Influence of organic amendments on Fe,Cu, Mn,and Zn availability and clay minerals of different soils

The effects of application of composted olive mill wastewater sludge (A) and depotassified sugarbeet vinasse (V) on total diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) and sequential extracted micronutrients were investigated. The mineralogy of the fine fraction of soils was also studied. The soils used were a Typic Rhodoxeralf (soil R), a Typic Xeropsamment (soil S), and a Typic Xerorthent (soil C). Fertilization with A and V during 3 years, in general did not significantly affect the total concentration of Fe, Cu, Mn, and Zn versus the control. However, the elements extracted with DTPA generally increased with the organic amendments, more with A than with V. The BCR (European Community Bureau of Reference) sequential extraction indicated that the addition of organic matter generally increased Zn and Mn in the two more available fractions. A great amount of Fe was found in the second and third fractions from the unamended and amended soils. Nevertheless, the sum of the three fractions was enhanced for the organic amendment, except for calcareous soil. The distribution of these elements in the different fractions was significantly affected by the type of soil. The addition of both fertilizers caused modifications in particle size and consequence redistribution of the calcite content between the different fractions.     

长期施用有机肥对土壤和糙米 铜、锌、铁、锰和镉积累的影响

设施氮、磷、钾肥（NPK）、施氮、磷、钾肥兼稻草还田（NPKS）、施氮、磷、钾肥兼2倍稻草还田（NPKS2）、施氮、磷、钾肥兼施紫云英（NPKG）和施氮、磷、钾肥兼施猪粪5个处理的长期定位试验,探讨了长期施用有机肥对土壤和糙米铜、锌、铁、锰和镉含量的影响。结果表明,土壤全铜、全锌和全镉因秸秆还田或施用紫云英、猪粪有明显提高,尤其是施用猪粪,土壤全铜、全锌和全镉较仅施用氮、磷、钾肥分别增长53.6%、23.6%、406.2%,达到极显著水平; 而全铁和全锰各处理间没有显著差异。长期施用有机肥增加了土壤有效态铜、锌和镉含量,其中施用猪粪土壤有效铜、锌和镉含量增加最为显著,分别比NPK处理增长了335.9%、320.8%、421.4%。长期施用猪粪明显地增加了糙米中镉含量,并超过国家卫生标准。长期施用畜禽粪便类的有机肥对农产品的安全应予以足够的关注。     

Effect of liming on extractable Zn, Cu, Fe and Mn in selected Scottish soils

Ten naturally acidic Scottish soils have been limed with CaCO₃ at 0,0.25, 0.50, 0.75, 1.00 and 1.25 times the recommended lime requirement, and then subjected to three cycles of alternate wetting to field capacity at 20°C for 1 month and drying for 1 month. The Zn, Cu, Fe and Mn extracted by DTPA solution, both at pH 7.3 and also after adjustment to match the final soil pH, were measured by flame AAS. The same elements were determined in ammonium acetate extracts, for extractants buffered at pH 4.8, pH 7.0 or at the final soil pH. The effect of extractant pH upon the amounts of trace elements removed is discussed for the two extractants, with particular reference to Zn. The influence of soil pH upon the amounts of trace elements extracted is also considered. There appears to be a distinct relationship between rate of decrease of DTPA-extractable Fe with increasing soil pH and the effect of pH upon DTPA-extractable Zn, high rates of decrease of extractable Fe being associated with a more continuous decline in extractable Zn with increasing soil pH. Possible reasons for this relationship are discussed, in the light of an experiment conducted to examine the effect of Fe and A1 on loss of Zn from solution at high pH. DTPA-extractable Cu varied little with increasing soil pH.     

