对生长激素的免疫调控

动物生长是个复杂的代谢过程,受基因、激素、营养、环境等多方面的影响,这些因素直接或间接作用内分泌系统而实现对生长的影响。生长激素（GH）是由脑垂体分泌的激素,主要作用是促进RNA的合成,使器官得到生长和发育。动物的生长是由下丘脑一垂体一生长激素调节系统来调节。下丘脑分泌的生长激素释放因子（GRF）和生长素抑制激素（SS）属于高位调节因子,他们可以调节动物体内激素的整体水平,     

神经肽Y的研究进展

神经肽Ｙ（ＮＰＹ）是一种含３６个氨基酸的活性多肽，广泛分布于动物中构和外周神经元及机体组织，器官和腺体内，影响动物采集，激素分泌，心血管效应，调节体温，生物节律，性行为及动物情绪等多种功能。     

神经肽Y的研究进展

神经肽Ｙ（ＮＰＹ）是一种含３６个氨基酸的活性多肽，广泛分布于动物中枢和外周神经元及机体组织、器官和腺体内，影响动物采食、激素分泌、心血管效应、调节体温、生物节律、性行为及动物情绪等多种功能。     

瘦素(Leptin)与动物生殖调节

瘦素（Leptin）是一种由ob基因（肥胖基因）编码并主要由脂肪细胞分泌的蛋白质类激素,由167个氨基酸组成的分子量为16000道尔顿的多肽,广泛存在于动物组织、器官中。它作为一种代谢信号对下丘脑-垂体-性腺轴发挥功能,对动物生殖的调控有重要意义。     

瘦素对动物初情期启动的调控

瘦素是一种主要由脂肪组织分泌的蛋白质激素，瘦素不仅调节体内的能量平衡，而且影响动物的生殖。它传递体内的营养状态和能量储存信号对中枢神经系统，在调控动物初情期启动的时间上占据一定的地位，但瘦素的作用机理目前还不清楚。     

生长抑素抑制剂—半胱胺在畜牧业中的应用

近年来由于大量、无节制的在畜禽饲料添加剂中使用抗生素和化学合成药物，使畜产品（食肉）的安全性受到人们的极大关注。如何通过神经内分泌的途径来调控畜禽的生长，已成为近期相关研究的热点。众所周知，动物的生长受到许多激素的影响，但起主要作用是生长激素（ GH），在动物体内生长激素的生成及释放受到下丘脑生长激素释放因子—— GHRF（在禽类为促甲状腺素—— TSH）和生长抑素—— SS的双重控制。其中 SS来源于神经系统和胃肠道产生的肽类激素，它的生理作用是对动物的生长激素、甲状腺素、胰岛素等代谢激素起抑制性调节作用…     

Leptin的生殖调控机制研究进展

Ｌｅｐｔｉｎ是一种具有多种生殖生理效应的活性多肽。研究表明，它促进生殖系统发育，参与卵母细胞动物极的决定，影响内细胞团的建立和滋养层的形成。在妊娠中参与附植，母体妊娠状态，胎盘功能和胎儿生长发育的调节，另外还影响多种生殖激素的释放。     

半胱胺对动物的作用及应用效果

动物的生长受多种激素的调节,其中生长激素（GH）在动物生长中起核心作用。在哺乳动物体内,生长激素的合成、释放受下丘脑生长激素释放因子（GHRF）和生长抑素（SS）的双重控制,GHRF促进GH的分泌,SS抑制GH的分泌,机体内SS的浓度与生长速度间存在着显著的负相关（Spencer,1986）。在禽类中尚未发现GHRF的存在,一般认为是通过促甲状腺素（TSH）来调控GH,SS则同样具有抑制作用。GH在机体发挥生理作用,促进细胞生长,需有生长素介质（IGFs）的介导（Maurice,1988）。在动物神经系统和胃肠道内可广泛产生SS,它对机体…     

使用促排卵素3号〔LRH－A3〕提高长白母猪产仔数试验

使用促排卵素３号〔ＬＲＨ－Ａ３〕提高长白母猪产仔数试验陈呈锋（浙江省浦江县农业局３２２２００）缪永兴，徐寿堂（浙江省浦江县外贸猪场）前言ＬＲＨ－Ａ３是由氨基酸合成的多肽激素，是一种高效、价廉无副作用的生殖激素。它能促使动物垂体分泌促黄体素（ＬＨ）和促...     

