氮肥类型与施用量对华北平原夏玉米源库关系的影响

以郑单958和农大108为材料,研究了3种类型氮肥(普通尿素、包膜尿素和复合肥)不同施用量(N.0、90和180.kg/hm²)对华北平原夏玉米产量形成的源库关系的影响。主要结果如下:1)施氮使夏玉米极显著增产,增产效应以复合肥最好。两品种穗粒数随施氮量增加而增加,农大108增幅较大,千粒重因品种与氮肥类型不同表现有异;2)两品种LAI、灌浆期叶片叶绿素含量、干物质积累量均随施氮量增大而增大,复合肥与包膜尿素处理增幅较普通尿素处理大;3)茎鞘物质输出率随施氮量增大而显著降低。施氮使郑单958粒叶比显著降低,以复合肥处理降幅最大,而农大108表现不明显;4)一般情况下,LAI、灌浆期叶绿素含量与产量、穗粒数呈显著正相关,茎鞘物质输出率与产量及其构成因素呈负相关。郑单958粒叶比与产量呈显著负相关,农大108两者间关系不大。本试验条件下,与普通尿素相比,复合肥与包膜尿素更有利于源生产能力及库容的增大;在源库关系上,郑单958属增源增产型,而农大108属源库互作型。     

不同类型氮肥与施氮量下夏玉米水、氮利用及土壤氮素表观盈亏

以两个夏播玉米品种为材料，研究了不同类型氮肥与不同施氮量下华北平原夏玉米的水分与氮素利用及土壤氮素表观盈亏．结果表明：（1）随施氮量增大．产量、耗水量及水分生产效率（WPE）增大，氮肥利用率（NUE）降低；（2）夏玉米WPE与NUE具有较明显的基因型差异。WPE郑单958较大。NUE农大108较大；（3）wPE与NUE均受到氮肥类型的影响．WPE郑单958复合肥〉普通尿素〉包膜尿素．农大108处理间差异较小，以复合肥略大，普通尿素和包膜尿素相当。与普通尿素相比，包膜尿素与复合肥利用率较高，郑单958施N90kg／hm^2与农大108施N180kg／hm^2时，两者对NUE的提高尤为明显；（4）本试验条件下，经过夏玉米生长季，两品种各处理均出现土壤氮素表观亏缺，亏缺量随施氮量增大而降低，各条件下郑单958亏缺量较农大108大；氮肥类型间土壤氮素表观亏缺量表现为复合肥〉包膜尿素〉普通尿素。     

氮肥类型对夏玉米氮素吸收和利用的影响

连续两年在吴桥实验站进行田间试验,研究了3种类型氮肥(尿素、包膜尿素和复合肥)对夏玉米郑单958(紧凑型)和农大108(半紧凑型)氮素吸收与利用效率的影响。结果表明,随施氮量增大,夏玉米氮累积量(NAA)显著增加,氮素吸收效率(NUPE)、氮生理效率(NPE)、氮素利用效率(NUTE)、氮收获指数(NHI)降低,氮肥利用率(NUE)、氮肥效率(NFE)显著降低。氮肥类型影响夏玉米氮素吸收与利用效率,NUE、NUPE以包膜尿素和复合肥处理较大,而NPE和NUTE以尿素处理较高,但差异不达显著水平;NHI一般以尿素处理较高,其差异显著性存在品种间、年际间及施氮水平间差异。夏玉米NAA、NHI、NFE等具有较明显的基因型差异,均表现为郑单958大于农大108;两品种在氮素利用上均属敏感型,但郑单958的敏感性强于农大108。可见,施氮量是影响夏玉米氮高效利用的关键因素,而合理选择品种与氮肥类型也能起到一定的积极作用。本试验条件下,选择紧凑型品种与复合肥对提高华北平原夏玉米氮利用效率较为有利。     

