土壤中镍生态阈值的影响因素及预测模型

利用实验室获得的毒理学数据建立土壤生态阈值需通过老化-淋洗因子校正以消除外源添加的人工污染与野外实际污染的差异。该文利用基于中国土壤的17个物种的镍毒理学数据建立镍土壤生态阈值并利用老化-淋洗因子对数据进行校正。结果表明淋洗效应在pH值大于8.5的土壤中尤为显著,除个别土壤外,淋洗因子(LF)值均大于2;老化效应在碱性土壤(pH值>7.0)中更为显著,且老化因子(AF)值随着土壤pH值的升高而增大。pH值、有机碳含量(OC)、阳离子交换量(CEC)可分别控制镍生态阈值变异的86.2%、9.0%和4.1%。土壤pH值是影响土壤镍生态阈值的最重要因子,基于土壤pH值和OC的2因子预测模型能较好地预测土壤镍生态阈值,其相关性达到95.2%,利用该研究获得的两因子模型并依据土壤性质参数可预测不同类型土壤中的镍生态阈值。     

基于物种敏感性分布（Burr-Ⅲ）模型预测Cd对水稻毒害的生态风险阈值HC5

Burr-Ⅲ型分布是一种灵活的分布函数模型,对有害物质产生毒性的物种敏感性数据有很好的拟合效果。本研究采用水培实验研究了我国常见的17种不同水稻对Cd毒性的剂量-效应关系,结合Burr—Ⅲ物种敏感性分布模型对不同水稻Cd毒性的物种敏感性分布频次和基于保护95％水稻品种的Cd毒性阈值HC5进行了预测。结果表明：水培条件下,随着Cd处理浓度（0．30 - 6．0mg·L^-1）的增加,水稻对Cd富集系数（SCV）明显下降,而转运系数（TF）呈现出增加的趋势,总体而言,杂交品种水稻对Cd的转运系数高于常规品种水稻。不同水稻对Cd胁迫的半抑制浓度阈值（EC50）变化范围为0．552—24．01mg·L^-1,不同水稻品种EC50相差1．18-43．49倍,10％抑制浓度（EC10）变化范围为0．033～1．624mg·L^-1,不同水稻品种EC50相差1．758-49．21倍。不同水稻对Cd的毒性呈现出明显的敏感性差异特征,Bur-Ⅲ分布模型预测结果表明,基于保护95％的水稻品种,Cd的10％抑制浓度值（HC5^10%）为0．045mg·L^-1,50％抑制浓度值（HC550％）为0．594mg·L^-1。研究结果为我国水稻Cd污染防治及土壤Cd质量标准的修订提供了依据。     

土壤中活性镍变化的动力学及其应用

研究了镍在６种不同性质土壤中活性的动力学。结果表明,土壤活性镍随时间变化的规律可用双常数速率方程很好地加以描述。参数ｋ反映了变化过程的速率,即ｋ值愈大者,其变化的速率愈小。     

河北省农田土壤中的镍

分析测定了河北省农田主要类型耕层土壤中的Ni含量及土壤中Ni含量的剖面变化,结果表明,河北省农田土壤中Ni的平均含量为26.48mg/kg,含量范围为8.62～94.77mg/kg,土壤中Ni含量水平在20～30mg/kg范围内分布频率最高。土壤中Ni的含量总体变化趋势是由北向南、由西向东呈逐渐增加趋势。主要类型土壤中Ni的平均含量水平高低为棕壤土>潮土>褐土>栗钙土;4种类型土壤中Ni含量的剖面变化表现为下层略高于表层,但含量差异不显著。农田土壤中Ni含量的变化与土壤pH值、全盐量及有机质的含量变化相关性不显著。     

