四种低毒杀虫剂对小菜蛾生长发育及繁殖的亚致死效应

为系统评价4种低毒杀虫剂对小菜蛾Plutella xylostella（L.）的综合控制作用,采用叶片浸渍法处理小菜蛾3龄幼虫,测定了虫酰肼、氟啶脲、茚虫威和虫螨腈的亚致死浓度（LC₂₅）对小菜蛾生长发育和繁殖力的影响。结果表明,4 种药剂亚致死浓度处理使小菜蛾3~4龄幼虫发育历期延长0.43~1.93 d,平均单头雌、雄蛹重分别减轻0.83~1.31 mg和0.19~1.09 mg ,幼虫的化蛹率及羽化率则分别降低11.2%~34.3%和21.7%~33.6%,以氟啶脲和茚虫威处理的影响较为显著。药剂处理后成虫平均产卵量减少30.15~60.21粒/雌,卵孵化率降低8.85%~19.65%,以虫酰肼效果较为明显;虫酰肼、氟啶脲、茚虫威均显著降低小菜蛾的交配成功率。     

Toxicity,persistence and efficacy of indoxacarb and two other insecticides on Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) immatures in cabbage

Toxicities of indoxacarb on eggs and 5-day-old larvae of diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella L., on cabbage and those of field-aged leaf residues on 5-day-old larvae were determined in the laboratory. The persistence and efficacies of indoxacarb and two other newer insecticides (spinosad and emamectin benzoate) to P. xylostella were tested under field conditions. Results from laboratory bioassays indicate that indoxacarb was highly toxic to P. xylostella larvae through food ingestion, with LC₅₀ and LC₉₀ values of 24.1 and 90.1 mg AI l ^{- 1}, respectively. However, indoxacarb had no significant effects on eggs and larvae through direct contact compared with water control. The toxicity of field-aged leaf residues of indoxacarb (0-, 3-, 5-, 7-, 10-, 14-, 17- and 21-day-old residues) declined slowly and gradually under the field conditions in South Texas. Almost all larvae died on day 5 after feeding on the leaves with 0 - 14-day residue, and the mortalities were as high as 94 and 78% for the 14- and 17-day-old leaf residues. With one application, indoxacarb suppressed P. xylostella larvae below the economic threshold for 14 - 21 days. Two field trials showed that indoxacarb at 0.05 - 0.07 kg AI ha ^{- 1} was effective against P. xylostella, providing marketable cabbage with three applications per season. In addition, indoxacarb was as effective as spinosad, and significantly more effective than emamectin benzoate.     

Mating pair combinations of insecticide-treated male and female Nilaparvata lugens Stål (Hemiptera: Delphacidae) planthoppers influence protein content in the male accessory glands (MAGs) and vitellin content in both fat bodies and ovaries of adult females

The brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Stål) (Hemiptera: Delphacidae), is an insect pest in which offspring are produced by the mating of adult males with adult females. This species is a classic case in which pest resurgence is induced by insecticides. In the past, studies of resurgence mechanisms have focused on insecticide-induced stimulation of reproduction in adult females. To date, however, the role that males play in the resurgence mechanisms of N. lugens has not been investigated. The aim of the present study is to examine changes in protein levels in male accessory glands (MAGs) induced by the insecticides triazophos and deltamethrin and to determine their relationship with vitellin content in the fat bodies and ovaries of adult females in the context of mating pairs. Our results show that protein content in MAGs is significantly affected by male mating status, insecticide type, and insecticide concentration. Insecticide application induced increased protein levels in MAGs. A greater quantity of MAG products was transferred to females via mating. Thus, protein levels in MAGs significantly decreased after mating. Experimental matings indicate that vitellin content in both fat bodies and ovaries of adult females in mating pairs consisting of a treated male and an untreated female (♂_t × ♀_ck) is significantly greater than that of females in pairs consisting of an untreated male and an untreated female (♂_ck × ♀_ck). Under various concentrations of the two insecticides, vitellin levels are highest in mating pairs consisting of a treated male and a treated female (♂_t × ♀_t), followed by mating pairs consisting of an untreated male with a treated female (♂_ck × ♀_t). These findings demonstrate that (1) insecticides have an effect on males; (2) insecticide effect can be transferred to females; and (3) the reproductive effect of insecticides is strongest in mating pairs in which both the males and females are treated compared to pairs in which only one individual is treated. These findings provide valuable information about the role of males in pesticide-induced resurgence of N. lugens.     

