in climate change through radiative forcing. Combustion-produced carbonaceous particles are the main light-absorbing aerosols; thus, quantifying their optical properties is essential for determining the magnitude of direct forcing. By using the electron energy-loss spectrum in the transmission electron microscope, we quantified the optical properties of individual, submicrometer amorphous carbon spheres that are ubiquitous in East Asian-Pacific outflow. The data indicate that these common spheres are brown, not black, with a mean refractive index of 1.67 - 0.27i (where i = square root 1) at a wavelength of 550 nanometers. The results suggest that brown carbon aerosols should be explicitly included in radiative forcing models.