Atrazine residues in estuarine water and the aerial deposition of atrazine into Rhode River,Maryland

Water samples from the Rhode River, an estuary situated on the western shore of the Chesapeake Bay, were analyzed for atrazine residues twice a week for 2 yr. Precipitation samples; which included dryfall, rainfall, and snowfall were collected with wide-mouth stainless steel collection pans situated about 20 m above ground in an open space. A total of 68 precipitation samples was collected from December 1976 to February 1979. Atrazine residues were detectable in estuarine water and in rainwater year-round. Atrazine residues in estuarine water were generally 6 to 190 ng 1^?1 atrazine residues in rainwater (bulk precipitation) were 3 to 2190 ng 1^?1. Atrazine residues in rainwater samples collected during the winter season (January to April 1977) were unexpectedly high (e.g., 3 to 970 ng 1^?1). The highest atrazine concentration of 2190 ng 1^?1 was detected from a 0.76 cm rainfall event collected on May 19, 1977. Intermittent spraying operations of atrazine within the cornfields were generally done during May of each year. Rain samples collected during May of 1978 also showed higher atrazine residues than the rest of the 1978 growing season, but at levels much less than those detected in 1977 rainwater. Although high atrazine concentrations were detected in winter rainfall, these did not result in similarly higher atrazine concentrations in estuarine receiving waters. Our data showed a decline of atrazine concentrations in estuarine water in October and November which continued until a rainfall following Spring herbicide applications. Atrazine is enriched at the microsurface layer of estuarine water, but direct atmospheric input of atrazine did not seem to contribute significantly to the enrichment mechanism. Atrazine is believed to be transported long distances in polluted air masses. The estuarine microsurface layer could be a source of atmospheric atrazine, but the importance of the source is yet to be determined. Atrazine was quantitatively determined by GC using a nitrogen specific electrolytic detector and was confirmed by GC/Mass.     

北京郊区树冠穿透水中多环芳烃的污染特征与通量计算

2006年和2007年雨季,作为农村非点源污染研究的组成部分,以北京西北郊区城乡结合部的公路绿化带为采样点,对雨水和树冠穿透水中多环芳烃（PAHs）的污染特征和通量进行了研究。共采集10场降雨,分析了雨水和树冠穿透水中溶解相和颗粒相PAHs的浓度。结果显示,树冠穿透水中颗粒相∑16PAHs浓度大于雨水,而溶解相∑16PAHs浓度则小于雨水。降雨过程中树冠叶面对颗粒相PAHs具有释放作用;对溶解相PAHs则有截留作用,降雨后期截留作用的影响减弱。净通量计算结果表明,各场降雨树冠穿透水中溶解相PAHs的净通量大多为负值,颗粒相PAHs的净通量多为正值,树冠穿透水中PAHs的净通量主要来自于颗粒相PAHs。     

Determination of organic acid anions in precipitation by ion chromatography exclusion

A method for the determination of organic acid anions in precipitation samples is described. The technique of ion chromatography exclusion (ICE) is used to identify and quantify the more commonly found anions of the acids citric, formic and acetic in central Illinois rainwater. By using a two column system consisting of a separator and suppressor, method detection limits (MDL) of 0.03 mg L^?1 for each of the three anions are obtained. The total analysis time for quantitation is 24 min. Samples collected from early spring rains contained primarily formate and acetate ions with levels of concentration ranging from 0.03 to 0.44 mg L^?1. The organic acids formic and acetic contributed approximately 8% to the total acidity in the precipitation samples analyzed. Precision averaged 5% as the relative standard deviation (RSD) and analyte spikes of natural precipitation samples revealed a mean recovery of greater than 99%. A preservation technique using chloroform (CHCl₃) addition is discussed with results indicating its necessity in maintaining original organic anion concentrations.     

停车场集雨洗车现场试验简

将雨水集蓄利用技术与停车场的建设发展相结合,可以提高雨水利用的综合效益,实现人、车、环境的和谐发展.针对我国城市雨水的特点,设计出了停车场集雨洗车装置,并通过这套系统在示范区进行雨水集蓄利用现场试验.结果表明：1）设计的集雨洗车装置具有以下特点：雨水处理效果好、雨水不与人体直接接触、可持续供水、实现了水量定量观测.2）不考虑循环用水时的洗车用水定额,免费自助洗车时实测值为58 L/（辆·次）,商业洗车时可取为55 L/（辆·次）.3）过滤装置对雨水的浊度和悬浮物浓度改变较大,对COD、TP、TN等指标没有显著影响;过滤袋式净水器较U型管净水器的过滤效果更为显著.4）本试验场实际收集水量仅占年内可收集径流量的15.1％,雨水利用量还有很大潜力.综上,本研究的集雨洗车装置水质处理效果显著、使用方便,可以广泛推广.     