控释肥在盆栽棉花上的肥效研究

采用包膜控释肥进行了棉花盆栽试验,并以普通复合肥作对照研究包膜控释肥对棉花的增产效应。研究结果表明,与普通复合肥相比,施用控释肥更有效提高了土壤中硝态氮和铵态氮及其速效磷、速效钾含量,经控释肥处理的棉花叶绿素相对含量、株高均比普通复合肥有明显的优势。控释肥对棉花的果枝数、桃数在各施肥水平上与普通复合肥相比不显著,包膜控释肥施用纯氮量分别在0.2,0.4 g/kg土时比相同施氮量普通复肥具有显著的增产作用,相对增产率分别为113.1%和34.5%,而且在施用量减少的情况下,仍能获得高于普通复肥的产量。控释肥比普通复肥具有控制释放,提高产量和降低施肥量的优越性。     

包膜尿素与保水剂配施对冬小麦生长和氮素利用的影响

采用田间小区试验方法,研究了树脂包膜尿素(CRU)和保水剂(SAP)配施对冬小麦产量、氮素利用及经济效益的影响。试验采用裂区设计,两裂区分别为施用SAP(120 kg hm~(-2))和不施用SAP,施肥裂区设对照(N0,不施氮)、普通尿素(U,施氮180kg hm~(-2))和包膜尿素(CRU,施氮180 kg hm~(-2),包膜尿素和普通尿素各占70%和30%)3个氮肥处理;共6个处理。结果表明:相同SAP用量下,等氮量的CRU一次基施较尿素分次追施处理平均增产4.9%,氮素利用率提高9.4%。施用SAP显著提高了土壤最大持水量。相同施氮条件下,施用SAP处理较不施SAP处理冬小麦穗数和穗粒数显著增加,籽粒增产9.6%～12.1%。CRU与SAP配合施用优于SAP或CRU单独施用。CRU配施120 kg hm~(-2)SAP处理冬小麦产量和氮素利用效率最高,较CRU或SAP单施处理处理增产4.9%～53.3%;氮素利用效率提高8.6%～35.6%。因此,保水剂和包膜尿素配施可协同增效,显著提高冬小麦产量及氮素利用效率。     

氮肥运筹对四川丘陵区机播套作小麦群体质量及产量的影响

以四川大面积推广应用的中筋小麦品种川麦42为材料,采用两因素裂区试验设计,研究了不同施氮量和施氮方式对带式机播套作小麦（播幅为净作的50%）群体质量和产量的影响。结果表明,套作小麦拔节后的叶面积指数（LAI）、干物质积累量均随施氮量的增加而提高,粒叶比则在中等偏高施氮量（N 180 kg /hm2）时最大;底肥:拔节肥=7:3的施氮方式有效地提高了花后LAI、干物质日积累速率及粒叶比。对产量影响方面,有效穗和穗粒数随施氮量的增加而提高,成穗率和千粒重则在N 180 kg /hm2时最高,底肥:拔节肥=7:3的施氮方式提高了成穗率。相关分析表明,孕穗后的LAI、孕穗期的干物质积累以及拔节至孕穗期的干物质日积累速率与产量呈显著或极显著正相关。本试验条件下,在施氮量为N 180 kg/hm2、施氮方式为底肥:拔节肥=7:3时,套作小麦产量构成因素协调好,产量最高,达4800.4 kg/hm2,与生产上大面积净作小麦产量相当。其群体质量指标为:基本苗184.5万株/hm2,成穗数225.3万穂/hm2,成穗率72.8%,孕穗期LAI 4.68,灌浆期LAI 2.11,花后干物质积累量1600.6 kg/hm2,结实粒数9652.5万粒/hm2,粒叶比11.501mg/cm2。     