Mode of inheritance of Indoxacarb resistance in diamondback moth, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Plutella xylostella</Emphasis> (L.) and cross resistance to different groups of pesticides

The development of insecticidal resistance in diamondback moth (DBM) Plutella xylostella has immediate implications for its management. In this study, we examined the mode of inheritance of Indoxacarb resistance in P. xylostella. The indoxacarb-resistant strain (Px-R) was obtained through continuous laboratory selection with increasing doses of indoxacarb in each generation. At the 14th generation of selection, the resistance ratio of Px-R strains was 238 over the susceptible strain (Px-S). The mode of inheritance to Indoxacarb in P. xylostella was examined performing standard reciprocal crosses between Px-R and Px-S and response of Px-R, Px-S and F1 hybrid progenies to Indoxacarb through leaf dip bioassay. The degree of dominance (D) and heritability (h) of F1 hybrid progeny ranged from ?0.001 to 0.0012 and 0.499 to 0.506, respectively. The Indoxacarb resistance was appeared to be autosomal and inherited as a semi-dominant trait. The Px-R strain of P. xylostella showed little cross resistance to cypermethrin and there was no cross resistance to other pesticides viz., chlorpyrifos, spinosad, karanjin, xentari (Bta-Cry1C) and MVP-II (Cry1Ac). Since the Indoxacarb resistance inherited as a semi-dominant trait in P. xylostella, the sub lethal doses and frequent use of indoxacarb should be avoided for the management of P. xylostella. Moreover, Px-R of P. xylostella showed positive cross resistance to synthetic pyrethroids (cypemethrin), therefore indoxacarb and synthetic pyrethroids should not be recommended together for management of P. xylostella.     

Influence of three diets on susceptibility of selected insecticides and activities of detoxification esterases of Helicoverpa assulta (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

The oriental tobacco worm, Helicoverpa assulta Guenée, is one of the most destructive pests of tobacco and peppers in China. We determined the susceptibility of H. assulta reared on an artificial diet, chili pepper and tobacco to four insecticides (fenvalerate, phoxim, methomyl, indoxacarb) under laboratory conditions associated with the activities of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), carboxylesterase (CarE) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) in its larvae. H. assulta larvae that were fed with chili pepper were more susceptible to fenvalerate, indoxacarb, and phoxim than those that were fed with tobacco and the artificial diet, but not to methomyl. The larvae that were fed with chili pepper were 3.65-, 2.49-, 1.92- and 2.44-fold more susceptible to fenvalerate, phoxim, methomyl, and indoxacarb than those fed with tobacco, respectively. The AChE activities of H. assulta larvae that were fed with chili pepper and tobacco were 2.12 and 1.07 μmol mg⁻¹ 15 min⁻¹, respectively, almost 2-fold difference. The CarE activity of H. assulta larvae that were fed with chili pepper, tobacco and the artificial diet was 4.12, 7.40 and 7.12 μmol mg⁻¹ 30 min⁻¹, respectively. Similarly, the GST activities of H. assulta larvae that were fed with chili pepper, tobacco and the artificial diet was 52.02, 79.37 and 80.02 μmol mg⁻¹ min⁻¹, respectively. H. assulta larvae that were fed with chili pepper were more resistance to the tested insecticides. The low activities of AChE and the high activities of CarE and GST lead to H. assulta become more susceptible to the tested insecticides.     

Ultra-structural changes in the integument induced by the use of three of six forms of allylisothiocyanate tested against Plutella xylostella and Pieris rapae larvae

