甜菜丛根病综合防治技术研究Ⅱ.综合防治技术示范

对３个引进品种在不同病害程度条件下示范试验结果表明,在重病绝产地,平均根产量达６７ｔ／ｈｍ＾２,增产３７％～４７０％,Ｂｅｔａ４０３５和Ｂｅｔａ４７７６的含糖率高达１７％以上;在中度病田,平均根产量为８０．９ｔ／ｈｍ＾２,增产２１０％～２６０％,含糖平均在１５．１％;在轻病地,平均根产量高达８７．９ｔ／ｈｍ＾２,增产１５３％～１６０％,含粮率平均为１５．２％。真实地反映了这项综合防治技术的可行性和引进品种的适应性及稳定性,展示了良好的应用前景。     

水稻种子包衣处理技术应用效果研究

通过对水稻早、晚两季２个组合（威优１１２６、威优４６）种子包衣试验观察,发芽率为９３．６８％（幅度为９１．０％～９６．５％）,成秧率为７４．７５％（幅度为６８．０％～８３．７％）,成秧率比未包衣对照种子高１９．５５％。经测产验收,包衣种子的早稻平均产量６．８２ｔ／ｈｍ２,晚稻平均产量７．４７ｔ／ｈｍ２,分别比对照增产５．７％和２．８％。     

深耕对甜菜生长有促进作用

新疆焉耆垦区属甜菜高产区，甜菜种植面积４６６７ｈｍ２左右，平均单产近６０ｔ／ｈｍ２。２４团１９９７年甜菜种植面积达８００ｈｍ２，单产６３ｔ／ｈｍ２，含糖率１６％。其高产的主要技术措施：１．采用地膜覆盖栽培技术；２．增加化肥投入量，提高Ｐ、Ｎ比（每吨甜...     

甘薯新品种绵薯四号的生产力及其它特性研究

甘薯新品种绵薯四号在５年３９点次的试验中,平均鲜薯产量２８．５４ｔ／ｈｍ＾２,藤叶产量２４．４３ｔ／ｙｍ６２,分别比对照南薯８８增产１３．７１５和２５．３５％。烘干率２７．０％,出粉率１４％－１６％,维生素Ｃ含量３１．２ｍｇ／１００ｇ,鲜薯粗蛋白含量１．６２％,类胡萝卜素含量２．９２ｍｇ／ｋｇ。     

夏花生矮化密植增产效果的研究

矮化处理低、中、高三个不同密度的夏花生，其株高比对照处理３个相应密度均矮１０ｃｍ左右。结实指数分别提高８．１４％、１０．２％和１８．８１％；饱果指数分别提高２．１４％、６．９３％和１０．３３％。总生物产量的分配，Ｖ／Ｒ率均＜１，经济系数均＞０．５５，经济产量依次提高８．２１％、１４．６４％和２２．７６％。实际荚果产量，矮化处理的以高密度（２２．５万穴／ｈｍ２）最高、中密度（１８．７５万穴／ｈｍ２）次之，分别比低密度（１５万穴／ｈｍ２）增产１５．０４％～１６．８９％和１４．０２％～１４．５４％；对照处理以中密度最高，高密度次之，分别比低密度增产１１．７１％～１２．４０％和５．３４％～７．９１％。矮化处理与密度有显著的连应效果，比对照处理依次增产７．５５％、９．６％和１６．５％。     

再生稻产3.75t／hm^2栽培技术“规范”中试效果及其分析

１９９２～１９９５年课题组进行了“再生稻产３．７５ｔ／ｈｍ２栽培技术“规范”（以下简称“规范”）中间示范试验（简称中试）,累计面积９７７．８３ｈｍ２;头季稻平均单产８．５５ｔ／ｈｍ２,再生稻３．６７ｔ／ｈｍ２,比同地区示范前的１９９１年头季７．６５ｔ／ｈｍ２,再生稻２．２８ｔ／ｈｍ２分别增产０．９０和１．３９ｔ／ｈｍ２,两季增产２．２９ｔ／ｈｍ２。其中再生稻验收的最高单产达５．２１ｔ／ｈｍ２,两季总产１３．０３ｔ／ｈｍ２。对比试验结果,“规范”较原再生稻产２．２５ｔ／ｈｍ２栽培“模式”（以下简称“模式”）头季稻和再生稻分别增加０．６６和０．９４ｔ／ｈｍ２。说明“规范”是一套更先进的高产栽培技术。     