硫包膜尿素对土壤性质和夏玉米生长的影响

研究了硫包膜尿素对土壤性质和玉米生长的影响。结果表明,在玉米生长期内,硫包膜尿素可以显著增加土壤有效硫含量。与普通尿素相比,硫包膜尿素能够显著增加土壤水溶性SO42-含量,但在玉米成熟期不会显著酸化土壤。施用硫包膜尿素比普通尿素能够显著增加玉米叶绿素含量、株高和产量,但是硫膜对促进玉米叶绿素和株高增长作用有限,持续供氮是玉米叶绿素和株高增长的主要原因。在高、低量施肥水平下,硫包膜尿素处理比普通尿素处理2008年分别增产10.19%和15.23%,2009年分别增产10.94%和41.34%。低量施氮时硫膜能显著增产,而高量施氮时氮素的控释作用是显著增产的主要原因。     

包膜缓释肥的养分释放及其增产效应

包膜缓释肥在20℃水中浸泡72h氮释放量仅为80．1％，而普通复合肥和尿素在浸泡4h就达到了88％以上。包膜缓释肥能显著提高氮磷钾的利用率，使氮素利用率在小麦和玉米上分别比普通复合肥平均提高9．14和5．03个百分点；使磷素利用率分别比普通复合肥平均提高17．52和11．22个百分点；使钾素利用率分别比普通复合肥平均提高8．35和11．26个百分点；小麦、玉米分别增产11．3％和12．6％；能显著提高小麦品质，使粗蛋白含量、湿面筋含量、沉降值和稳定时间各项指标都有明显增加。     

新型氮肥对潮土冬小麦产量及氮肥利用率的影响

通过研究不同施氮量下,新型氮肥与普通氮肥对潮土大田冬小麦产量、产量构成因素、地上部吸氮量、氮肥利用率和土壤全氮含量的影响,用以探明华北潮土区小麦玉米轮作体系下科学合理施氮及适宜氮肥品种。从2016年6月开始在河南省现代农业研究开发基地-轻壤质潮土上设置了3种氮肥(控失尿素、腐植酸尿素和普通尿素)和6个施氮水平(0、100、150、200、250、300 kg·hm~(-2))的长期试验,以不施氮为对照,共16个处理。小麦收获期测产,并统计产量构成因素。结果表明:氮肥类型和施氮量及两者交互作用对小麦产量构成因素、地上部吸氮量和氮肥利用率都有显著影响。3种氮肥,冬小麦产量均随着施氮量的增加而增加。各施氮处理与不施氮相比,分别增产29.0%～66.2%、27.7%～79.7%、13.9%～59.4%。其中,控失尿素的增产效果显著,与腐植酸尿素和普通尿素相比,在施氮量为300 kg·hm~(-2)时,达到最大产量7 970 kg·hm~(-2),比普通尿素和腐植酸尿素分别提高了8.1%和12.7%。3种氮肥和施氮量对小麦产量构成因素也有显著或极显著影响。小麦每公顷穗数随着施氮量增加而增加,并且控失尿素和腐植酸尿素小麦平均每公顷穗数分别比普通尿素提高了12.8%和17.3%。其中,腐植酸尿素处理小麦穗粒数随着施氮量的增加而增加,在施氮量为300 kg·hm~(-2)时,最大穗粒数达到34.6粒·穗~(-1),比普通尿素增加了23.1%。对于3种施氮肥处理,小麦地上部吸氮量均随着施氮量的增加而增加,与小麦产量表现一致的趋势。其中以控失尿素的小麦地上部平均吸氮量最大,为161.3 kg·hm~(-2);其次是腐植酸尿素,为154.7kg·hm~(-2),分别比普通尿素提高了9.6%和5.1%。与普通尿素相比,控失尿素平均氮肥利用率提高了9.6个百分点,施用控失尿素能够提高小麦氮肥利用率、偏生产力和农学效率。其中腐植酸尿素处理,小麦氮肥利用率随施氮量的增加而增加。新型氮肥(控失尿素和腐植酸尿素)通过提高小麦产量构成因素、小麦产量、小麦氮素吸收量,从而提高小麦氮肥利用率。本试验条件下,从提高产量和氮肥利用率方面考虑,控失尿素的增产效果优于腐植酸尿素,在施氮量为300 kg·hm~(-2)时,达到最大产量。     