The insecticidal activity of four forms of Hong Jing (HJ) allylisothiocyanate (AITC), AITC + cypermethrin (HJ_A, HJ_B, and HJ_C) with ratio of (1:1, 4:1, and 2:1), pure AITC (HJ_D), and two forms of Hong Du (HD) AITC, AITC + chlorpyrifos (HD_A and HD_B) with ratio of (2:1 and 2:1), respectively, were studied on the major cruciferous insect larvae Plutella xylostella (L.) and Pieris rapae (L.) by combining both spraying and dipping methods. The P. rapae was more susceptible than P. xylostella larvae. The LC₅₀ values 72 h after treatment of AITC forms (HJ_B, HJ_A, HJ_C, HJ_D, HD_B, and HD_A) on the P. rapae were; 0.07, 0.08, 0.16, 0.83, 0.26, 1.08 gL⁻¹, and 0.69, 0.26, 5.45, 0.93, 3.01, 5.98 gL⁻¹ on the P. xylostella, respectively. The toxicity of some of the AITC forms was very close to or better than that of the commercial contact insecticides such as chlorpyrifos (LC₅₀ = 0.03 and 0.04 gL⁻¹ on P. rapae and P. xylostella, respectively), and cypermethrin (0.65 and 0.78 gL⁻¹, respectively, against P. rapae and P. xylostella). The ultrastructural studies on the integument of the third larval instar of P. xylostella treated by sub-lethal concentration (LC₂₀) of HJ_B, HJ_D, and HD_B were carried out by using transmission electron microscope. The more pronounced alterations in the hypodermis and mitochondria cells. They exhibited changes in all treated samples. The hypodermis was almost completely destroyed, and the mitochondria exhibited morphological alterations, represented by enlargement, matrix rarefaction and vacuolization of the mitochondria matrix, quantity of cristae reduced, and density electron matrix lessened. These AITC forms have potential as contact insecticides, and the ultra structural observations confirm the insecticidal efficiency of different AITC forms on P. rapae and P. xylostella.     

The effects of Artemisia annua L. and Achillea millefolium L. crude leaf extracts on the toxicity, development, feeding efficiency and chemical activities of small cabbage Pieris rapae L. (Lepidoptera: Pieridae)

The biological effects of two important medicinal plants, Artemisia annua L. and Achillea millefolium (L.) (viz, mortality, growth, and feeding indices as well as enzyme and non-enzymatic activities) were studied on small white Pieris rapae L a deleterious pest of cruciferous plants under controlled conditions (16:8 h L:D at 25 ± 1 °C and 65 ± 5% RH). The LC₅₀ and LC₂₅ values were 9.387% and 3.645% for A. annua L. and 4.19% and 1.69% for A. millefolium (L.), respectively. At the lowest concentration (0.625%), the deterrency was 29.826% and 44.185% for A. annua L. and A. millefolium (L.), respectively. Feeding indices were variously affected with changes in a number of parameters and an increase in larval and pupal duration. The activity level of alkaline phosphatase increased sharply while alanin and aspartate aminotransferases showed a sharp decrease. For non-enzymatic compounds, the amount of glucose and uric acid increased, but total protein and cholesterol decreased. These results indicate that these two medicinal plants might possess potential secondary metabolites that may be useful for controlling potential insect pests.     

Bio-potency of serine proteinase inhibitors from Acacia senegal seeds on digestive proteinases, larval growth and development of Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner)

Proteinase inhibitors (AsPIs) with high activity against serine proteinases were purified from seeds of the tree legume, Acacia senegal by ammonium sulfate precipitation followed by DEAE-Sephadex A-25 column and evaluated against Helicoverpa armigera larvae by in vitro and in vivo methods. The molecular weight of AsPIs was found to be approximately 19.58 ± 1.00 and 21.23 ± 1.00 kDa for PI and 18.16 ± 1.00 kDa for PII on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The AsPIs (5 μg/ml) inhibited approximately 70% of midgut trypsin and 61% of elastase-like chymotrypsin. In vitro studies showed that AsPIs have remarkable inhibitory activity towards total gut proteolytic enzymes followed by trypsin and chymotrypsin. The IC₅₀ of AsPIs for midgut trypsin was 0.1 μg/ml and for chymotrypsin was 2.0 μg/ml. The inhibition of gut proteinase enzymes was of the non-competitive type. In larval feeding studies, AsPIs were found to retard growth and development of H. armigera and also affects the fecundity of the pest. The results advocate the use of AsPIs in transgenic technology to develop plant resistance to H. armigera.     