瘦素受体研究进展

瘦素（Leptin）是肥胖基因（obese gene,ob基因)的蛋白质表达产物,是一种主要由脂肪细胞分泌的蛋白质,其作用主要是调节动物的能量代谢和生殖活动。与其它激素一样,Leptin必须与其受体特异性结合后才能发挥其生理功能。作者从瘦素受体（Leptin receptor或OB-R）角度出发,探讨了OB-R的结构、组织分布、生物学功能及Leptin与OB-R间的信号传导,为进一步研究Leptin的作用提供参考。     

Role of leptin in farm animals: a review

The discovery of hormone leptin has led to better understanding of the energy balance control. In addition to its effects on food intake and energy expenditure, leptin has now been implicated as a mediator of diverse physiological functions. Recently, leptin has been cloned in several domestic species. The sequence similarity suggests a common function or mechanism of this peptide hormone across species. Leptin receptors are expressed in most of tissues, which is consistent with the multiplicity of leptin functions. The main goal of this review was to summarize knowledge about effect of leptin on physiology of farm animals. Experiments point to a stimulatory action of leptin on growth hormone (GH) secretion, normal growth and development of the brain. Surprisingly, leptin is synthesized at a high rate in placenta and may function as a growth factor for fetus, signalling the nutritional status from the mother to her offspring. Maturation of reproductive system can be stimulated by leptin administration. Morphological and hormonal changes, consistent with a major role of leptin in the reproductive system, have also been described, including the stimulation of the release of luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and prolactin. Leptin has a substantial effect on food intake and feeding behaviour in animals. Administration of leptin reduces food intake. Its level decrease within hours after initiation of fasting. Leptin also serves as a mediator of the adaptation to fasting, and this role may be the primary function for which was the molecule evolved.     

Leptin: a metabolic signal affecting central regulation of reproduction in the pig

The discovery of the obesity gene and its product, leptin, it is now possible to examine the relationship between body fat and the neuroendocrine axis. A minimum percentage of body fat may be linked to onset of puberty and weaning-to-estrus interval in the pig. Adipose tissue is no longer considered as only a depot to store excess energy in the form of fat. Recent findings demonstrate that numerous genes, i.e., relaxin, interleukins and other cytokines and biologically active substances such as leptin, insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), IGF-II and Agouti protein are produced by porcine adipose tissue, which could have a profound effect on appetite and the reproductive axis. Hypothalamic neurons are transsynaptically connected to porcine adipose tissue and may regulate adipose tissue function. In the pig nutritional signals such as leptin are detected by the central nervous system (CNS) and translated by the neuroendocrine system into signals, which regulate appetite, hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) release and subsequent luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion. Furthermore, leptin directly affects LH secretion from the pituitary gland independent of CNS input. Changes in body weight or nutritional status are characterized by altered adipocyte function a reduction in adipose tissue leptin expression, serum leptin concentrations and a concurrent decrease in LH secretion. During pubertal development serum leptin levels, hypothalamic leptin receptor mRNA and estrogen-induced leptin gene expression in fat increased with age and adiposity in the pig and this occurred at the time of expected puberty. In the lactating sow serum and milk leptin concentrations were positively correlated with backfat thickness and level of dietary energy fed during gestation as well as feed consumption. Although, these results identify leptin as a putative signal that links metabolic status and neuroendocrine control of reproduction, other adipocyte protein products may play an important role in regulating the reproductive axis in the pig.     

Regulatory roles of leptin in reproduction and metabolism: a comparative review

Leptin plays an important role in signaling nutritional status to the central reproductive axis of mammals and appears to be at least a permissive factor in the initiation of puberty. The expression and secretion of leptin are correlated with body fat mass and are acutely affected by changes in feed intake. Moreover, circulating leptin increases during pubertal development in rodents, human females and heifers. Effects of leptin are mediated mainly via receptor activation of the JAK-STAT pathway; however, activation of alternative pathways, such as MAP kinase, has also been reported. Although the leptin receptor (LR) has not been found on GnRH neurons, leptin stimulates the release of GnRH from rat and porcine hypothalamic explants. Moreover, leptin increases the release of LH in rats and from adenohypophyseal explants and/or cells from full-fed rats and pigs. In contrast, stimulation of the hypothalamic-gonadotropic axis by leptin in cattle and sheep is observed predominantly in animals and tissues pre-exposed to profound negative energy balance. For example, leptin prevents fasting-mediated reductions in the frequency of LH pulses in peripubertal heifers, augments the magnitude of LH and GnRH pulses in fasted cows, and enhances basal secretion of LH in vivo and from adenohypophyseal explants of fasted cows. However, leptin is incapable of accelerating the frequency of LH pulses in prepubertal heifers, regardless of nutrient status, and has no effect on the secretion of GnRH and LH in full-fed cattle or hypothalamic/hypophyseal explants derived thereof. Similar to results obtained with LH, basal secretion of GH from anterior pituitary explants of fasted, but not normal-fed cows, was potentiated acutely by low, but not high, doses of leptin. Mechanisms through which undernutrition hypersensitize the hypothalamic-gonadotropic axis to leptin may involve up-regulation of the LR. However, an increase in LR mRNA expression is not a requisite feature of heightened adenohypophyseal responses in fasted cattle. To date, leptin has not been successful for inducing puberty in ruminants. Future therapeutic uses for recombinant leptin that exploit states of nutritional hypersensitization, and identification of genetic markers for genotypic variation in leptin resistance, are currently under investigation.     

