Resistance of chickens to Rous sarcoma virus challenge following immunization with a recombinant avian leukosis virus

An attenuated recombinant avian leukosis virus (ALV) produced by recombinant DNA techniques was examined for its ability to provide resistance to Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) challenge. Specific-pathogen-free chicken embryos (18-day incubation) and hatched chicks inoculated with recombinant ALV produced significantly smaller tumors than sham-inoculated controls upon challenge with RSV 2 weeks postinoculation; inoculation with RAV-1 produced similar results. Specific-pathogen-free hens inoculated with recombinant ALV produced viral-protein-specific antibody that was transmitted to 100% of the progeny, as detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Progeny of the inoculated hens produced significantly fewer tumors than sham-inoculated controls upon challenge with RSV at hatch, indicating that maternal antibody may be a factor in resistance to tumor development.     

禽白血病p27抗原检测阳性与病毒分离的相关性比较

本试验以80只300日龄的A品系蛋鸡为试验对象,分5个日龄段按翅号采集蛋清、泄殖腔棉拭子,无菌抗凝血和血清.用ALV p27抗原检测试剂盒检测蛋清和泄殖腔棉拭子.将无菌抗凝血分离血浆接种DF-1细胞,培养一周后用同样方法检测上清收集液,分析该群鸡只在不同日龄段泄殖腔棉拭子阳性、蛋清样本阳性和病毒分离阳性之间的相关性.用ALV-Ab抗体试剂盒检测各日龄段血清的抗体水平.此外,选取某一日龄段蛋清和泄殖腔拭子样本用4个不同厂家的ALV p27抗原检测试剂盒进行检测比较.结果表明,5个日龄段泄殖腔棉拭子平均阳性率为61％,蛋清样本平均阳性率为72.6％,病毒分离平均阳性率为48.8％.5个日龄段ALV的抗体阳性率一直为零;4个厂家的ELISA试剂盒对同一批样本的检测结果表明,IDEXX试剂盒的敏感度最高.本试验为外源性鸡白血病病毒检测及鸡白血病净化其方法的应用、试剂盒的选择、减少判定的误差、提高净化效果提供了一定的科学依据.     

Molecular analysis of endogenous avian leukosis/sarcoma virus genomes in Korean chicken embryos

Since the status of endogenous avian leucosis/sarcoma virus (ALSV) infections in Korean broiler chickens is unclear, this study examined embryonated eggs obtained from broiler farms and Korean native chicken breeds in Korea using PCR with the primer sets specific for endogenous ALSVs. The PCR assays detected the genomes of EAV, ev, ev/J and ART-CH belonging to the endogenous ALSV from all embryos tested. Phylogenetically, the Korean EAV genomes were more closely related to the prototype EAV-0 than to the other prototype, E51. The Korean ART-CH elements clustered together but were distinct from the prototype ART-CH clones, 5 and 14. Although there was comparatively little divergence in the nucleotide and amino acid sequences of the Korean ev and ev/J genomes compared with the other known ev and ev/J genomes, the Korean genomes had phylogenetically distinct branches. From these results, endogenous genomes are quite prevalent in Korean broiler chickens. In addition, the endogenous genomes circulating in Korean broiler chickens are genetically different from the other known endogenous genomes. These results are expected to provide useful information for the control and establishment of a surveillance system for endogenous ALSVs in Korea.     

J亚型禽白血病病毒的分离与鉴定

本研究分别从广西的地方肉鸡及河北、辽宁的蛋鸡中分离到了3株禽白血病病毒.剖检疑似发病鸡只.采集病变的肝脏、脾脏组织,经过RT-PCR检测确定为ALV感染.将病变组织接种CEF细胞,连续传代2次,将细胞上清接种DF-1细胞,p27抗原检测为阳性.同时提取病毒基因组,用H5/ADI和H5/H7两对特异性引物进行PCR扩增,结果3株为ALV-J亚型.进一步设计ALV-J亚型gp85特异性引物进行PCR扩增并测序.结果确认分离到的3株病毒为ALV-J亚型.其gp85序列与标准毒株HPRS-103同源性为96%.同时,用p27单抗进行间接免疫荧光试验,测定毒力.综上所述,我们从广西地方肉鸡巾分离到1株J亚型禽白血病病毒,从河北及辽宁的蛋鸡中分离到2株J亚型禽白血病病毒.     

