芦笋醋饮料的研制

以芦笋为原料,介绍了芦笋发酵成醋,并配制成芦笋醋酸饮料的工艺过程。该产品不仅营养价值高,风味独特,而且还具有一定的保健作用。     

黄甜竹笋食醋制作工艺研究

以黄甜竹笋和糯米为原料,采用"原料—预处理—酵母菌、黑曲、醋酸菌同时发酵—降糖—搅拌—过滤—杀菌—成品"工序制作黄甜竹笋食醋,考察醋酸菌、黑曲、毛竹竹叶和毛竹嫩竹蒸馏液稀释液的加入比例对产酸量的影响,以及毛竹竹叶和毛竹嫩竹蒸馏液稀释液加入比例对发酵时间、醋酸得率的影响。结果表明:黄甜竹笋食醋制作最佳工艺参数为酵母0.3%~0.5%,黑曲2%,醋酸菌3%,毛竹竹叶和毛竹嫩竹蒸馏液稀释液加入量为150%,坛内温度控制在25~30℃,前7天每天搅拌一次,之后每3~5天搅拌一次,发酵60天。发酵出来的醋产品色泽淡黄,具有黄甜竹笋和糯米特有的香气,口感细腻,醋味浓稠,总酸含量可达到5 g/100 m L,发酵产酸转化率达到71%,可溶性无盐固形物≥1.1 g/100 m L,总脂为1.1 g/100 m L,还原糖含量为2.2 g/100 m L,氨基态氮含量为0.20 g/100 m L。符合果醋国家标准。     

毛竹笋醋醋酸菌的筛选

以商业醋酸菌、红曲醋分离的醋酸菌、山西陈醋分离的醋酸菌和笋醋自然发酵的醋酸菌为发酵菌种,采用纯化培养、产酸定性试验初筛出4株醋酸菌。再经过耐酒精试验,产酸速度试验和遗传稳定性试验,得到一株醋酸菌Z2。结果表明:确定醋酸菌Z2产酸速率快、产酸酸度高,遗传较稳定,对其进行16Sr DNA测序分析鉴定为巴氏醋酸杆菌。     

沙棘醋菌种筛选与应用研究初报

为筛选出适合沙棘酿醋的优良醋酸菌,以常规醋酸菌与优良的醋醅菌株为试材,进行产酸试验与品质分析.已筛选出沪酿1.01、JG1-1菌株,其沪酿1.01乙醇转化率达91.3%,JG1-1达86.3%.两菌种的发酵品均有沙棘和食醋特有的香气,酸味协调,醇厚,回味甜,典型性强.生产应用试验证明两菌种可在沙棘醋工厂化生产中选用.     

营养型沙棘果醋的研制

沙棘醋因含有多种维生素、有机酸、无机盐、黄酮、胡萝卜素等生命活性成分,是果醋中的珍品,倍受人们的推崇和喜爱。目前沙棘醋的生产工艺中酒精发酵阶段基本都采用产酒干酵母,沙棘的特有风味难以得到充分体现。另外,为加快生产普遍采用较高的发酵温度,使沙棘果富含的水溶性维生素不易很好保存。针对这些问题,本文采用利用从沙棘果表面分离的单一酵母菌原汁发酵法酿造产生酒精、利用恶臭醋酸杆菌的混合变种菌对沙棘果酒进行醋酸发酵制作沙棘醋、对制作出的沙棘醋进行勾兑等新方法,从沙棘果上自行分离纯化并经过DNA测序鉴定的产香酵母作为酒精发酵的酵母菌种,采用低温发酵工艺,研究一种沙棘醋生产的新工艺路线。     

沙棘蜂蜜酸奶的配方研究

主要研究沙棘蜂蜜酸奶的加工配方。以新鲜优质的沙棘、蔗糖、蜂蜜和市售灭菌袋装牛奶为主要原料,用市售直投式酸奶发酵剂发酵,试验采用单因素试验确定沙棘蜂蜜酸奶的最佳配方。经单因素分析后得到沙棘蜂蜜酸奶的最佳配方是：沙棘汁加入量为10%,蜂蜜加入2%,蔗糖加入量3%,接种量3%,发酵时间5h,发酵温度42～43℃。     

红茶菌饮料发酵工艺及保健功效研究进展

红茶菌饮料传统上是以红茶汤、蔗糖为底物,接种由醋酸菌、酵母菌、乳酸菌组成的共生菌,再经发酵制成的一种口感酸甜适宜的发酵型饮料。目前在其工艺研究上,发酵底物已不局限于单一的茶汤发酵,而是呈现出多样式选择;发酵工艺优化逐渐以获得高质量、高稳定性、适用于大规模生产的产品为目标。且研究证实,红茶菌饮料具有多种保健功效,如抗氧化性、抑菌性、护肝、降血糖、增加机体免疫力等。本文综述了红茶菌饮料工艺研究和保健功效的研究进展。     

苹果醋

一般食用醋的生产原料主要是高梁、大米、小麦、玉米、小米等粮食作物，每年制醋耗粮不少。醋酸是一种挥发性酸，醋味刺激性大，市面销售品种不多，口味单一，虽曾有葡萄作醋的方法，但尚未形成产品面市． 苹果醋以苹果代替高梁，利用了水果资源，节约了粮食，生产工艺基本采用原醋生产工艺，变动不大，苹果醋酸味刺激性小，酸中带甜，含有水果浓香气，色泽仍为传统深棕色，醋液澄清，很有推广价值。 苹果醋是在原醋生产工艺及生产设备的基础上经过苹果发酵工艺及菌种选育工艺而完成的，主原料苹果、高梁及鼓皮的配量为４：１：５．苹果选用…     

山葡萄组织培养技术

山葡萄(Vieis amurensis Rupr)果实含糖量10%,含酸量2%,种子可榨油,嫩枝幼叶可提取酒石酸,是加工果汁和葡萄酒的主要原料,因此,发展山葡萄生产有显著的经济效益和社会效益.目前,鉴于野生资源减少,为满足加工业的需要,各地都在积极建设山葡萄基地,因而苗木供不应求.为能在短时间内解决大量优良苗木,我们进行了山葡萄组织培养技术的研究.现将有关技术简介如下:     

蜂蜜系列饮料

蜂蜜丰富的营养成分、香甜可口的味道,是制作饮料最好的原材料。曾风靡世界的健力宝运动饮料,就是一种含有蜂蜜的饮料,由于其具有迅速消除疲劳的功效,深受运动员的喜爱,在国际上有“中国魔水”之称。用蜂蜜为主要原料酿制保健醋,不仅具有很好的营养价值,同时也为蜂蜜的深加工提供了一条新途径。经常饮用蜂蜜保健醋,不仅能调节体内酸碱平衡,改善消化功能,还可提高肝脏的解毒功能,改善新陈代谢,降低血压。醋酸消化油脂可减肥,延缓衰老,维持体内酸碱平衡,预防结石和便秘,有助睡眠。经过发酵后的蜂蜜醋色泽为淡亮黄色,澄清、透明,具有柔和的蜜香…     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.