基于物种敏感性分布的江苏省典型水稻土Cd安全阈值研究

研究不同水稻品种富集镉(Cd)的敏感性差异和江苏典型水稻土Cd的安全阈值,可为水稻安全生产和产地安全性评价提供理论依据。选择江苏省主栽的12个水稻品种和2种代表性水稻土(酸性的兴化勤泥土和中性的常熟乌栅土),通过温室盆栽试验,分别添加不同浓度的外源Cd,研究不同水稻品种对Cd的敏感性差异,并利用物种敏感性分布法(speciessensitivitydistribution,SSD)推导2种土壤Cd的安全阈值。结果表明:不同水稻品种糙米Cd含量存在显著的种间差异,最高含量和最低含量相差3～6倍,并表现为籼型杂交稻显著高于粳型常规稻和粳型杂交稻。利用BurrⅢ型分布函数拟合12个水稻品种富集Cd的SSD曲线,通过国家食品安全标准反推出勤泥土和乌栅土上保护95%的水稻品种糙米不超标的HC5值即安全阈值,其中全量Cd分别为0.78 mg/kg和1.17 mg/kg,CaCl2提取态Cd分别为0.13 mg/kg和0.14mg/kg,EDTA提取态Cd分别为0.46 mg/kg和0.64 mg/kg。2种土壤上基于全量Cd的安全阈值均高出我国《土壤环境质量标准》(GB15618—1995)中二级标准的限值(0.30mg/kg、pH≤7.5)。     

生态指数法在土壤评价中的应用

作者建议以温度、水分、大陆性系数(KK值)、地形以及土壤的一系列属性作为评价土壤肥力及生产力的依据。并将此法应用于淮阴市的土壤评价上,取得了较满意的结果。     

黑龙江凉水自然保护区人工林土壤革螨生态分布

对黑龙江凉水国家自然保护区人工云冷杉林、人工兴安落叶松林、人工红松林三个群落的土壤革螨进行调查分析,获得土壤革螨24种,216只。其中优势种2个,常见种11个,稀有种11个。人工红松林土壤革螨种类和数量最多,人工云冷杉林的次之,人工兴安落叶松林的最少。平均密度为2400个m-2。土壤革螨栖息层次的表聚性很强,组成成分以人工云冷杉林和人工红松林的相似性最大。文中采用多个群落D IC指数、丰富度指数、均匀度指数、优势度指数进行分析。土壤革螨的多样性与丰富度呈正相关,与优势度呈负相关。     

基于文献数据的PAHs生态安全土壤环境基准研究

多环芳烃（Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,PAHs）具有致癌、致畸、致突变等“三致”效应,其造成的土壤污染问题受到世界各国的强烈关注。然而我国基于生态安全的土壤风险筛选值和管控标准仍未确立,致使当前土壤生态安全风险评估仍无据可依。通过系统调研国内外土壤中PAHs的生态毒性研究结果,针对16种优先控制PAHs,筛选获得248组毒性数据（Effect concentration10,EC10和No observed effect concentration,NOEC）,并利用物种敏感性分布法推导出不同用地方式下各PAH的生态安全土壤环境基准。不同用地方式下各PAH的生态安全土壤环境基准分别为1.00～10.60 mg·kg^–1（自然保护地和农用地）、1.03～25.44 mg·kg^–1（公园用地）、1.12～51.00 mg·kg^–1（住宅用地）、1.20～68.41 mg·kg^–1（商服及工业用地）。该研究结果可为我国土壤生态安全环境质量标准的制定和PAHs污染土壤的生态风险评估提供数据支撑和方法指导。     

万鹤山鹭鸟保护区土壤微生物优势类群生态分布的研究

研究了广西防城万鹤山鹭鸟自然保护区鹭林土壤微生物主要类群组成和数量分布及其与土壤主要化学性质的关系。结果表明:( 1 )鹭林土壤微生物主要类群组成中,细菌占88.1 7%,固氮细菌占8.1 1 %,放线菌占2 .3 2 %,丝状真菌占1 .3 9%,具有亚热带森林土壤微生物组成的特点;( 2 )影响土壤微生物数量分布主要有鹭鸟、林分类型和土壤等三方面因素;( 3 )细菌和固氮菌在白鹭林、夜鹭林和无鹭鸟林的分布差异达到或接近显著水平,呈现白鹭林>夜鹭林>无鹭鸟林的趋势,与p H值呈显著负相关,它们在有机质、全N、全P、速效N和速效P的转化和利用过程中起到了显著的作用;( 4)放线菌的数量分布呈现白鹭林≈夜鹭林>无鹭鸟林的趋势,数量分布差异接近显著水平,与p H值呈显著负相关,对有机质和全P的积累有明显的作用,也明显地促进P和K元素的分解和利用;( 5 )丝状真菌的数量分布与放线菌相反,与p H值和全K呈显著正相关,与大多数土壤养分含量呈显著负相关     

土壤中的氟:I.土壤中氟的分布

本文讨论了我国主要类型土壤中氟的含量及其与成土母质的关系,讨论了氟在土壤部面中的分布,迁移图式及其与土壤化学性质和气候条件的关系。     

Comparisons of terrestrial and aquatic bioassays for oil-contaminated soil toxicity