畜禽粪肥对土壤有效铜锌铁锰含量的影响

采用室内培养和DTPA浸提法研究了鸡粪、牛粪和猪粪等有机肥料对土壤有效Cu、Zn、Fe、Mn含量的影响。结果表明,在供试条件下施用鸡粪、牛粪和猪粪均可使土壤中有效Cu、Mn含量增加,但有效Zn含量降低;施用鸡粪可使土壤有效Fe含量增加,而施用牛粪和猪粪使土壤有效Fe含量降低。增加鸡粪施用量,可使土壤中有效Cu、Zn、Fe、Mn含量增加;培养期间有效Cu、Zn含量变化幅度较小,有效Fe、Mn含量变化较大。     

温室蔬菜栽培对土壤DTPA浸提态铁锰铜锌含量的影响

对沈阳市大民屯镇蔬菜生产基地温室番茄栽培条件下0~30 cm土层土壤DTPA浸提态微量元素含量的调查表明,温室土壤DTPA浸提态Mn、Cu、Zn含量高于相邻的露地菜田,0~20 cm土层DTPA-Fe含量低于露地土壤。与露地菜田相比,高量施肥条件下温室土壤DTPA-Zn富集是微量元素变化的一个主要特征,11年和5年温室土壤0~20 cm土层DTPA-Zn平均含量分别是露地菜田的4.0和4.8倍。温室栽培条件下高量施用有机肥、土壤pH降低及土壤Eh变化是引起土壤DTPA浸提态微量元素变化的主要因素。     

鸡粪等有机肥料的养分释放及对土壤有效铜、锌、铁、锰含量的影响

采用室内培养法研究鸡粪、牛粪和猪粪等畜禽有机肥料的矿化率和速效氮、磷、钾养分释放特性,并探讨施用有机肥料对土壤有效铜、锌、铁、锰含量的影响。结果表明,鸡粪、牛粪和猪粪等畜禽有机肥料当季(120d)有机碳矿化率分别为87．5％、71．9％和55．4％,碱解氮释放量分别为39．9％、20．6％和35．3％,速效磷释放量分别为24．6％、61．3％和34．8％,速效钾释放量分别为78．8％、36．8％和41．5％。供试条件下土壤有效铜、锰含量增加,但有效锌含量降低,施用鸡粪可使土壤有效铁含量增加,而施用牛粪和猪粪则使土壤有效铁含量降低。     

鸡粪等有机肥料的养分释放及土壤有效铜、锌、铁、锰含量的影响

采用室内培养法研究鸡粪、牛粪和猪粪等畜禽有机肥料的矿化率和速效氮、磷、钾养分释放特性,并探讨施用有机肥料对土壤有效铜、锌、铁、锰含量的影响.结果表明,鸡粪、牛粪和猪粪等畜禽有机肥料当季(120d)有机碳矿化率分别为87.5%、71.9%和55.4%,碱解氮释放量分别为39.9%、20.6%和35.3%,速效磷释放量分别为24.6%、61.3%和34.8%,速效钾释放量分别为78.8%、36.8%和41.5%.供试条件下土壤有效铜、锰含量增加,但有效锌含量降低,施用鸡粪可使土壤有效铁含量增加,而施用牛粪和猪粪则使土壤有效铁含量降低.     