山地校园不同下垫面雨水径流重金属污染特征和健康风险评估

[目的] 了解山地校园不同下垫面雨水径流重金属污染特征及雨水径流中重金属元素对于人体的健康风险,为山地海绵城市建设提供径流污染控制参考和人员健康保护基础数据。[方法] 2019年7月22日在重庆交通大学针对屋顶、道路、停车场和广场4种典型的下垫面进行了雨水径流的取样监测,并统计分析场次降雨平均浓度（EMC）、电导率（EC）、钠吸附率（SAR）、危险商（HQ）和危险指数（HI）。[结果] 广场径流过程中重金属元素整体变化波动较大,道路雨水径流的重金属健康风险最大而屋顶健康风险最小;大多重金属污染物在产流后的10 min内出现了降幅,其中Fe和Mn的降幅较大,Zn的降幅中等,Cu的降幅最低;As和Cr是雨水径流中健康风险最高的重金属污染物。[结论] 山地校园重金属污染物冲刷速度较快,人流大的下垫面雨水径流中重金属元素变化波动较大,但健康风险较低;车流大的下垫面雨水径流中重金属元素波动较为稳定,但健康风险较高。     

Precipitation chemistry within Kvarner Bay area,Northern Adriatic (Croatia), 1984–1991

The results of rainwater analyses collected at five sampling sites within Kvarner Bay area are presented for the period 1984–1991. The samples were collected on a daily basis in open buckets thus representing bulk samples. Although measurements are referred to as wet deposition samples, they are actually an upper limit for the wet deposition. The rainwater was initially analysed for pH, sulphate and nitrate content, while during the period March 1990 — May 1991 the analyses were extended to major ion concentrations: hydrogen, sulphate, nitrate, chloride, ammonium, sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium. The pH frequency distribution, pH medians and precipitation weighted average (PWA) concentrations of hydrogen, sulphate and nitrate are presented, as well as wet deposition rates of sulphur (as sulphate) and nitrogen (as nitrate). The dependence of hydrogen, sulphate and nitrate mean concentrations on wind directions and seasons for Site 1 is also given. The highest precipitation acidity is obtained at urban and industrial Site 1 (city of Rijeka) because of the local washout of the atmosphere and influence of dry deposition, and at remote Site 4 (Lake Vrana) due to long-range transport. The neutralizing potential of sea salt and soil dust is responsible for partial neutralization of rainwater at other sites. The influence of sea salt on chemical composition of rainwater is observed at all sites. The estimated wet deposition rates of sulphate and nitrate are close to the values reported for Southeast Europe. The wet deposition rate for ammonium ion at Site 1 is almost double comparative regional values.     

Atmospheric pollution in Venice,Italy, as indicated by isotopic analyses

Rainwater samples collected in Venice over a period of about 1 yr were studied along with stone samples collected from buildings and monuments. Isotopic measurements of O, S, and C were carried out on rainwater, rainwater dissolved sulfate, carbonate in stone, and sulfate present in altered limestone, with the purpose of proving that atmospheric pollution is mainly responsible for the deterioration of monuments and buildings. The results obtained lead to the conclusion that, in spite of the geographic position of the city, atmospheric sulfate in Venice is basically tied to the emission of anthropogenic SO₂ and that only minor contribution can be expected from seawater spray and aerosols. The measurements carried out on stone samples clearly indicate that stonework is damaged by the interaction between limestone and S-bearing atmospheric pollutants.     

土壤固化剂用于渠道防渗工程初探

集雨利用是宁南山区旱地农业持续发展的主要方向。根据宁夏南部山区自然和社会经济特点,结合生产技术研究和推广应用实际,总结提出了5种雨水集蓄利用技术模式:小流域集雨综合调配利用模式、坡面集雨与林草建设利用模式、道路集雨补灌农田利用模式、庭院经济集雨利用模式、旱作农田微集雨高效利用模式。并对国家在宁南彭阳县王洼集雨利用技术集成示范区进行了规划设计和效益分析。     

Multivariate statistical analysis of precipitation chemistry in northwestern Spain

149 samples of rainwater were collected in the proximity of a power station in northwestern Spain at three rainwater monitoring stations. We analyze the resulting data using multivariate statistical techniques. Firstly, the Principal Component Analysis shows that there are three main sources of pollution in the area (a marine source, a rural source and an acid source). The impact from pollution from these sources on the immediate environment of the stations is studied using Factorial Discriminant Analysis.     