Estimation of knockdown resistance in diamondback moth using real-time PASA

We have developed a simple and accurate real-time PASA (PCR amplification of specific allele) (rtPASA) protocol for the estimation of pyrethroid resistance allele frequency in pooled DNA samples using the T929I-mutated allele of sodium channel α-subunit gene from the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella, as a model. Conditions for the rtPASA for the detection of the T929I mutation were optimized by adjusting annealing temperature, template, and primer concentrations. Using standard DNA mixtures of susceptible and resistant alleles in various ratios, a plot of allele frequency versus cycle threshold value (C_t value) was generated for the prediction of allele frequency. The semi log plot was linear within the 1-80% range of resistance allele frequencies with a high correlation coefficient (r²=0.997) when highly stringent conditions (67 °C annealing temperature and 2 ng template DNA) were used. For the detection of lower frequencies of the resistant allele (0.004-1%), another hyperbolic semi log plot was constructed (r²=0.983) using the C_t values obtained from the rtPASA with less stringent conditions (66 °C annealing temperature and 5 ng template DNA). The rtPASA was able to detect the resistant allele at frequency as low as 0.02%. The performance of the rtPASA was evaluated by comparing with the data generated from 50 individual genotypings. We demonstrated that the actual resistance allele frequency of a field population of P. xylostella precisely matched the predicted frequency deduced by our protocol. The rtPASA format is applicable for the detection of additional mutations associated with resistance in other insect pest species and will allow rapid and efficient monitoring of resistance in field populations in a high throughput format.     

斜纹夜蛾成虫在不同寄主上的繁殖行为日节律

为摸清斜纹夜蛾成虫在不同寄主上的行为节律变化,在室内分别用烟草和白菜饲养3代,建立烟草种群和白菜种群,比较分析了成虫的羽化、交配、产卵等行为节律。结果表明:烟草种群雌虫有2个羽化高峰期,分别在熄灯前2 h和熄灯后1 h,雄虫只有1个高峰期,出现在熄灯后2 h;白菜种群雌、雄虫均有2个高峰期,主、次高峰期分别在熄灯前后1 h内和熄灯后4~5 h。2种群均有2个交配高峰期,烟草种群第1高峰期在熄灯后2 h,而白菜种群在熄灯后5 h,第2高峰期均在开灯前2 h;烟草种群和白菜种群一生的交配持续时间分别为54.78±3.09 min和60.00±2.58 min,差异不显著;烟草种群一生交配1~3次,而白菜种群只交配1次,差异极显著;2种群均只有1个产卵高峰期,烟草种群在熄灯后4 h,白菜种群则在熄灯后5 h。表明斜纹夜蛾取食烟草和白菜2种不同寄主其成虫繁殖节律会发生较大的改变。     

Sublethal effects of larval treatment with deltamethrin on moth sex pheromone communication system of the Asian corn borer, Ostrinia furnacalis

The first, third, and fifth instar larvae of Asian corn borer, Ostrinia furnacalis (Guenée) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), were treated with a lethal dose 30% of deltamethrin to determine its sublethal effects on chemical communication of the adult survivors. The capability of all males surviving deltamethrin to contact the pheromone source in a wind tunnel was significantly reduced, but those treated as the first and third instars also exhibited lower percentages of `orientation,' `up-wind flight,' and `approaching' behaviors than the control males. Female moths from the deltamethrin treatment exhibited similar calling periodicity and percentages to the control moths during 10-h scotophase. However, approximately 20% of the females that survived the pyrethroid in the first and third instars contained significantly higher amounts of sex pheromone and wider coefficients of variation of the ratio of E12-tetradecenyl acetate to its Z isomer in those female survivors. There was no significant difference in the pheromone titers and coefficients of variation in control females and the females treated in the fifth instars. The present study indicates that the Asian corn borer may possess a compensation system by which the males that survived treatment at larval stage present a lower response to the pheromone, while the female survivors produce and release more pheromone.     

Regional differences in pheromone responses of diamondback moth in Indonesia

Trap captures with two‐ and three‐component blends of synthetic sex pheromone for the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella L. (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae), were assessed in Indonesia. In West Java, the two‐component blend containing 10g of (Z)‐11‐hexadecen‐1‐ol acetate and (Z)‐11‐hexadecena| in a 4:6 ratio captured the greatest number of diamondback moths. Three and five virgin females were more attractive than the two‐component lures, which were as attractive as lures that also contained (Z)‐9‐tetradecen‐1‐ol acetate. In North Sulawesi, a 100 g dose of the two‐component blend attracted more males than the 10 g dose but was not significantly more potent than five virgin females. These results suggests that pheromone production and bioactivity should be assessed in separate populations prior to attempts to develop pheromone‐based monitoring or mating disruption programmes.     