Background  Petroleum products are widely used in various sections of industry and they are one of the most abundant sources of environmental contamination. These products are classified by their physico-chemical properties such as boiling point, density and viscosity. Oil contamination in the environment is primarily evaluated by measuring the chemical concentrations of petroleum products in the solid or water phase. The results of chemical analyses do not correspond directly with the harmful environmental effects of petroleum products on the soil flora and fauna, because the interactions between oil compounds and the production of their methabolites in soil are not measured in chemical assessments. These kinds of effects of complex chemical mixtures in soil can be estimated by bioassays. Therefore, ecotoxicological tests are important for estimating soil quality in the risk assessment of oil-contaminated soil sites. Objectives  The objective of this study was to examine the oil-contaminated soil site of a closed petrol station with both chemical and ecotoxicological methods. The goals of this study were to compare the sensitivity of the terrestrial and aquatic bioassays and to compare the toxicity responses of aquatic bioassays determined from three different extraction procedures. In addition, our aim was to characterise a cost-effective battery of bioassays that could be applied to a comparison of oil-contaminated soils. It was in our interest to investigate oil-contaminated soil with oil concentrations of 2500–12000 mg/kg and to find out the possible differences between terrestrial and aquatic toxicity tests. Methods  Six soil samples from a closed petrol station were examined for toxicity with terrestrial and aquatic tests. Terrestrial tests includedEnchytraeus albidus survival and reproduction assays and seed germination assays using wheat, cress, lettuce, and red clover seeds and growth inhibition assays of onions. The toxicities of the water-extractable fractions of the soil samples obtained from three different extractions were tested with aquatic bioassays based on plants (onion and duckweed growth inhibition tests), microbes (luminescent bacteria test), and enzyme inhibition (reverse electron transport test, RET). Chemical analyses of the solid samples were carried out simultaneously. Results. Oil concentrations ranged from 2500 to 12000 mg/kg, BTEX varied from 300 to 2800 mg/kg, and fuel additives: MTBE and TAME from 0.0 1 to 260 mg/kg. Only the sample contain-ing 12000 mg/kg oil had a significant toxic impact on all test organisms. Soil samples with oil concentrations 2500–6200 mg/ kg had no or only slight adverse effects on the test organisms with one exception, theE. albidus reproduction test. TheE. albidus survival and reproduction tests were the most sensitive bioassays of the terrestrial tests, and the luminescent bacteria test of the aquatic tests.     

森林土壤表层土的生态毒性评估

A series of 9 soil samples were taken at a timber treatment site in SW France where Cu sulphate and chromated copper arsenate (CCA) have been used as wood preservatives (Sites P1 to P9) and one soil sample was collected at an adjacent site on the same soil type (Site P10). Copper was a major contaminant in all topsoils, varying from 65 (Soil P5) to 2600 mg Cu kg^-1 (Soil P7), exceeding background values for French sandy soils. As and Cr did not accumulate in soil, except at Site P8 (52 mg As kg^-1 and 87 mg Cr kg^-1) where CCA-treated posts were stacked. Soil ecotoxicity was assessed with bioassays using radish, lettuce, slug Arion rufus L., and earthworm Dendrobaena octaedra (Savigny). There were significantly differences in lettuce germination rate, lettuce leaf yield, radish root and leaf yields, slug herbivory, and earthworm avoidance. An additional bioassay showed higher negative impacts on bean shoot and root yields, Rhizobium nodule counts on Bean roots, and guaiacol peroxidase activity in primary Bean leaves for soil from Site P7, with and without fertilisation, than for soil from Site P10, despite both soils having a similar value for computed free ion Cu²⁺ activity in the soil solution (pCu²⁺). Beans grown in soil from Site P7 that had been fertilised showed elevated foliar Cu content and phytotoxic symptoms. Soils from Sites P7 (treatment plant) and P6 (storage of treated utility poles) had the highest ecotoxicity, whereas soil from Site P10 (high organic matter content and cation exchange capacity) had the lowest. Except at Site P10, the soil factor pCu²⁺ computed with soil pH and total soil Cu could be used to predict soil ecotoxicity.     