Effect of Industrial Emission on Atmospheric Wet Deposition

In order to quantify the role of industries on atmospheric depositions, wet depositions were collected at different sites in Singrauli area of Sonbhadra district, U.P., India. Rainwater samples were collected on event basis and were analyzed for pH and concentration of H+ ion, cations and anions. The monthly variations in rainwater pH clearly indicate that early rainfall is more alkaline and as rainy season proceeds rainwater showed lower pH. The pH of rain from June to September varied from 6.6 to 4.8 at most polluted locality. Among different cations, Ca²⁺ showed maximum concentration followed by NH₄ ⁺,Na⁺, Mg²⁺ and then K⁺, whereas among anions sulphate concentration was maximum followed by nitrate and then chloride. A significant positive correlation observed between sulphate and accumulated rainfall suggests that the source of sulphate is mainly the industrial activities. While the negative correlations of other cations with accumulated rain suggest their additional sources in the area. The study clearly indicates that the abundance of alkaline substances reduces the acidity of wet depositions.     

Chemical Characteristics of Precipitation at an Atlantic Station

Weekly or half-monthly bulk rainwater samples were collected over 3 yr (1993–1995) at Porspoder, an Atlantic station near Brest, France. They were analyzed for 0.08 M HNO3-leachable trace metals Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn by direct electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. Major ions and nitrogen species (NO3- and NH4+) in precipitation were determined by ion chromatography. In coastal precitation, a high correlation was observed for major ions having a seawater origin (Na+, CL- and Mg2+. Zn, Cd, Cu, Ni and Pb were well correlated indicating their anthropogenic origin. In the case of nitrogen species and nssSO42- a high correlation with Zn was observed, taken as an anthropogenic pollution tracer. Major ions and nitrogen species were determined according to wind sector direction showing clearly the impact of the pollution at this station attributed to continental air masses. A relative constancy of pH values in all wind directions was observed. Due to an important oceanic influence, trace metal concentrations and annual deposition densities were significantly lower at Porspoder than at North Sea coastal stations. In the case of nitrogen species, the relatively higher concentration levels probably indicated a significant local agricultural contribution.     

Anthropogenic Influences on Annual Flux of Cations and Anions at Meio Stream Basin, São Paulo State, Brazil

The chemical dynamics at Meio Stream Basin, São Paulo State, Brazil were evaluated using major elements as natural tracers. The surface water samples from Meio Stream were collected near the mouth of Meio Stream at the confluence with the Mogi-Guaçu River on February 25, 2005, April 20, 2005, and July 8, 2005. Rainwater samples were collected (using a “bulk” collector) for 1 year at one sampling point located about 4 km from downtown Leme city and other possible sources of contamination. The analyses were performed by pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen, electrical conductivity, total solids, sulfate, nitrate, phosphate, alkalinity, chloride, sodium, calcium, potassium, and magnesium. This basin has serious environmental problems in terms of rainwater and surface water quality, which result in the negative annual flux of cations and anions at Meio Stream Basin, with the exception of chlorine. The Meio Stream, downstream from Leme city, receives several elements/compounds through anthropogenic activities, mainly related to the discharge of domestic effluents. Anthropogenic inputs (mining, fossil fuel burning, and agricultural activities) are responsible for the higher concentrations of cations and anions in the rainwater from this basin.     

Fog- and Rainwater Chemistry in the Tropical Seasonal Rain Forest of Xishuangbanna, Southwest China

Fogwater, fog drip and rainwater chemistry were examined at a tropical seasonal rain forest in Xishuangbanna, southwest China between November 2001 and October 2002. During the period of observation, 204 days with the occurrence of radiation fog were observed and the total duration of fog was 1949 h, of which 1618 h occurred in the dry season (November to April), accounting for 37.0% of the time during the season. The mean pH of fogwater, fog drip and rainwater were 6.78, 7.30, and 6.13, respectively. The ion with the highest concentration for fog- and rainwater was HCO₃ ^?, which amounted to 85.2 and 37.3 μeq l^?1, followed by Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺ and NH₄ ⁺. Concentrations of NO₃ ^?, HCO₃ ^?, NH₄ ⁺, Ca²⁺, and K⁺ in fogwater samples collected in the dry season were significantly greater when compared to those collected in the rainy season. It was found that the ionic concentrations in fog drip were higher than those in fogwater, except for NH₄ ⁺ and H⁺, which was attributed to the washout of the soil- and ash-oriented ions deposited on the leaves and the alkaline ionic emissions by the leaves, since biomass burns are very common in the region and nearby road was widening.     