氧化/磺化腐殖酸对潮土中Cu、Zn、Fe、Mn有效性的影响

【目的】研究比较改性腐殖酸对潮土微量元素有效性的影响及其作用机理,以期为开发提高微量元素有效性的专用腐殖酸功能材料提供科学依据。【方法】采用土壤培养法,将腐殖酸 (HA)、氧化腐殖酸 (YHA) 和磺化腐殖酸 (SHA) 分别按30、100、300 mg/kg用量与干土混匀装入培养瓶中,调节含水量至田间持水量的60%,置于25℃人工气候箱中进行恒温培养,并保持土壤湿度恒定。分别在培养第3、7、15、30、60天取样,测定土壤有效铜、锌、铁、锰含量。【结果】三种腐殖酸对土壤Cu、Zn、Fe、Mn有效性的影响大小依次为HA>YHA>SHA。施用30～300 mg/kg 腐殖酸 (HA) 可显著提高土壤有效铜含量,特别是在15～30天内,土壤有效铜含量提升幅度可达51.3%,明显优于氧化腐殖酸和磺化腐殖酸;施用三种腐殖酸30～300 mg/kg可在15天内增加土壤有效锌含量,其中以腐殖酸 (HA) 效果最好,土壤有效锌含量增幅可达11.8%～20.3%,优于氧化腐殖酸、磺化腐殖酸;30～100 mg/kg用量下,施用腐殖酸 (HA) 可在15天内使土壤有效锰含量提升5.6%,效果优于氧化腐殖酸和磺化腐殖酸,300 mg/kg用量下,磺化腐殖酸可使土壤有效锰含量提升13.6%;施用30～300 mg/kg的腐殖酸 (HA) 一周后,土壤有效铁含量提高4.3%～7.2%,磺化腐殖酸或氧化腐殖酸用量分别在30 mg/kg和300 mg/kg时可提高土壤铁有效性。【结论】施用腐殖酸可显著提升潮土铜的有效性,但对潮土锌、锰、铁有效性的影响呈现出阶段性变化,不同结构腐殖酸对潮土微量元素有效性的影响差异较大,以HA对元素有效性的影响最大。因此,腐殖酸应用于提升微量元素有效性时,需考虑腐殖酸本身性质及施用时期等因素。     

氮肥对啤酒大麦Zn、Mn、Fe、Mo营养效应的研究

以黄褐土为基质进行盆栽试验。结果表明,啤酒大麦植株体内Ｚｎ、Ｍｎ、Ｆｅ、Ｍｏ含量、积累量及其吸收速率等,因施Ｎ水平及生育期的不同而差异很大,从而影响其产量和品质。经统计分析,以施Ｎ０．０８～０．１２ｇ／ｋｇ土为最佳。     

Crop Residue Effects on Total and Dissolved Losses of Fe,Mn, Cu,and Zn by Runoff

Runoff may cause losses of micronutrients from soils. This can result in environmental problems such as contaminant transfers to water or a decrease in soil fertility. Appropriate soil management may reduce these micronutrient losses. This study examined the effect of applying crop residues to the soil surface on iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn) losses by runoff. Runoff and sediment yield were measured on 1-m² plots using a rainfall simulator with constant 65 mm h^?1 intensity. Eight successive rainfall applications were performed at 65 mm each. Corn (Zea mays L.) straw was applied to plots at rates ranging from 0 to 8 t ha^?1. Both total and dissolved concentrations of the micronutrients studied were decreased by corn straw applications. After 520 mm cumulative rainfall, total soil losses ranged from 150 to 15354 kg ha^?1 depending on the amount of corn straw applied. Total micronutrient concentrations in runoff were as follows: Fe from 14.98 to 611.12 mg L^?1, Mn from 0.03 to 0.61 mg L^?1, Cu from 0.10 to 1.43 mg L^?1, and Zn from 0.21 to 5.45 mg L^?1. The relative contribution of the dissolved fraction to the total micronutrient content loss was low, but varied depending on the nutrient, being less than 1 percent for Fe and Mn and almost 10 percent for Zn. Total and dissolved concentrations in runoff of the studied elements decreased exponentially as the rate of applied corn straw increased. In conclusion, the addition of corn straw to soil reduced micronutrient losses.     

The effects of applied crop residues on losses of Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn in run-off from a soil prone to crusting

Tillage practices may reduce the organic matter content in near-surface soil horizons causing crust formation. Surface conditions may cause an increase in surface run-off, thus enhancing contaminant transfer of heavy metals or an acceleration in nutrient loss. This study examines the effect of applying crop residues to the surface of tilled soils on heavy metal losses by run-off. Losses in iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) were analysed. Run-off and sediment yield were measured on 1 m² plots using a rainfall simulator with a constant 65 mm/h intensity. Four successive rainfall applications were performed, the first three at 25 mm each and the last at 65 mm. Added corn straw varied between 0 and 4 t/ha in the five studied treatments. After 140 mm cumulative rainfall, total heavy metal losses were as follows: Fe from 137 to 950 mg/L, Mn from 2.3 to 12.83 mg/L, Cu from 0.09 to 0.72 mg/L and Zn from 0.31 to 2.46 mg/L. Dissolved fractions were as follows: Fe from 0.014 to 0.229 mg/L, Mn from 0.034 to 1.45 mg/L, Cu from 0.002 to 0.013 mg/L and Zn from 0.02 to 0.12 mg/L. Total concentrations of the studied elements decreased exponentially due to the effect of corn straw on soil loss. However, dissolved contents of Fe and Cu scarcely varied. Significant positive linear correlations were observed between total heavy metal content and soil and sediment loss by run-off. It is concluded that the addition of straw to a soil of low fertility prevents heavy metal loss.     