Influence of soil factors on the soil enzyme inhibition by Cd

A comparative study was conducted on the toxicity of Cd to alkaline phosphatase activity (ALP) and dehydrogenase activity (DHA) in 18 top soils with contrasting soil properties representative of 14 major soil types in China. Soil pH and carbonate content, soil organic matter, and cation exchange capacity (CEC) largely affected the Cd toxicity on two enzyme activities; with the soil pH having only minor effect on the median ecological dose values based on total Cd concentrations (ED_{50 T}). The values of ED_{50 T}/ED_{50 W} (based on water-soluble Cd content) of alkaline phosphatase and dehydrogenase were strongly influenced by pH and CEC contents, which explained up to 71% of the variation for alkaline phosphatase, 82% of the variation for dehydrogenase, and also were significantly correlated with the parameter K_F derived from Freundlich adsorption isotherms. This study suggests that the values of ED_{50 T}/ED_{50 W} could be useful to evaluate the buffer capacity of soils which protects soil enzymes from harmful effects of heavy metal.     

西藏高原土壤侵蚀敏感性空间分布

The Tibet Plateau, occupying the main part of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and having an average altitude of 4 500 m, has geomorphological features that are unique in the world, with soil erosion being one of the main ecological problems. Thus the main objectives of the present research were to set up an efficient and simple way of evaluating spatial distribution of soil erosion sensitivity in the Tibet Plateau as well as the responses of soil erosion to changes of natural environmental conditions, and to indicate key regions where soil erosion should be preferentially controlled. Based on the Universal Soil Loss Equation （USLE）, the study applied geographic information system （GIS） technology to develop a methodological reference framework, from which soil erosion sensitivity could be evaluated. The impact of precipitation, soil, topography and vegetation on soil erosion was divided into classes of extreme sensitivity, high sensitivity, medium sensitivity, low sensitivity and no sensitivity. With the aid of GIS, the resultant map from overlaying various factors showed that soil erosion sensitivity had great discrepancy in different parts of the region. In the southeastern part of the Tibet Plateau there were mainly three classes of sensitivity, namely, extreme, high and medium sensitivity. However, the other two classes; low and no sensitivity, were dominant in the northwestern part.     

Bioassays for the ecotoxicological and genotoxicological assessment of contaminated soils (results of a round robin test)

For the assessment of contaminated or remediated soils, in addition to chemical analyses, ecotoxicological tests are performed which focus on the retention function of soils (determined by tests with aqueous soil extracts) and on the habitat function (determined by tests with soil). While numerous standardized test guidelines exist to investigate effects by chemical substances, respective test procedures for soil assessments are lacking. To close this gap, a round robin test was performed to support standardization. Four contaminated soils were tested using a total of fifteen test systems including ecotoxicological and genotoxicological tests with soil extracts and soil. The results obtained from the tests with soil extracts are presented in this article.     

Bioassays for the ecotoxicological and genotoxicological assessment of contaminated soils (Results of a round-robin test)

For the assessment of contaminated or remediated soils, aside from chemical analyses, ecotoxicological tests are performed which focus on the retention function of soils (determined by tests with aqueous soil extracts) and on the habitat function (determined by tests with soil). Whereas numerous tests exist as standardized guidelines for identifying the effect of chemicals, this is not the case for the assessment of soil quality. A round-robin test was performed to monitor the comparability of the results from ecotoxicological test methods on soils and to facilitate the standardization of corresponding test methods. Four contaminated soils were tested using a total number of fifteen test systems, including ecotoxicological and genotoxicological tests with soil extracts and soil. In the second part of this publication series, the results obtained from the tests with soil microorganisms and soil fauna are presented.     

Validation of Microplate Bioassays for the Assessment of Contaminated and Remediated Sites