The isoflavone daidzein directly affects porcine ovarian cell functions and modifies the effect of follicle‐stimulating hormone

The key biological active molecule of soya is the isoflavone daidzein, which possesses phytoestrogenic activity. The direct effect of soya and daidzein on ovarian cell functions is not known. This study examined the effect of daidzein on basic porcine ovarian granulosa cell functions and the response to follicle‐stimulating hormone (FSH). We studied the effects of daidzein (0, 1, 10 and 100 μm ), FSH (0, 0.01, 0.1, 1 IU/ml) and combinations of FSH (0, 0.01, 0.1, 1 IU/ml) + daidzein (50 μm ) on proliferation, apoptosis and hormone release from cultured porcine ovarian granulosa cells and ovarian follicles. The expression of a proliferation‐related peptide (PCNA) and an apoptosis‐related peptide (Bax) was analysed using immunocytochemistry. The release of progesterone (P4) and testosterone (T) was detected using EIA. Leptin output was analysed using RIA. Daidzein administration increased granulosa cell proliferation, apoptosis and T and leptin release but inhibited P4 output. Daidzein also increased T release and decreased P4 release from cultured ovarian follicles. Follicle‐stimulating hormone stimulated granulosa cell proliferation, apoptosis and P4, T and leptin release. The addition of daidzein promoted FSH‐stimulated apoptosis (but not proliferation) but suppressed FSH‐stimulated P4, T and leptin release. Our observations of FSH action confirm previous data on the stimulatory effect of FSH on ovarian cell proliferation, apoptosis and steroidogenesis and demonstrate for the first time the involvement of FSH in the upregulation of ovarian leptin release. Our observations of daidzein effects demonstrated for the first time that this soya isoflavone affected basic ovarian cell functions (proliferation, apoptosis and hormones release) and modified the effects of FSH. Daidzein promoted FSH action on ovarian cell proliferation and apoptosis and suppressed, and even inverted, FSH action on hormone release. The direct action of daidzein on basic ovarian cell functions and the ability of these cells to respond to FSH indicate the potential influence of soya‐containing diets on female reproductive processes via direct action on the ovary.     

Porcine leptin inhibits protein breakdown and stimulates fatty acid oxidation in C2C12 myotubes

This study evaluated the potential mechanism(s) by which leptin treatment inhibits loss of muscle mass with fasting. Cultures of C2C12 myoblasts were differentiated into myotubes with 5% (vol/vol) horse serum in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium/F12. These myotubes were used to assess 3H-tyrosine incorporation and release following incubation with recombinant porcine leptin (0 to 500 ng/mL). Protein synthesis in myotubes, as measured by 3H-tyrosine incorporation, was not affected by leptin treatment (P > 0.05). Protein breakdown in C2C12 myotubes, as measured by 3H-tyrosine release, was inhibited by leptin treatment. A leptin concentration of 0.5 ng/mL was sufficient to inhibit 3H-tyrosine release by 3.5% (P < 0.05); 50 ng/mL produced a maximal inhibition of 10.2% (P < 0.05). Dexamethasone (1 microM) was used to maximally stimulate protein breakdown. Leptin (50 ng/mL leptin) decreased dexamethasone-induced 3H-tyrosine release by 32% (P < 0.05). The inhibition of 3H-tyrosine release in C2C12 myotubes suggests that leptin produces a protein-sparing effect in vitro by inhibiting protein breakdown. Fatty acid metabolism also was investigated because fatty acids are a major energy source for muscle during periods of reduced intake, as occurs with leptin treatment. Acute (4 h) and chronic (24 h) exposures to porcine leptin (0 to 500 ng/mL) were used to evaluate 14C-palmitate oxidation. Acute leptin treatment had no effect (P > 0.05) on palmitate metabolism. Chronic leptin exposure resulted in up to a 26% increase in palmitate oxidation (P < 0.05). The stimulation of fatty acid oxidation with chronic leptin treatment suggests that leptin spares other energy sources in muscle from oxidation during periods of a leptin-induced decrease in feed intake.     