A short-term microcosm evaluation of CO2 evolution from litter and soil as influenced by SO2 AND SO4 additions

A total of 82 samples of wet and total deposition were sampled near the limestone cathedral at Mechelen, Belgium, which is presently being affected seriously by air pollution, and at a reference site. Most of these samples were analyzed for 10 major and 7 trace ions in solution and for 15 elements in suspension. It appeared that calcite, released from the building, effectively neutralizes the rainwater in the near vicinity and produces high Ca and bicarbonate concentrations. Heavy metal concentrations are hardly affected by the building.     

Long-Term Changes of Particulate Emission in the Industrial Region of Upper Silesia (Poland) and their Effect on the Acidity of Rainwater

The article presents data from ten-year measurements, which provethat the positive effects in particulate emission were accompanied by some adverse effects in the form of acidified rainwater. A distinctive change of rainwater pH in the SilesiaRegion (Poland) was first recorded in the early 90's. While in 1989, pH of over 55% of the investigated rainwater samples wasabove 6, in 1997 the average yearly pH was 4.1 and the pH of20%of the investigated samples was in the range of 3.1–4.0. Seekingthe reason for an increased acidity of rainwater, pH values were compared with emission changes of particulate, SO₂ and NO₂ acrossthe studied area. Emission factors of Ca, Mg, Na and K were determined based on the data of particulate matter emission fromcement production processes, coal combustion processes and metallurgy. This allowed comparing the changes of pH rainwater with the area emissions of alkali elements. An analysis of thecorrelation between pH values and the changes of particulatematter and alkali elements emission as well as SO₂ and NO₂ emission in the area under study showed that particulate emission followed by SO₂ emission had the strongest impact onthe modification of rainwater pH, while the impact of NO₂ emission was less distinctive. Additionally, an analysis was made to investigate the relationbetween rainwater pH and the concentration of alkaline ions inrainwater samples. The highest value r = 0.96 was recorded forMg²⁺ ions, the lowest i.e. r = 0.54 for Ca²⁺ ions.This situation can be explained by the fact that calciumcompounds are the soluble substances among the investigatedmetals. Thus, despite the presence of calcium compounds inrainwater samples, a large amount of their portion does notinfluence rainwater pH.     

Annual monitoring of rainwater sulphate in an urban zone of Rome (Italy)

The sulphate ion concentrations in rainwater samples, collected in a central area of Rome (Italy), were measured by an indirect atomic absorption spectrometric method. The reproducibility of sample preparations and analysis were found to have a max SD: ± 20%. The month to month variation in SO _f4 ^p2? concentration varied from 3 to 27 μg mL^?1.     

城市雨水对生菜产量品质与重金属含量的影响

作为都市农业灌溉用水,城市雨水对农产品食品安全和营养品质的影响深受关注。论文收集自然雨水(T1)、屋顶雨水(T2)和路面雨水(T3),静置沉淀后配置营养液进行水培生菜种植,测量生物产量、生理指标(叶绿素含量、净光合速率、根系活力)、营养指标(可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、维生素C、硝酸盐)和元素含量(Ca、Fe、Mg、Zn、As、Cd、Pb),结果表明:城市雨水重金属含量低于国家标准,可以作为农业灌溉用水;雨水栽培生菜比自来水栽培生菜长势弱、产量低,路面雨水栽培生菜产量最低,单株干质量仅为3.57 g;雨水降低了生菜叶绿素含量和净光合速率,提高了生菜根系活力,屋顶雨水生菜和路面雨水生菜根系活力分别为3.17和4.08 mg/(g·h),雨水栽培生菜的根冠比大于自来水生菜;雨水栽培生菜蛋白质、糖类和Vc含量不比自来水栽培生菜低,自然雨水生菜蛋白质质量分数4.97 mg/g,路面雨水生菜可溶性糖含量1.00%,路面雨水生菜Vc含量1.52 mg/g,分别为各项指标的最高值;供试生菜硝酸盐含量分别为5.62、5.48、6.04和7.04 mg/g,都超过了国家标准3.00 mg/g,这与试验采用1倍剂量营养液和采用硝酸调节p H值有关;雨水生菜有益元素Ca、Mg含量高于自来水生菜,Fe含量低于自来水生菜,雨水生菜总体品质略好于自来水生菜;自来水、自然雨水、屋顶雨水和路面雨水栽培生菜含As量分别为5.83、4.10、4.53和4.60μg/kg,含Cd量分别为0.76、0.78、2.59和1.37μg/kg,含Pb量分别为102.37、118.63、151.53和123.37μg/kg,远小于国家限量值,满足食品安全要求。总之,利用城市雨水作为都市农业灌溉用水,作物长势弱,产量低,但营养品质略好,食品安全,将城市雨水作为都市农业灌溉用水是可行的。     