苏云金杆菌对抗性及敏感小菜蛾的拒食活性

调查了苏云金杆菌对抗性和敏感小菜蛾的拒食活性。选择性和完全拒食试验表明,Bt对抗性和敏感小菜蛾种群都有一定的拒食作用,且拒食活性随Bt浓度的增加而显著增强。相对于抗性种群,小菜蛾敏感种群对Bt杀虫剂表现了更强的拒食趋势,其拒食中浓度AFC50(0.089 3 μg/mL)显著低于抗性种群(0.148 1 μg/mL)。试验结果表明,抗性种群对有毒叶片的行为避害能力弱于敏感种群,小菜蛾对Bt杀虫剂的抗性产生应与其行为机制无关。     

Biotransformation of clomazone in rice (Oryza sativa) and early watergrass (Echinochloa oryzoides)

Rice (Oryza sativa), a relatively tolerant species, and early watergrass (Echinochloa oryzoides; EWG), a relatively susceptible species, were exposed to ¹⁴C-labeled clomazone to determine accumulation, biotransformation, and mass balance. On a total mass basis, rice absorbed more clomazone than EWG (p < 0.05), but on a nmol/g basis, there was no significant difference between the two species (p > 0.05). Rice contained more extractable ¹⁴C residues (7.7 ± 0.5 vs. 4.8 ± 0.5 nmol in rice vs. EWG, respectively; p < 0.5), but the concentration in EWG was significantly higher (4.2 ± 0.5 vs. 1.8 ± 0.1 nmol/g in EWG vs. rice, respectively; p < 0.01). More metabolized residue was measured in EWG compared to rice (84.1% vs. 67.9%; p < 0.01). Both species produced hydroxylated forms, β-d-glucoside conjugates, and several other unidentified polar metabolites, but EWG generally produced higher metabolite concentrations. The concentration of the suspected active metabolite, 5-ketoclomazone, was significantly higher in EWG vs. rice (21 ± 2 vs. 5.7 ± 0.5 pmol/g, respectively; p < 0.01). Differences in sensitivity to clomazone between rice and EWG appear to be due to differential metabolism, but in this case the more susceptible EWG qualitatively and quantitatively metabolized more clomazone than the more tolerant rice. This is consistent with the action of a metabolically activated herbicide. This metabolic difference could be exploited to develop herbicide safeners for use with clomazone.     

小菜蛾对唑虫酰胺的抗性监测、抗性生化机制及交互抗性

为了明确小菜蛾Plutella xylostella对唑虫酰胺的抗性特征,采用生物生化方法测定了江西省5个蔬菜产区小菜蛾田间种群对唑虫酰胺的抗性水平,并研究了小菜蛾唑虫酰胺抗性品系对其它药剂的交互抗性和生化抗性机制。结果显示,分宜县和高安市小菜蛾田间种群对唑虫酰胺尚未产生明显抗性,永丰县、德安县和余江县小菜蛾种群对唑虫酰胺产生了低水平的抗性,抗性倍数为5.20~8.20倍;小菜蛾唑虫酰胺抗性品系对阿维菌素、氯虫苯甲酰胺、氟虫双酰胺和茚虫威有中低水平的交互抗性,抗性倍数分别为11.72、3.44、2.77和2.20倍,而对溴虫腈、定虫隆和丁醚脲无交互抗性;增效剂磷酸三苯酯和胡椒基丁醚对小菜蛾唑虫酰胺抗性品系均有显著增效作用,增效倍数分别为3.42倍和2.64倍;唑虫酰胺抗性品系的酯酶和多功能氧化酶活性均显著提高,分别为敏感品系的2.18倍和1.64倍。研究表明,小菜蛾对唑虫酰胺产生抗性可能与酯酶和多功能氧化酶活性的升高有关。     

Effects of gender and temperature on oxidative stress enzymes in Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus exposed to paraquat