深松和施氮对夏玉米产量及氮素吸收利用的影响

于2010年和2011年通过田间裂区试验,研究了在旋茬和旋茬后深松条件下常规尿素分次施用和控释尿素对郑单958夏玉米的花后氮素积累、 分配、 利用及产量的影响。结果表明,在相同的耕作措施下,氮素积累及其向子粒的分配量均表现为控释尿素＞普通尿素两次施用＞普通尿素一次施用＞不施氮处理;在相同施氮水平下,玉米氮素积累及其向子粒的分配量均表现为深松大于旋茬处理。深松并施用控释尿素处理的夏玉米在两年试验中的子粒产量和氮素利用率均为最高,与其他处理相比差异显著。可见,与传统的旋茬耕作和施肥方式相比,深松耕作和施用控释尿素均能显著提高郑单958夏玉米的氮素利用率和产量。二者的有机结合可为玉米的氮素高效利用和产量的提高提供新的思路。     

Accumulation of copper in soils and leaves of tomato plants in greenhouses in Turkey

Copper (Cu)‐containing fertilizers, fungicides, and bactericides has been used extensively in the greenhouses in the Antalya province in recent decades with the use of such materials tending to increase year by year. The level of DTPA‐extractable Cu was determined in 210 soils (0–20 and 20–40 cm depth) and 105 leaf samples obtained from 105 tomato greenhouses. The DTPA‐extractable Cu contents of the soils taken from the 0–20 depth ranged between 0.76 and 88.03 mg kg^‐1 (mean 7.79 mg kg^‐1). The percentage of soils containing DTPA‐extractable Cu greater than the critical toxicity level (20 mg kg^‐1) was 8.1. The Cu content of tomato leaf samples ranged between 2.4 and 1,490 mg kg^‐1 (mean 166.5 mg kg^‐1). The Cu concentration in leaf samples was very high due to the intensive use of foliar applied Cu‐containing chemicals. As a consequence, 24.8% of the leaf tomato samples analyzed contained over 200 mg Cu kg^‐1, the maximum accepted tolerance level. Therefore, it may be necessary to reduce the use of Cu‐containing pesticides and fertilizers, or at least reduce the amount of Cu‐containing fertilizers being used in those greenhouses where Cu‐containing pesticides have been or are being used.     

Role of selenium in mitigation of cadmium toxicity in pepper grown in hydroponic condition

Selenium (Se) is an essential element for humans but is not considered as essential for plants. However, its beneficial role in improving plant growth and stress tolerances is well established. In order to study the role of Se in cadmium (Cd) toxicity in pepper (Capsicum frutescens cv. Suryankhi Cluster), this experiment was carried out in greenhouse conditions. Treatments comprised Cd [0, 0.25, and 0.5 mM cadmium chloride (CdCl₂)] and Se [0, 3, and 7 µM sodium selenite (Na₂SeO₃)] with three replications. The result showed that Cd decreased chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids, whereas Se supplementation diminished Cd toxicity on photosynthetic pigment. Selenium at 7 µM significantly increased the leaf area in the plants grown at 0.25 mM Cd. The application of Se at 3 µM with 0.25 mM Cd and Se at 3 µM and Se at 7 µM with 0.5 mM Cd increased the activity of catalase (CAT). Selenium at 7 µM decreased the proline content of pepper leaves exposed to Cd at 0.5 mM (30%). Selenium significantly enhanced the antioxidant activity of leaves, which was diminished by Cd toxicity. In general, Se has a beneficial effect on plant growth and is an antioxidant enzyme of pepper cv. Suryankhi Cluster under Cd stress and non-stress conditions.     