瘦素对雌性哺乳动物生殖活动的调节

瘦素不仅对于包括人类在内的哺乳动物的肥胖产生直接而明显的作用,而且对生殖系统也有着重要的影响。已有充分的证据表明,瘦素的这两种作用并不是独立的,而是紧密联系在一起的。瘦素与其他多种信号分子一道,通过对中枢神经系统如下丘脑和垂体以及外周组织器官如卵巢、子宫和胎盘等多个环节,广泛参与对生殖活动的调节。     

Intracerebroventricular Infusion of Leptin into Mature Merino Rams of Different Metabolic Status: Effects on Blood Concentrations of Glucose and Reproductive and Metabolic Hormones

In mature Merino rams, nutrition is one of the external cues that most strongly affects the reproductive centres of the preoptic-hypothalamic continuum. The signalling pathways that link dietary status and the activity of the neurones that produce gonadotrophin-releasing hormone signals are thought to be partly hormonal in nature to reflect the amount of body reserves. Among the hormones thought to be involved are insulin and leptin. This study tested whether recombinant bovine leptin infused (0.4 microg/h) into the third cerebral ventricle would stimulate pulsatile luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion in mature Merino rams when their energy status was low or decreasing, during both chronic (fasting) and acute reductions of energy balance. Leptin may interact with other hormones that depend on energy availability, so we also monitored changes in circulating concentrations of insulin, thyroid hormones, growth hormone, prolactin and adrenocorticotrophin. Overall, our data do not support this hypothesis. The dietary regimes induced clear responses in the metabolic profiles of the animals but there was no clear effect of central leptin administration on LH pulse frequency. The relationships between the hormonal systems measured in the present study add weight to the contention that leptin plays only a permissive role in the nutritional control of the reproductive axis and that other hormonal signals (particularly insulin) or pathways are acting in concert with leptin to stimulate the reproductive axis.     

代谢信号对能量影响猪卵泡发育的作用

动物体内的许多激素和因子通过内分泌活动把能量摄入和繁殖系统联系起来。卵巢上卵泡的发育是雌性动物繁殖系统中的重要因素,是繁殖性能的基础。猪的生产是人们生活中主要的肉类来源之一,能量对猪卵泡发育的影响日益受到关注。日粮能量水平的变化会影响到体内循环与营养代谢相关的激素和因子,而这些激素和因子的变化可能会作为代谢信号对卵泡的发育产生影响。这些代谢信号包括胰岛素、瘦素和胰岛素样生长因子-Ⅰ等。研究表明,代谢信号对下丘脑、垂体和卵巢均有影响。在胰岛素、瘦素和胰岛素样生长因子-Ⅰ等代谢信号的介导下,日粮能量营养因素通过改变下丘脑-垂体-卵巢轴的活性,对雌性动物的卵泡发育产生影响。     

A new perspective on management of reproduction in dairy cows: the need for detailed metabolic information, an improved selection index and extended lactation

For lactating dairy cows, we need management tools, that are "clean, green and ethical", cost-effective and easy to use. Specific tools are needed for artificial insemination (AI) after oestrus detection within a few months of calving, and for managing the complex nutritional requirements of cows between successive calvings. Assessment of energy deficit by measurement of body condition score (BCS) has been useful in the past but we now need more sophisticated ways to measure the relationship between adipose tissue and fertility. For this reason, we have focused our attention on the cells of the adipose tissue, the adipocytes, and the role of the hormone that they produce, leptin. This hormone affects pulsatile LH release and, in dairy cows, it seems to be linked to the first postpartum ovulation. Adipocytes are always sensing energy status and they control leptin secretion dynamically, so blood leptin concentrations can change acutely, even when there is no detectable change in BCS. Leptin secretion seems to be determined by the secretory activity of each adipocyte as well as the total mass of adipocytes in the body of the animal (as measured by BCS). The strong relationship between BCS, leptin concentration and reproductive function in dairy cows suggests that we should reconsider the interval of the recovery from prepartum and postpartum damages, the need for high milk yields at the last lactation causing the dry-off stress and the subsequent troubles. We should also re-assess the current drive to reduce calving interval because milk yields during the early stages of lactation are economically very important but high yields seem to cause several metabolic and reproductive disorders in modern dairy cows. In general, the thinking has been that calving interval must be short because short intervals are more profitable. However, if we remember that main product from dairy cows is milk and that a short calving interval is very difficult without reproductive problems, then a longer calving interval might be more sensible and also more profitable. We have example of an extended calving interval in Japan, Supercows which are very rare cows yielding remarkable high milk. Finally, we probably need to improve dairy cows genetically if we are to achieve the goal of "clean, green and ethical" dairy farming. This paper reviews data relevant to these strategies and we conclude that more basic and applied research will be required if we are to find ways to reach that goal.