Many classes of environmental pollutants can enhance the intracellular formation of reactive oxygen species, which can conduce to the damage of macromolecules and changes in oxidant defences levels in fish. In the present study it was analysed the hepatic levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione reductase (GR), and glutathione S-transferase (GST) in males and females of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus exposed to paraquat (PQ), at 17 and 27 °C. Tilapia were exposed to a sublethal concentration of PQ (0.5 mg L⁻¹) during 45 days. Condition factor and hepatosomatic index of males and females exposed to PQ were significantly higher when compared with the control group, except in females at 17 °C. SOD and GST activities were higher in males and females exposed to PQ than in the control group at 17 and 27 °C. The levels of both enzyme activities revealed that they are sex-dependent with males exposed to PQ showing higher SOD activity (5.05 ± 0.13 and 4.84 ± 0.23 U/g protein, respectively at 17 and 27 °C) than females (4.21 ± 0.07 and 3.87 ± 0.27 U/g protein, respectively at the same temperature). Similar results were observed in GST activity. A GR activity significantly higher (9.09 ± 0.44 and 7.97 ± 1.08 U/g protein at 17 and 27 °C, respectively) was observed in PQ-exposed females, but not in exposed males. Fish exposed to PQ showed higher values of SOD and GST activities than the control group at both temperatures. These results are gender-dependent, while GR activity was higher only in PQ-exposed females. No significant differences were found for SOD, GST and GR activities between fish exposed to 17 and 27 °C, although males and females showed higher values at 17 °C. In short, this work advanced new knowledge on influence of gender in same biochemical parameters in tilapia exposed to PQ and demonstrated that their effects could be observed at different temperatures.     

Characterization of acephate resistance in the diamondback moth Plutella xylostella

Decreased acetylcholinesterase (AChE) sensitivity and metabolic detoxification mediated by glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) were examined for their involvement in resistance to acephate in the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella. The resistant strain showed 47.5-fold higher acephate resistance than the susceptible strain had. However, the resistant strain was only 2.3-fold more resistant to prothiofos than the susceptible strain. The resistant strain included insects having the A298S and G324A mutations in AChE1, which are reportedly involved in prothiofos resistance in P. xylostella, showing reduced AChE sensitivity to inhibition by methamidophos, suggesting that decreased AChE1 sensitivity is one factor conferring acephate resistance. However, allele frequencies at both mutation sites in the resistant strain were low (only 26%). These results suggest that other factors such as GSTs are involved in acephate resistance. Expression of GST genes available in P. xylostella to date was examined using the resistant and susceptible strains, revealing no significant correlation between the expression and resistance levels.     

Influence of permethrin droplets on movement of larval Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae)

The behavioral response of larvae of the diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella L.) to permethrin droplets was investigated through computer simulations and videotape analysis of larval movement on treated surfaces. Simulations of pre-contact avoidance responses and post-contact hypersensitivity responses indicated that the different response types would produce different effects on larval speeds and leaving times in the presence of insecticide. Analysis of actual larval movement in treated arenas demonstrated that responses to permethrin consistent with the predictions for pre-contact avoidance did occur. Larval speeds were higher in trials with insecticide droplets than in controls, and these differences arose prior to contact with droplets. When a higher insecticide concentration was used for droplets, the response observed was consistent with a relatively longer distance avoidance response than when droplets had lower permethrin concentrations. Such a response to permethrin should significantly decrease larval exposure to insecticides and increase survival in permethrintreated fields.     

小菜蛾三类主要化感受体基因的虫态、组织和性别表达特异性分析

为明确小菜蛾Plutella xylostella体内主要化感受体的表达分布特性，通过对特定组织转录组数据分析并结合半定量RT-PCR测定，研究小菜蛾气味受体（odorant receptor，OR）、离子型受体（ionotropic receptor，IR）和味觉受体（gustatory receptor，GR）3类化感受体基因在不同虫态、组织及性别中的表达特异性。转录组数据分析结果显示，共有48个OR、8个IR和15个GR基因在被测组织中表达，不同基因呈现不同的组织表达特异性。通过整合基因组和转录组数据分析共获得62个GR基因，其中48个为全长序列；系统进化树分析结果表明，48个全长GR中3个属于CO₂受体，10个属于糖受体，35个属于苦味受体；成虫头（去除触角后）、触角、足、翅、雌成虫产卵器及4龄幼虫头部分别表达19、22、27、21、24和21个GR基因；成虫性别间比较发现，PxylGR2、PxylGR20、PxylGR61基因在雌成虫头部中表达量较高，PxylGR5、PxylGR23、PxylGR34、PxylGR37基因在雌成虫触角中表达量较高，PxylGR37、PxylGR53、PxylGR54基因在雌成虫足中表达量较高，而PxylGR17、PxylGR21和PxylGR22基因在雄性翅中表达量较高。