红壤区不同肥力水稻土根际硝化作用特征

通过根际培养箱(三室)——速冻切片技术研究了红壤地区高、低两种肥力下水稻苗期根表、根际和土体土壤矿质态氮含量和硝化强度,以及水稻生长、氮素积累的差异。结果表明,肥力水平对水稻根表和根际土壤铵态氮(NH4+-N)含量无显著影响,但高肥力显著提高土体土壤NH4+-N含量,以及根表、根际和土体土壤硝态氮(NO3--N)含量及硝化强度。两种肥力水稻土硝化强度最大值均出现在距根表2 mm处,分别为0.20和0.31μmol kg-1 h-1。土体土壤硝化强度随距根表距离增加而降低,低肥力土壤在距根表10～40mm处时硝化强度接近本底值,而高肥力土壤在距根表20～40 mm处时接近本底值。与不种水稻的CK相比,种植水稻显著提高根际土壤硝化强度。高肥力能显著改善水稻生长,增加植株氮素积累量,尤其显著促进根系生长及通气组织发育。由于红壤稻田肥力水平的差异造成水稻根际硝化强度以及水稻吸收NO3-的差异,导致高肥条件下水稻显示出更强的生长势和氮素吸收利用能力。因此,合理提高红壤稻田肥力水平对改善红壤区水稻根际土壤硝化作用及水稻氮素营养具有重要意义。     

自由基在鸡肾病发生中的作用研究

肾病即急性肾小管坏死.鸡肾病在养鸡生产中极为常见,尤其近年来,鸡肾病的发生日益增多,由于其发生机制不清楚,临床治疗鸡肾病的依据不足,致使治疗效果不佳,为此,提出本研究以探讨鸡肾病的发生机制,为本病防治提供理论依据.     

Occurrence of Sexual Hormones in Sediments of Mangrove in Brazil

The presence of sexual hormones (female estrogens) was assessed in sediments of a mangrove located in the urban region of southern Brazil. The estrogens are involved in human sexual reproduction. They act as the chemical messengers, and they are classified as natural and synthetic. The estrogens inputs in the environment are from treated and untreated sewage. The presence of estrogens in sewage is excretion from the female due to natural production and use of contraceptives (synthetic estrogens). With the indiscriminate release of sewage into the environment, estrogens can be found in rivers, lakes, and even in oceans. In this work, the presence of estrone (E1), 17-??-estradiol (E2), and 17-??-ethynilestradiol (EE2) in eight sedimentary stations in Itacorubi mangrove located on Santa Catarina Island, south Brazil, was investigated. Historically, the Itacorubi mangrove has been impacted by anthropogenic activities because the mangrove is inserted in the urban area of the Florianopolis. The estrogen EE2, used as contraceptive, had the highest concentration in mangrove sediment, 129.75?±?3.89 ng/g. E2 was also found, with its concentration ranging from 0.90?±?0.03 to 39.77?±?1.19 ng/g. Following the mechanism, under aerobic or anaerobic conditions, E2 will first be oxidized to E1, which is further oxidized to unknown metabolites and finally to CO₂ and water (mineralized). EE2 is oxidized to unknown metabolites and also finally mineralized. Theoretically, under anaerobic conditions, EE2 can be reduced to E1 even in environments such as mangrove which is essentially anaerobic.     

Meta-analysis in the Selection of Groups in Varieties of Citrus

Brazil is the largest producer of oranges (Citrus sinensis) in the world. The nutrient management of tree orchards is designed from experiments with a limited number of varieties. This knowledge is transferred to other varieties by diagnosing tissue nutrient composition and tree demand. Compositional data analysis has been first applied to tissue analysis of agricultural crops using centered log ratios with compositional nutrient diagnosis (CND-clr). The isometric log ratio (ilr) transformation is a new approach based on binary nutrient ratios and the principle of orthogonality (CND-ilr). We analyzed eleven nutrients: nitrogen (N), sulfur (S), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), boron (B), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), and iron (Fe) in leaf tissue samples across 108 commercial plots (thirty-one grow Valencia, twenty-two Hamlim, twenty Pera, and thirty-five Natal). Nutrients were partitioned between macro- and micronutrients as well as anionic and cationic species. The effect size of varieties over Valencia was quantified by the mean and standard deviation of ilr values across ilr coordinates. Specific varietal nutrient profiles and ilr norms were defined. The nutrient profile of orange varieties could be classified into homogeneous groups to take advantage of fertilizer trials conducted on varieties of the same group. The Aitchison distance and a perturbation vector could be instrumental for diagnostic purposes and nutrient management.     