Background, Goal and Scope  Bioassays are frequently used to investigate the water extractable ecotoxicological and genotoxicological potential of contaminated soil samples. A laboratory intercomparison study was performed for validation of miniaturised biological test systems for the assessment of contaminated and remediated sites. The successful performance of this study resulted in an optimisation of microplate assays with respect to the testing of chemicals and environmental samples. Methods  For this purpose, miniaturised bioassays were chosen, which, because of their stage of development, are suitable for routine application in the characterisation of the water extractable ecotoxicological and genotoxicological potential of soils. These ecotoxicological and genotoxicological assays were performed with contaminated soil samples by three institutions at the same time. Results and Discussion  The toxicological assessment of the contaminated and remediated soil samples using LID-values, as a rule, was highly uniform. Some minor deviations could, for the most part, be explained by the heterogeneity of the soil samples and, to a lesser extent, by methodical aspects. The difference in sensitivity towards contaminants of the two bacteria Vibrio fischeri and Pseudomonas putida was pointed out. In the algae test with Desmodesmus subspicatus, the influence of the highest sample concentrations on the growth controls became obvious. It was recommended to modify the experimental setup of the microtitration plate, i.e. to place growth controls located next to both the lowest and the highest dilution steps of the sample. The Ames-test did in some cases provide new information on the genotoxicity of the samples, but is not considered useful in a test battery for the evaluation of the genotoxic potential because of its great expense in time and work. Conclusions  The investigations in this laboratory-intercomparison study for the assessment of the water extractable toxic potential of soil samples show that different bioassays are needed, which, in contrast to chemical-analytical methods, can detect the complete effects of all present pollutants in contaminated and remediated soils and solid substrates path-specifically. Recommendations and Outlook  If the recommended modifications for the performance of the bacterial and algae growth inhibition assays on microplates are taken into consideration, these tests can substitute the tests performed on a macro scale. The usefulness of the umu-test and the NM2009-test for the investigation of the genotoxic potential has been proven. Although the tests performed on microplates require much lower sample amounts, it is recommended that sample amounts be eluted in accordance with current guidelines to ensure representativity of the sample. Further work should focus on toxicity identification studies in the future by combining chemical and toxicological analyses.     

土壤因子对莫索湾梭梭林林下植被分布和多样性的影响

[目的]研究土壤因子对古尔班通古特沙漠西南缘莫索湾地区天然梭梭林、天然—人工梭梭林、人工梭梭林林下植被分布和物种多样性的影响,为该区物种多样性保护提供理论依据。[方法]采用典范对应分析法(canonical correspondence analysis,CCA)和广义加型模型(generalized additive model,GAM)分析了6个土壤因子(共8个指标)与物种分布和多样性之间的关系。[结果](1)土壤水分、电导率、pH值和生物结皮的发育是影响植物分布的主要土壤因子。刺沙蓬和狭果鹤虱主要分布在土壤水分和电导率较高的林地,细裂补血草分布在高pH值环境中,虫实分布在土壤水分和电导率较低,同时生物结皮发育较好的林地,甘新念珠芥和滨藜对环境的适应能力较强,各生境均有分布,自然更新的梭梭幼苗分布随着土壤水分、电导率降低和生物结皮增加相对重要值逐渐增大;(2)土壤水分、电导率、pH值和土壤质地是影响物种多样性的主要因素。物种多样性指数与土壤水分和粉粒含量呈极显著正相关(p0.01),与电导率和pH值呈极显著负相关(p0.01),在土壤水分较低的环境条件下(2.19%~6.28%),土壤水分是影响多样性指数的最主要因子,当土壤水分8.0%时,多样性指数趋于稳定,同时,土壤pH值9.0时,多样性指数有明显下降趋势。[结论]梭梭林林下植被的分布和物种多样性是由土壤水分、电导率和土壤质地为主的多种土壤因子综合作用的结果。     

定西于家山黄土洞穴的分布特征与侵蚀临界研究

黄土洞穴与滑坡、沟蚀等侵蚀过程联系紧密并加剧了黄土高原的水土流失程度,但目前黄土洞穴发育的分布特征与侵蚀临界暂未明晰。利用无人机获得了研究区高分辨率影像与数字表面模型,基于影像标识了黄土洞穴并统计了其土地利用类型与洞穴直径,利用标识点在数字表面模型上提取了黄土洞穴的坡度、坡向、曲率和汇水面积等地形数据并分析了黄土洞穴的分布特征。结果表明,黄土洞穴直径大多4 m。黄土洞穴在耕地上发育较少,多发育于牧草地区域流水汇聚的凹形坡,且在阴坡更为发育。同时,黄土洞穴坡度正切值范围集中于0.4～1.0,汇水面积一般不超过3 000 m~2。依托统计的坡度正切值与汇水面积数据绘制了黄土洞穴的侵蚀临界图并对比了黄土洞穴与浅沟、切沟的侵蚀临界。黄土洞穴的侵蚀临界边界分别为SA~(0.150)=0.368与SA~(0.135)=7.580,分布较广且覆盖了浅沟与切沟的侵蚀临界。浅沟、切沟的演化与黄土洞穴的发育有关,黄土洞穴通过连通与坍塌促进了浅沟、切沟的发育、转换与扩展,并因此加剧了黄土高原的水土流失。研究量化了黄土洞穴发育的分布特征,建立了黄土洞穴与浅沟、切沟的联系并深化了对黄土洞穴侵蚀过程的认识。