Molecular characteristics and pathogenicity of an avian leukosis virus isolated from avian neurofibrosarcoma

Peripheral nerve sheath tumors (PNSTs) are rare in chickens and their etiology remains to be elucidated. In this study, a naturally occurring PNST in a Japanese native fowl (Gallus gallus domesticus) was pathologically examined and the strain of avian leukosis virus (ALV) isolated from the neoplasm was characterized by molecular biological analysis. The fowl presented with a firm subcutaneous mass in the neck. The mass, connected to the adjacent spinal cord (C9-14), was microscopically composed of highly cellular tissue of spindle cells arranged in interlacing bundles, streams, and palisading patterns with Verocay bodies and less cellular tissue with abundant collagen. Immunohistochemically, neoplastic cells were divided into two types: perineurial cells positive for vimentin, glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1), and claudin1; and Schwann cells positive for vimentin, occasionally positive for S-100 alpha/beta but negative for GLUT1. Based on these findings, a diagnosis of neurofibrosarcoma was made. The complete nucleotide sequence of an ALV strain, CTS_5371, isolated from the neoplasm was determined and phylogenetic analysis indicated that the strain was a novel recombinant virus from avian leukosis/sarcoma viruses previously reported. Additionally, experimental infection revealed that CTS_5371 induced the proliferation of Schwann cells and perineurial cells. These results suggest that this ALV strain has the ability to induce PNSTs in chickens.     

K亚群禽白血病病毒分离株全基因组测序及序列分析

K亚群禽白血病病毒(ALV-K)是近年来从地方品种鸡分离鉴定的新亚群ALV。本试验在对江苏某原种鸡场保存的琅琊鸡开展禽白血病净化过程中,分离并鉴定1株ALV-K,命名为JS13LY19。为探明其基因组来源及特征,对JS13LY19分离株前病毒DNA进行了分段克隆和测序,获得全长基因组序列,并与各亚群ALV参考株进行比对分析。结果显示,JS13LY19分离株符合复制完整型C型反转录病毒特征,缺乏肿瘤基因。其gp85基因相较于其他亚群ALV,与ALV-K参考株遗传进化关系最为接近,与ALV-K原型株JS11C1一致性最高(99.2%);而gag、pol、gp37、LTR、UTR及JS13LY19与内源性ALV显示出更高的一致性(92.0%～99.4%);其LTR U3区比大部分外源性ALV LTR少了1个CAAT enhancer盒、PRE盒、CArG盒及Y盒。JS13LY19分离株极有可能是JS11C1与内源性ALV重组产生,且具有内源性ALV LTR及U3区转录调控元件的部分缺失,可能使JS13LY19转录能力下降而致病性降低。     

LTR对J亚群禽白血病病毒感染的影响

为探讨LTR基因在骨髓瘤病变型J亚群禽白血病病毒(ALV-J) NX0101致病中的作用,利用反向遗传将血管瘤病变型ALV-J HN06株中两端LTR元件替换至NX0101株的相应位置,拯救出重组病毒NX-HNLTR株.人工接种7日龄SPF雏鸡,分别检测NX0101株和NX-HNLTR株对鸡体的影响.感染鸡生长都较慢.感染NX0101株的鸡,胸腺指数和腔上囊指数明显比对照组低,脾脏指数与对照组相比波动较大,骨髓和脾脏在攻毒后3周可检测到病毒整合到基因组中,胸腺和腔上囊在攻毒后6周才检测到.感染NX-HNLTR株的鸡脾脏指数明显比对照组低,攻毒后2周可检测到病毒整合到脾脏基因组中,骨髓和胸腺分别在攻毒后3周和6周检测到.结果提示,LTR对NX0101株感染鸡的免疫器官有一定的影响.     

Detection and characterization of avian leukosis virus in Marek's disease vaccines

Avian leukosis virus (ALV) infection in chickens is known to induce increased mortality, tumors, delayed growth, and suboptimal egg production. Countries importing specified pathogen-free eggs, vaccines, and poultry breeding stock require freedom of infection or contamination with ALV in such products among other avian pathogens. Recently, ALV was found as a contaminant in a limited number of commercial poultry vaccines, even after routine quality assurance procedures cleared the vaccines for commercialization. The contaminated vaccines were promptly withdrawn from the market, and no direct detrimental effects were reported in poultry vaccinated with such vaccines. We describe herein the characterization in vitro of the contaminant viruses. All exogenous viruses detected in four vaccine lots belong to subgroup A of ALV based on cell receptor interaction, subgroup-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR), envelope gene sequencing, and virus neutralization. A combination of thermal treatment and serial dilutions of the contaminated vaccines facilitated detection of contaminating ALVs in cell culture coupled with antigen-capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Subgroup-specific PCR readily detected ALV-A directly in the contaminated vaccines but not in naive vaccines or cell controls. Our methods are proposed as complementary procedures to the currently required complement fixation for avian leukosis test for detection of ALV in commercial poultry vaccines.     