东北地区部分玉米杂交种的丰产性,稳定性和适应性

对东北地区１９９２年玉米杂交种区域试验产量结果做了丰产性，稳定性和适应性分析：龙１４２，哲单１０和长单４２五点平均产量分别为１０５０９．７ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２，１０６２５．８ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２和１０５２３．１ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２，较对照四单８分别增产１２．３％，１３．４％和１２．５％；较对照龙单９增产分别为１４．８％，１６．１％和１５．０％。且稳定性和适应性好于其它品种，可在各参试占地区大面积推广种植。     

培两优288高产制种技术

黔阳县是湖南西部一个山区县，１９９４年引种培两优２８８，１９９６年试种６．７ｈｍ２，平均单产７．６２ｔ／ｈｍ２，比对照威优６４增产６６０ｋｇ／ｈｍ２，增产幅度９．４８％，达显著水平；１９９７年在铁山乡大面积推广。该组合作晚稻栽培熟期适宜，产量高，抗性好，特别是米质优。为了加速发展推广，１９９７年我公司在本县深度乡曹垅、下寨２村制种５．７ｈｍ２，平均产量２．７９ｔ／ｈｍ２，下寨村农户向培英制种８００ｍ２，折合产量３．１５ｔ／ｈｍ２。现将制种技术总结如下。１选择最佳扬花期和安全育性转换期，定准播差培…     

塑盘旱育抛秧技术在杂交稻制种上的应用

太湖县在杂交稻制种母本上应用塑盘旱育抛秧技术，１９９６年平均单产２．７６ｔ／ｈｍ２，比对照常规制种增产１０．６４％；１９９７年平均单产３．３１ｔ／ｈｍ２，比常规制种增产１５．８％。应用关键技术是培育健壮秧、抛足基本苗、合理安排播差期。     

软盘育秧抛秧栽培技术小结

水稻软盘育秧抛秧栽培技术在我区试验、推广已达３ａ之久。１９９７年抛栽面积达４２４４．６ｈｍ２,其中早稻为３２４８．１ｈｍ２,双晚为９９６．５ｈｍ２。早稻抛秧平均产稻谷７．４０ｔ／ｈｍ２,比手插秧增６８５．５ｋｇ／ｈｍ２,增长１０．２％。在临川市河埠乡河埠村连片抛秧４１．３ｈｍ２（品种为协华２号）,平均产稻谷９．３７ｔ／ｈｍ２,比旱床育秧手栽秧增产稻谷２．２５ｔ／ｈｍ２,增长３１．６％。双晚抛秧平均产稻谷６．６５ｔ／ｈｍ２,比手工插秧增４２４．５ｋｇ／ｈｍ２,增长７．３４％。抛秧稻具有“四省一增”…     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.     

Recent Modifications of Chitosan for Adsorption Applications: A Critical and Systematic Review

Chitosan is considered to be one of the most promising and applicable materials in adsorption applications. The existence of amino and hydroxyl groups in its molecules contributes to many possible adsorption interactions between chitosan and pollutants (dyes, metals, ions, phenols, pharmaceuticals/drugs, pesticides, herbicides, etc.). These functional groups can help in establishing positions for modification. Based on the learning from previously published works in literature, researchers have achieved a modification of chitosan with a number of different functional groups. This work summarizes the published works of the last three years (2012–2014) regarding the modification reactions of chitosans (grafting, cross-linking, etc.) and their application to adsorption of different environmental pollutants (in liquid-phase).