三江平原白浆土中Fe、Mn、Cu和Zn生物有效性的研究

在三江平原上,测定 42 个小区中玉米、大豆、小麦籽实 Fe、Mn、Cu 和 Zn 含量和土壤中各形态 Fe、Mn、Cu 和Zn含量.通过相关分析和通径分析,探讨了土壤中各形态Fe、Mn、Cu 和 Zn 的生物有效性,旨在为该地区合理施用微量元素提供科学依据.试验结果表明,玉米、大豆和小麦籽实含 Fe、Mn、Cu 和 Zn 量与土壤中有效态和交换态 Fe、Mn、Cu和Zn含量呈显著或极显著正相关.有机态 Fe、Mn、Cu 和 Zn含量与玉米、大豆和小麦籽实Fe、Mn、Cu 和 Zn含量也有很好的相关关系.交换态对有效态 Fe、Mn、Cu 和 Zn 影响最大,其次是有机质结合态.铁锰氧化物结合态 Fe、Cu 对有效态 Fe、Cu 及碳酸盐结合态 Mn、Zn 对有效态 Mn、Zn 具有一定正效应.而残留态 Fe、Cu 对有效态 Fe、Cu 和铁锰氧化物结合态 Mn 对有效态 Mn 产生负效应.     

西昌市土壤Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn有效性评价及其影响因素分析

在分析西昌市土壤微量元素Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn有效含量状况及其分布特征的基础上,从成土母质、土地利用方式、有机质和pH等4个方面探讨其对土壤微量元素有效含量的影响。结果表明:西昌市土壤有效Fe含量丰富,有效Cu和Zn略低且分布不均,有效锰有32.18%的土壤缺乏。成土母质是重要的影响因素,第四纪紫色洪冲积物发育的土壤Fe、Mn、Zn有效含量较高,二迭纪岩浆岩洪冲积物发育的土壤有效Cu含量较高,坡残积物发育的土壤4种微量元素有效态含量均较低;水田土壤各元素有效含量均大于旱地;有机质与有效Fe、Cu间显著正相关;pH值在中性偏碱时,有效Cu和Zn含量较低。     

光倒剌鲃肌肉中钙、磷、铁、锰、锌、铜、硒的初步测定

用常规方法对光倒剌 Spinibarbushollandi Oshima肌肉中几种矿物元素 (亦称生命元素 )进行分析 ,结果表明 :每 1 0 0 g干样中含钙 85.6mg,磷 1 0 0 .4 mg,铁 3.51 mg,锰 2 .4 5mg,锌 5.37mg,铜0 .2 8mg,硒 34 6.3μg。认为光倒剌是一种营养价值较高 ,具有重要开发价值的优质淡水鱼类     

光倒剌繴肌肉中钙、磷、铁、锰、锌、铜、硒的初步测定

用常规方法对光倒剌繵Spinibarbus hollandi Oshima肌肉中几种矿物元素（亦称生命元素）进行分析，结果表明每100g干样中含钙85.6mg,磷100.4mg,铁3.51mg,锰2.45mg,锌5.37mg,铜0.28mg,硒346.3μg。认为光倒剌繵是一种营养价值较高，具有重要开发价值的优质淡水鱼类。     

Mechanisms for the Movement of Fe,Mn,Cu and Zn to Plant Roots in Loessal Soil and Lou Soil

The pot experiments were conducted in the artificial climate laboratories to determine the relative importance of mass flow and diffusion in supplying ,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn to wheat,soybean and maize plants growing in loessal soil and lou soil.It was found that the calculated relative contribution of mass flow of iron,manganese,copper and zinc to plant uptake varied from 5% to more than 100%,depending on the crop species and soil types as well as plant growth stage,soil moisture,atmosphere humidity,etc.The results also showed that the major transportation mechanisms of these micronutrients in soil-root system varied with the crop and its growth,climate and soil,singnificantly,In general,mass flow was more important for Cu and Zn and diffusion was more significant for Fe and Mn at the seedling stage.     

