穗肥增氮对超级稻产量、品质及源库特性的影响

以两系超级杂交稻培杂泰丰和三系超级杂交稻华优86为材料,研究了穗肥增氮对双季超级稻产量、品质及源库特性的影响。研究结果表明,穗肥增氮对培杂泰丰具有一定增穗稳粒的增产效应,却没有增加华优86的产量;有利于提高2个超级稻品种的整精米率,却显著降低了华优86的胶稠度;就源特性而言,穗肥增氮显著提高了培杂泰丰孕穗期和华优86成熟期的LAI,显著提高了培杂泰丰孕穗期倒3叶的SPAD值,却显著降低了华优86齐穗后21 d的叶片老化指数;就库特性而言,穗肥增氮有利于提高2个超级稻品种的库容量和籽粒的蔗糖合成酶活性。综合产量和品质考虑,培杂泰丰适宜于穗肥增氮,华优86则反之。     

乳熟期淹水对两系杂交水稻源库特性的影响

选择两系杂交水稻培两优特青和培两优２８８进行乳熟期模拟淹水胁迫处理,研究了两系杂交秀乳熟期受淹后的源库特征,其结果如下,１）两系杂交稻乳熟期 绿叶数减少,剑叶叶绿素含量和叶绿素ａ／ｂ比值及光合速率均显著降低,剑叶光合速率与叶绿素含量呈显著正相关;２）乳熟期受淹期间 基本停止,甚至出现负增长,当解除胁迫后,随之出现一补偿灌浆高峰;（３）乳熟期闰的组成结构发生变化,比重大于１．３的谷粒所占比例显著减少     

不同氮钾条件下水稻基因型氮、钾积累利用差异

采用营养液培养法研究了不同氮源和钾水平对杂交稻及其父母本和常规稻氮、钾吸收和积累的影响。研究结果表明 ,3种氮源对水稻氮钾营养吸收、积累利用的影响程度与钾营养状况及水稻品种有关。与常规稻相比 ,杂交稻对硝态氮的营养特性具有明显杂种优势 ,硝态氮营养可有效地促进杂交稻钾的吸收、积累 ,且其营养特性与父母本密切相关。     

培杂山青高产制种技术总结

培杂山青系广东茂名市两系杂交水稻攻关协作组用培矮６４Ｓ与山青１１配组育成的两系杂交籼稻中、晚兼用组合，１９９６年由广东省农作物品种审定委员会审定通过。承广东华茂两系杂交稻发展有限公司委托，我县１９９７～１９９８年２ａ共进行培杂山青制种４６．８ｈｍ２，...     

两系杂交稻耐热性研究初报

本文通过分期播种的方法,对4个两系杂交稻组合两优2163、两优2186、两优培九、金两优36和对照汕优63在自然高温条件下进行耐热性鉴定,结果表明穗期日平均气温≥30℃、穗期≥35℃极端高温的日数达6 d以上,4个两系杂交稻组合和对照汕优63均有受到高温伤害,结实率比正常气候下平均下降15%左右,同时平均产量和千粒重也比正常气候低.4个两系杂交稻组合穗期耐热性与汕优63相当.     

双季超级稻强源活库优米栽培技术研究Ⅳ.超级稻专用肥对超级杂交稻源库特性的影响

对华南农业大学农学院研制的超级稻专用肥与常规方法施肥进行了比较试验。结果表明,超级稻专用肥与常规施肥比较,能显著提高三系超级杂交稻天优998和两系超级杂交稻培杂泰丰的产量,实际产量增幅分别为7.76%和6.07%;促进超级稻品种早生快发,增加有效穗;提高超级稻LAI和群体生物产量及齐穗后21d籽粒的SS活性,增加每穗实粒数。施用超级稻专用肥对超级稻具有一定的强源、活库效果,从而增产。     

喷施肥料与化学药剂对杂交稻的生理效应及产量形成的影响

本实验以一定配比的氮、磷、钾，配合某些化学药剂，在杂交稻生育的中后期进行喷施，光合效率、叶绿素含量、根系活力、同化物向穗部的转移量等均有明显的提高，产量增加显著，但组合间有差异。     