Soil Contamination in Dumps on the Karstic Areas from the Plateaus (Southeast of Madrid, Spain)

After over 10 years of accumulation of residues in the studied dumps near Madrid, it has been registered low or moderate heavy metals concentrations on the surrounding area. Only occasionally, some rubbish dumps contain significant quantities of Cu, Ni, Zn and Pb. The concentration levels of Pb, Ni, Zn and Cu are safe when they are compared with the surrounding areas levels of heavy metals. The aim of this paper is the analysis of pollutants existing around in the dumps located at the sides of the plateaus of the central valley of the Tajo River (provinces of Madrid and Toledo, Spain). The high karstification rate of the upper layer of these tablelands and the existence of numerous dumps on them (even on their slopes) make these areas vulnerable to heavy metal pollution. However, after several years of use, the concentration of pollutants only reaches moderate values in the studied areas. Dumping materials were collected at four rubbish dumps. The mineralogical composition of the materials were analysed by XRD. Sequential extraction procedure was applied for speciation of the metal forms in the collected samples. Concentrations of Zn, Pb, Ni, Cu, Cr and Cd in extracts were determined by AAS. The studied samples showed high carbonate concentration. Contamination processes are combined there with weathering processes. Heavy metals concentration in control samples (gypsum, limestones, red soils and colluviums) were compared with samples of the studied dump in order to evaluate the pollution level. Concentrations of Zn, Pb, Ni and Cu were variable. The contamination was elevated for samples in depth in relation with weathering process of heavy metals.     

Levels of Lead and other Metals in Citrus Alongside a Motor Road

The present study investigates the accumulation of Pb, Cu, Mn and Zn in leaves of Citrus limon (L.) Burm picked up from a field situated near a busy road. Samples were collected at different distances of 1–500 m from the road. Washed and unwashed foliage of citrus were analyzed by AA. Differences between washed and unwashed samples were found only for lead which indicated a significant reduction in concentration in all distances that come up to 52.35%, the differences evidence that this metal mainly reaches leaves by aerial deposition. Lead concentration in leaves of citrus with regard to distance from the roads decreases rapidly with increasing distance. Lead levels were higher than typical background concentrations. These concentrations indicated that lead pollution on a local scale is caused by emissions from motor vehicles that are still using leaded gasoline, that is, the only source of contamination known in this place. The content of the other metals did not present significant differences between washed and unwashed samples and the concentrations are not a function of the distance from the road.     

贵州省典型城市污水处理厂污泥养分与重金属含量调查

分别采集贵州省8个典型地级城市污水处理厂冬季和夏季的脱水污泥样品,进行室内分析测试,研究其养分和重金属特性。结果表明,贵州省主要地级城市脱水污泥pH为6.5-7.4,盐分含量为0.4-0.9。城市污泥中有机质、全量N、P高于一般农家肥,但全K量较低。污泥中全量重金属Cu、Pb、Ni、Cr、Hg和As均远低于国家农用标准,但一个处理厂污泥Cd、Zn超标,另有一处理厂污泥Cd超标,有3个处理厂污泥存在Zn超标现象。形态分析表明,Cd在多数污泥中化学形态主要是以生物有效态的形式存在,而Zn主要以稳定的化学形态存在,说明Cd存在环境风险,而Zn相对安全,表明贵州地区脱水污泥多数可安全农用,冬季和夏季脱水污泥的养分和重金属浓度没有显著差异。