Factors affecting the concentration of Zn,Fe and Mn in herbage from organic farms and in relation to dietary requirements of ruminants

To obtain a general picture of the herbage zinc, iron and manganese concentrations and their relation to dietary requirements of ruminants on organic farms, we analysed soil and herbage samples from four regions in Norway. The soil median Zn, Fe and Mn concentrations were 0.18, 13 and 0.84 mg/L, respectively. The herbage median (10th–90th percentile) Zn, Fe and Mn concentrations (mg/kg) in herbage in the first cut were 19 (14–34), 50 (36–88), 34 (22–86) and in the second cut 21 (16–37), 84 (52–171) and 66 (36–205), respectively. The results of mixed model analysis of herbage Zn, Fe and Mn indicate that soil pH, soil texture, soil mineral concentration and botanical composition are the most influencing factors. We conclude that Zn, Fe and Mn did not limit plant growth, and that the herbage concentrations, except for Zn, were sufficient to meet the dietary needs of ruminants on organic dairy farms.     

施肥结构对砂质潮土中微量营养元素空间变化的影响

本文通过长期定位施肥试验 ,分析了不同施肥结构对砂质潮土交换性钙、镁及有效硫、锌、锰、铜、铁等在 0～ 1 2 0cm土体中空间分布变化的影响 .结果表明 ,磷肥明显提高土壤交换性钙的含量 ,而有机肥与氮肥对土壤钙含量无明显影响 .但有机肥显著增加土壤交换性镁含量 ,各层镁含量与有机肥用量呈显著或极显著正相关 ,磷肥同样对土壤镁有提高作用 ,但氮肥无论是否与有机肥配施均降低了土壤各层交换性镁含量 .土壤 0～ 4 0cm有效锌、锰、铁均随有机肥增加而增加 ,并与有机肥用量呈极显著正相关 .而化肥无论是否与有机肥配施均降低土壤有效锌含量 ,但却增加了有效铁含量 .氮肥单施降低土壤有效锰含量 .在无有机肥情况下 ,施磷提高土壤有效铁含量 ,而在施有机肥条件下磷肥则降低耕层有效铁含量 .磷肥只在单施化肥时增加土壤有效锰含量     

小黑麦子粒中铁、锰、铜、锌含量对氮素反应的品种差异及其类型

采用盆栽试验,以31份具有不同遗传背景的小黑麦品种为材料,设低氮和正常供氮2个氮素水平,探讨小黑麦子粒中铁、锰、铜、锌含量对氮素反应的品种差异及其类型。结果表明: 1）不同供氮条件下,小黑麦子粒中铁、锌含量以正常供氮显著高于低氮条件,锰、铜含量在两个供氮条件下差异不显著;相同供氮条件下,小黑麦子粒中铁、锰、铜、锌含量存在显著的品种差异,变异系数为15.07 %～38.69 %。2） 铁、锰、铜、锌含量对氮素供应的敏感性存在差异,以各小黑麦品种子粒微量元素含量对氮素响应的敏感程度,可将其分为钝感型、中间型和敏感型3种类型。3）相关分析表明,铁、锰含量与粒重相关性不显著,铜、锌含量与粒重呈极显著正相关（相关系数分别为0.45、0.44）;铁、锰、铜、锌含量与子粒中含氮量呈极显著正相关（相关系数分别为0.34、0.55、0.47、0.71）。这些结果可为小黑麦营养品质有利基因的发掘和运用提供参考依据。