籼粳亚种间杂交稻根系伤流强度的变化规律及其与叶片生理状况的相 …

对籼粳亚种间杂交稻Ⅱ优２０７０、Ⅱ优４１９及其恢复系２０７０、中４１９始穗后伤流液的变化进行了分析,结果表明亚种间杂交稻具有料高的要系活力,突出表现在始穗期至乳熟期,其后伤流液量明显下降且幅度较大,这种变化趋势与地上部不同叶位叶片光合速率、叶绿素含量和绿叶面积的变化相一致。     

两系组合两优培九与三系组合Ⅱ优58后期光合生产特性比较研究

以本地表现最好的三系杂交稻Ⅱ优58和两系杂交稻两优培九为材料，比较研究了两组合后期叶片叶绿素含量与功能随时间发生的变化、剑叶在后期不同阶段光合速率的变化及后期干物质的转运与分配。结果表明：两系杂交稻后期虽具有叶绿素功能期较长和光合速率较稳定等优势，但在中肥条件下，仍表现库大源小，干物质转运欠畅，源库流关系欠协调，因而结实率较低，谷粒充实度较低，限制了其增产潜力的发挥。两系杂交稻的超高产栽培，必须以高产土壤为基础。     

优质高产两系杂交稻培杂67的选育与应用

利用低温敏核不育系培矮 64S与优质籼粳交后代G67测配而成的两系杂交稻培杂 67,是一个优质、丰产、抗性强的杂交稻新组合。介绍了其选配经过、特征特性以及栽培和制种技术要点     

我国麻类标准现状与分析

介绍了我国麻类标准的现状。通过分析,指出了存在的问题,主要表现在标准体系不完善、标准更新不及时,协调性差及贯彻执行不力等。提出了我国麻类标准应采取的对策。     

Effects of Organic and Chemical Fertilizers and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Inoculation on Growth and Quality of Cucumber and Lettuce

Summary

Arbuscular mycorrhizae were inoculated into phosphorus-deficient soil fertilized with either organic or chemical fertilizer with cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) as the first crop and lettuce (Lactu-ca sativa L.) as the second crop but without additional fertilization and AM inoculation. AM increased dry matter and fruit yield of cucumber significantly in the unfertilized, organic-fertilized and P-deficient plants compared with the fully chemical-fertilized plants. AM inoculation increased the available phosphorus in plant and soil by around 30% for all treatments except for those chemically-fertilized. The rate of AM infection did not differ significantly among the fertilization treatments, but the infection intensity was higher in unfertilized, organic-fertilized and phosphorus-deficient treatments than chemical-fertilized treatment. The residual effects of AM-inoculated to cucumber were evident for lettuce in all pre-treatments that were unfertilized and un-inoculated for the second cropping. Without P-fertilization, neither crop could grow optimally even when the soil was inoculated with AM, suggesting that AM could not serve as a substitute for phosphorus fertilizer. However, the other beneficial effects of AM on crop growth and yield could not be fulfilled with phosphorus fertilizer.     

水稻病虫害绿色防控与统防统治融合技术模式示范

2017—2018年,在同安镇粮食产能区示范推广水稻病虫害绿色防控与统防统治融合技术模式,取得了显著成效。融合技术示范区比常规区减少用药2~3次,用药量减少37.6%,防治成本降低400元/hm^2;水稻产量增加12.8%,收益增加2 835元/hm^2。     

Preparation and characterization of fibers of waste and fresh polyethylene terephtalate and mixtures of them

Textile fibers were obtained from secondary polyethylene terephtalate (PET) and its mixtures with primary PET at initial orientation of 18000–33000 %, rate of additional orientation drawing 3.5–6.5 times and temperature of thermal fixation 363–413 K. The fibers’ tensile strength was found to decrease and elongation at break to increase with the decrease of their linear density under the conditions of fibers formation. For the fibers based on polymer mixtures, the presence of oxidized fragments in the secondary PET limited the compatibility of the two polymers which resulted in deteriorated tensile properties. The linear density (4–16 dtex), tensile strength (30–50 cN/tex) and elongation at break (20–60 %) of the PET fibers obtained were close to these for the industrially produced polymer fibers. The values of the average diameter of the fibers formed and oriented under laboratory conditions allows classifying them between the fine and the coarse textile fibers which makes them suitable for the textile industry.     