Seroprevalence of avian influenza virus, infectious bronchitis virus, reovirus, avian pneumovirus, infectious laryngotracheitis virus, and avian leukosis virus in Nigerian poultry

Eight poultry farms in Nigeria, including chickens from nine breeder, 14 broiler, 28 pullet, 11 layer, and three cockerel flocks, were tested for antibody seroprevalence to the following poultry viruses of potential economic importance: infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), avian reovirus, avian pneumovirus (APV), infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV), avian influenza virus (AIV), and avian leukosis virus (ALV). Serum samples were collected between 1999 and 2004 and were tested for antibodies using commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits. Seroprevalence was very high for IBV (84%); intermediate for reovirus (41%), APV (40%), and ILTV (20%); and very low for ALV (<5%) antibodies. By commercial ELISA, the seroprevalence of antibodies against AIV was, in some flocks, up to 63%. However, more specific assays did not confirm AIV antibodies, indicating that all flocks tested were free of avian influenza antibodies. Birds seemed to be first infected by IBV (at about 7 wk of age), then by reovirus at 12 wk, before they became infected by APV (week 25) and ILTV (week 30). This is the first report of serological evidence of the above viruses in West Africa. Further studies are necessary to assess economic losses due to these avian viruses and the costs and benefits of countermeasures.     

实时荧光定量RT-PCR检测禽白血病病毒J亚群

将禽白血病病毒J亚群(ALV-J)NX0101毒株接种1日龄和7日龄SPF雏鸡并设阴性对照组,采用实时荧光定量RT-PCR方法,定期检测病毒在体内的复制情况。根据GenBank发表的ALV-Jenv基因保守序列(AY897227)设计1对特异性引物扩增目的基因;根据鸡的3-磷酸甘油醛脱氢酶(GAPDH)基因序列(K01458),在保守区内设计1对引物扩增内参照基因,分别克隆入质粒作为标准品制作标准曲线,采用SYBR GreenⅠ染料建立荧光定量PCR法,并对方法的特异性、敏感性和重复性进行评价。结果显示,标准曲线的Ct值与标准品浓度的对数值之间存在线性关系;最低每个反应可检测到60个拷贝的病毒数,比常规PCR灵敏度高1 000倍。检测结果分别采用绝对定量法和相对定量法进行分析,都达到了良好的效果。通过对病毒含量变化的检测发现,在雏鸡4周龄时,2个接毒组ALV-J病毒突然呈对数式增长。据此分析ALV-J病毒在体内经过3~4周潜伏后,突然呈暴发式增长,这种情况可能和临床表现的免疫抑制直接相关。结果表明,本试验建立了一种特异性强、敏感性高、可定量分析ALV-J病毒增殖的方法,为进一步相关研究奠定了基础。     

Myotropic avian leukosis virus subgroup J infection in a chicken

The study describes a highly productive myotropic avian leukosis virus infection (ALV) in a 3-month-old female chicken. At necropsy, ascites, hepatic fibrosis and cardiomegaly were seen. Histologically, the most striking lesion was the presence of cytoplasmic basophilic inclusions in myocardial fibers. Immunostaining for ALV group specific antigen p27 revealed a diffuse presence of virus antigen in cardiac myofibers, in smooth muscle fibers of most of the organs, and in rare, pancreatic and ovarian theca cells. Ultrastructurally, myocardial inclusions consisted of clusters of 50-60 nm round particles with interspersed ribosome-like granules. Numerous C-type particles were found in intercellular spaces of ALV p27 positive tissues. PCR analyses revealed the presence of both ALV-E and ALV-J related sequences. In chicken genome, ALV-E is usually present as endogenous provirus therefore, the pathological findings observed in this case are considered to be related with the ALV-J infection. The results of this report further confirm that ALV-J may be responsible for highly productive myotropic infections.     

应用组织芯片免疫组化法检测ALV-J

禽白血病J亚群（ALV-J）是英国的Payne和他的同事们在20世纪90年代初从肉鸡中分离出来的新亚群，主要引起肉鸡的骨髓瘤白血病。自1999年，我国一些肉用型种鸡场陆续发生了禽白血病J亚群。并且近几年来，ALV-J已从最初只引起肉种鸡发病开始向蛋鸡及中国地方种鸡蔓延。组织芯片技术是一种新型特殊的生物芯片技术，它能明显提高工作效率，减少实验误差。本研究将组织芯片技术和免疫组化染色结合起来，用特异性抗ALV-J囊膜蛋白gp85的单克隆抗体来检测发病鸡只的各组织器官的组织切片。在肝脏、脾脏、肾脏、卵巢、腺胃、骨髓、髓细胞瘤组织均检出病毒阳性抗原。结果表明组织芯片技术和免疫组化染色相结合为临床诊断ALV-J提供了一个高通量、敏感的检测方法。