Effect of iron-quercetin complex on reduction of nitrite in in vitro and in vivo systems

This study investigated whether reducing agents such as quercetin and iron(II) facilitate formation of nitric oxide (NO) gas from orally ingested nitrite in an vivo study. When 3 mg/kg Na (15)NO2 was orally administered to rats with or without iron(II) or quercetin, Hb (15)NO, which is indicative of systemic (15)NO, was detected in the blood, with the maximum blood concentration of Hb (15)NO at 15 min after nitrite or nitrite plus quercetin treatment, whereas after administration of nitrite plus iron(II) or nitrite plus iron(II) and quercetin, the time was shortened to 10 min. Interestingly, iron(II), quercetin, or iron(II) plus quercetin did not affect the total amount of Hb (15)NO generated from orally administered Na (15)NO2. However, the systemic nitrite concentration was significantly decreased in the presence of iron(II) or iron(II) plus quercetin. These results may indicate that iron(II) is critical to the generation of NO gas from nitrite, whereas quercetin contributed little under the in vivo experimental conditions.     

旱地果园水肥管理模式研究进展

分析了旱地果园水肥管理模式的研究进展和存在问题,指出水肥胁迫尤其是水钾已成为旱区果树高产稳产优质化的主要限制因子。在系统探讨旱地果园水分管理、养分管理、综合管理以及果树叶营养综合诊断施肥标准的基础上,提出了旱地果园的高效水肥管理模式。     

Role of aldehyde oxidase in the hepatic in vitro metabolism of 3-methylindole in pigs

The metabolism of 3-hydroxy-3-methylindolenine (HMI), a recently discovered metabolite of 3-methylindole (3MI, skatole) produced by porcine liver microsomes, was investigated in vitro using porcine liver cytosol. HMI was rapidly metabolized to a single product, 3-hydroxy-3-methyloxindole (HMOI), by porcine cytosol. By the use of the selective inhibitors menadione and quinacrine, it was shown that the enzyme responsible for the oxidation of HMI into HMOI was aldehyde oxidase (AO; aldehyde:oxygen oxidoreductase, EC 1.2.3.1). The activity of AO in the conversion of HMI to HMOI was measured in a population of pigs (n = 30) with a wide range of 3MI levels in back fat (0.07-0.30 mg/kg). AO activity was found to be negatively correlated (r = -0.70; P < 0.001) with the level of 3MI in fat. The results of the present study suggest that AO plays an important role in the metabolism of 3MI in the pig and that its catalytic activity is related to an adequate 3MI clearance.     

北京市郊典型农田施肥研究与分析

通过问卷调查形式,对京郊粮田、菜田和果园3种农田施肥现状进行研究.结果表明,菜田和果园化肥施用量较高,氮、磷、钾肥均显著高于粮田.菜田和果园氮肥用量分别为1741.0和1172.8 kg/hm2,分别是粮田氮肥用量的4.5和3.0倍;磷肥用量分别为1375.1和996.4 kg/hm2,分别是粮田磷肥用量的15.5倍和11.2倍;钾肥用量分别为791.3和602.4 kg/hm2,分别是粮田钾肥用量的21.1和16.1倍.另外,3种利用方式的农田氮、磷和钾肥施用比例不同,粮田为75.4%、17.3%和7.3%;果园为42.3%、36.0%和21.7%;而菜田为44.6%、35.2%和20.3%.3种种植类型中均存在氮肥投入过量、钾肥不足的问题.