春季氮肥和多效唑调控对小麦生育和产量的影响

为明确春季调控措施对冬小麦生长发育和籽粒产量的影响,以冬小麦品种石新828为材料进行田间试验,4个处理分别为:起身期追全部氮肥(除基肥外,下同)并叶面喷多效唑(N1);起身期追2/3氮肥并喷多效唑+拔节期追1/3氮肥(N2);起身期追1/3氮肥+拔节期追2/3氮肥(N3);拔节期追全部氮肥(N4)。生育期间测定群体和个体生育特性,成熟期调查产量性状。结果表明,N1和N2处理小麦拔节期的总茎数、叶面积指数(LAI)和干物质积累量均显著高于N4和N3处理。孕穗期N4和N3处理小麦的总茎数、LAI和干物质积累量显著高于N1和N2处理。开花到成熟期各处理的总茎数、LAI和干物质积累量差异均不显著。孕穗期前,不同处理的株高差异不显著,孕穗期后,N4处理的株高最高,且显著高于N1处理。各处理基部节间直径和中上部节间长的差异不显著,N4处理基部第一节间长度显著大于其他处理。随追氮时期前移或前期施氮量增多,不孕小穗数减少,结实小穗和穗粒数增加,N1比N4处理不孕小穗数显著减少,结实小穗和穗粒数显著增多。N1处理小麦成熟期的千粒重最高,且显著高于N4处理。N1处理的籽粒产量最高,且显著高于N3和N4处理。起身期追氮配合多效唑调控,可以获得比拔节期追氮更高的穗粒数和千粒重,从而获得更高的产量。     

Interactive Effects of Sodium and Potassium on the Growth and Photosynthesis of Spinach and Komatsuna

Abstract

Two cultivars of spinach and one cultivar of komatsuna were sand cultured using a nutrient solution with Na and K in various combinations. The growth (fresh weight of shoot) of spinach cv. Atlas was significantly increased when 1.4 mM KC1 of the 7 m M KO was replaced with 1.4 mM NaCl, although the growth was reduced when more KC1 was replaced with NaCl. In another spinach cv. All Right, however, NaCl substituting for 20% of KC1 showed no significant effects. In komatsuna, Na used in place of K at any ratio reduced the growth. The growth of spinach cv. Atlas was increased by applying 20 mM NaCl, irrespective of K dose (480 - 2400 mg K₂O per 1/2000 a Wagner pot). The growth of spinach cv. All Right was also increased by 20 mM NaCl when K was at a deficient level (480 - 960 mg K20 per pot), but was not when K was at: an excessive level (1920 - 2400 mg K₂O per pot). In komatsuna, 20 mM NaCl reduced the growth. In spinach, Na prevented the decrease of the photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance caused by K deficiency.     

白砂糖干燥与冷却机理及影响

砂糖的含水量、装包温度和仓储条件对其贮存保质具有重要影响。本文从白砂糖的含水分特性、干燥机理和生产过程环节等对白砂糖干燥与冷却的影响进行深入分析。由于结晶过程的包裹现象,砂糖含水分可分为表面和内部水分,白砂糖干燥过程只能去除前者。生产过程中煮糖、分蜜操作对内部水分含量有影响。贮存过程的内部水分的扩散是砂糖降质的根本原因,而装包温度和贮存条件是影响内部水分扩散的外在条件。     

海南百香果病虫害种类调查鉴定及其发生危害

百香果是海南省的新兴产业,也是我国多个省区扶贫攻坚的重要产业。病虫害是影响百香果产业的重要因素,随着海南百香果种植面积越来越大,病虫害对百香果产业的不利影响越来越凸显。由于缺乏百香果病虫害种类调查鉴定的基础性研究,许多种植户对田间发生的病虫害种类识别不足,从而影响了百香果病虫害的防控效果。为了摸清海南百香果种植区的病虫害种类,于2019—2021年对海南省儋州市、乐东县、屯昌县、文昌市、三亚市、东方市、保亭县、白沙县、海口市等百香果种植区的病虫害进行了系统调查与鉴定,并对其发生危害特点进行了研究。鉴定发现海南百香果种植区的病害有11种,分别是病毒病、茎基腐病、炭疽病、疮痂病、疫病、灰霉病、果腐病、褐斑病、烟煤病、藻斑病和缺镁。重要病害为病毒病和茎基腐病,危害程度分别为4级和3级,炭疽病和疮痂病危害也较重,危害程度均为2级,其他病害危害较轻。害虫有28种,分别是黄胸蓟马、茶黄蓟马、红带蓟马、美洲棘蓟马、普通大蓟马、咖啡木蠹蛾、美洲斑潜蝇、橘小实蝇、斜纹夜蛾、双线盗毒蛾、绿丽刺蛾、白带锯蛱蝶、烟粉虱、温室白粉虱、柑橘粉蚧、木槿曼粉蚧、藤壶蜡蚧、茶角盲蝽、樟颈曼盲蝽、稻绿蝽、中稻缘蝽、茶小绿叶蝉、丽球瓢蜡蝉、绿鳞象甲、眼斑芫菁、白条豆芫菁、甘薯梳龟甲和朱砂叶螨。重要害虫为黄胸蓟马和咖啡木蠹蛾,危害程度均为3级,茶黄蓟马和美洲斑潜蝇的危害也较重,危害程度均为2级,其他害虫危害较轻。软体动物3种,分别是灰巴蜗牛、同型巴蜗牛和一种尚未鉴定的蛞蝓。本研究明确了海南百香果种植区病虫害具体种类,新发现百香果病害1种和害虫24种,为海南百香果病虫害的精准防控提供技术支撑。     

源库限制对寒地玉米产量及品质的影响

本试验采用4个品种(四单19、本玉9号、DH808、DH3149),2种密度(52500株/hm2、75000株/hm2),并在吐丝期分别进行减源限库处理,研究源库限制对玉米生长发育和产量品质的影响。结果表明:减源处理降低了单株叶面积,也降低了单株干物重。限库处理因库容减少,使得干物质略有增加,但不同品种对源库处理反应不一致。限库处理导致玉米子粒蛋白质含量明显增加,减源处理基本不变或略有增加;减源限库处理导致平展型玉米子粒的脂肪含量增加,而紧凑型品种保持不变或略有降低;减源处理导致淀粉含量的增加,而限库处理的影响相反,导致淀粉含量减少。     

Characteristics of photosynthesis and conductance of potato canopies and the effects of cultivars and transient drought

Gas-exchange characteristics of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) canopies were determined with crop enclosures under condition of optimal water supply, during soil water depletion, and during recovery from drought-stress. The plants were grown under a rainshelter in large containers with 2-m² surface area. Control plants received water throughout the growth period. In Expt. 1, transient drought was imposed by interrupting water supply completely for 22 days. During the 33-day period of drought treatment in Expt. 2, the stressed plants received half the amount of water that was given to the control plants (irrigations 2–3 times per week).

During soil water depletion, stomatal conductance of the canopy was reduced earlier and more than photosynthesis. This resulted in a lower internal carbon dioxide concentration in the leaves of stressed plants and a higher ratio between photosynthesis and stomatal conductance. The value of that ratio increased as soil water potential dropped.

Water-use efficiency ( ) increased during drought stress. The cultivar Bintje showed a larger ratio between photosynthesis and stomatal conductance of the canopy and a higher than cv. Saturna, both for optimal water supply and during drought stress.

Photosynthesis and conductance of the canopy started to recover immediately upon rewatering, even when relative values had declined to 20–30% during the preceding stress period. After release from stress, the leaves in the top layer of the canopy had a higher stomatal conductance in treated plants than in control plants.