花生单株荚果产量与某些农艺性状的相关分析

花生九个农艺性状与单株产量的相关性分析结果表明，总分枝数、茎租和单株结果数与单株产量呈显著相关，偏相关系数分别为０．２３６，０．４９４，０．５７４。总分枝数与单株产量的直接通径系数为０．１１９４，茎粗为０．２９２３，单株果数为０．５７１１。     

花生产量性状相关分析与简化考种

花生考种项目与其产量的相关性分析结果表明：单株果数、百果重、百仁重、出仁率与荚果产量呈显著相关，通径系数分别为０．８０６９、０．４２４２、－０．１６６３、０．０６４６；单株果数与单株果重相关性最强为０．８３１３，达极显著水平。     

水稻光(温)敏不育系育性表达对温度的反应差异研究

在控温及自然条件下,比较研究了２２个光（温）敏不育系育性表达对温度的反应差异,结果表明,用２２～２４Ｃ＋１４ｈ光照在育性表达敏感期连续处理７～１０ｄ,部分不育系败育彻底,花粉可染率与自交结实率均为０;部分材料花粉可染率为０．１％～４．２％,但自交结实率为０;还有一部分材料不但花粉可育（可染率０．５％～８０．７％）,而且自交结实（结实率０．１％～５４．８％）．不育系ｇ０５２１Ｓ育性转换方向与其它不育系相反,即高温可育,低温不育。     

不同玉米品种主要农艺性状与产量的相关和通径分析

通过对2019年国家玉米品种试验东华北中熟春玉米组的44个玉米品种的8个农艺性状与产量进行相关分析、回归分析与通径分析,探讨各性状与产量的相关关系,以明确各性状对产量的相对重要性,为优良玉米品种的选育提供理论依据。结果表明:(1)44个参试玉米品种的产量及主要农艺性状变异系数为7.09%～82.23%,空秆率、倒伏率、倒折率、茎腐病、瘤黑粉病等性状遗传变异程度较大。(2)对主要农艺性状与产量进行相关和偏相关分析,产量与空秆率(r=-0.404),产量与茎腐病率(r=-0.430)呈极显著负相关;产量与倒折率(r=-0.340),产量与大斑病级(r=-0.317),产量与瘤黑粉病率(r=-0.318)呈显著负相关。株高与产量的偏相关系数为0.409,呈显著正相关;空秆率与产量的偏相关系数为-0.452,呈极显著负相关。(3)通径分析中各性状对玉米产量的直接通径系数大小依次为:株高(0.574)空秆率(-0.480)茎腐病(-0.313)倒折率(-0.224)穗位(-0.218)瘤黑粉病(-0.149)大斑病(-0.039)倒伏率(-0.021),株高对产量的直接正向效应最大,空秆率对产量的直接负向效应最大,茎腐病对产量的直接负向效应较大。说明:在相同的气象条件和栽培条件下,玉米品种不同,其空秆率、抗倒性、抗病性明显不同;株高、空秆率、茎腐病是影响玉米产量的主要因素,在高产玉米品种选育过程中,应兼顾各性状的相互作用,在适当增加株高,降低穗位的同时,应加强抗空秆性、抗倒性、抗病性,尤其是抗茎腐病的选择。     

四代棉铃虫发生的气象条件及发生量预测技术研究

通过历年资料分析，气象因素对棉铃虫发生的影响很大，其中以雨日和日照时数与四代的相关系数最大。通径分析表明，影响四代发生量的直接因素则是三代卵量、６至７月间的日照时数和平均气温，直接通径系数依次达０．５３０８、０．４４０５和０．２７２４，降雨和雨日对四代的直接作用很小，但它们通过三代对四代的间接作用却比较大，间接通径系数分别达－０．３０４８和－０．３２５７。根据有关气象因子及三代发生实况组建的一组预测模式在四代的发生量预测中，取得了较为满意的效果     

亚麻花药培养研究的进展

亚麻花药在附加１ｍｇ／Ｌ２．４＿Ｄ、０．５ｍｇ／１ＫＴ的Ａ培养基上，愈伤组织的诱导率可达４６．２％，低温预处理亚麻花药一显著提高愈伤组织的产质量。亚麻花药双层培养的效果明显的好于固体培养。     

龙特甫A的育性观察

对龙特甫Ａ随机取样５穗（株）的１００朵颖花进行花粉镜检，结果表明，龙特甫Ａ育性不稳定，正常花粉比较多的颖花主杨在于穗中部，穗上部颖花绝大多烽为全不育，利用龙特甫Ｂ穗顶种子作为维持系可能是提纯龙特甫Ａ的有效方法。     

大豆品种产量构成因素的研究

通过相关和通径分析,研究了大豆品种8个数量性状与产量之间的关系,它们的复相关系数为0.7155,决定系数为0.512。其中百粒重、株重与产量呈极显著正相关,相关系数分剐为0.5238~(**)和0.4410~(**)。株粒数、株荚数与产量呈弱的显著正相关,相关系数分别为0.2351~*与0.2347~*。株荚数对产量的作用是通过株粒数而表现的,本身对产量的通径系数为P_(y14)=0.1472,直接作用很小。株高在90厘米以内与产量呈正相关,在100厘米以内呈不明显的正相关,从全部供试材料(株高50～180厘米)看,株高与产量呈负相关。结荚高度与产量呈不明显的负相关。分枝数与产量呈不明显的正相关。     

亚麻花药培养研究的进展

亚麻花药在附加１ｍｇ／Ｌ２．４－Ｄ、０．５ｍｇ／ｌＫＴ的Ａ增减基上，愈伤组织的诱导率可达４６．２％，低温预处理亚麻花药，显著提高愈伤组织的产质量。亚麻花药双怪培养的效果明显的好于固体培养。     

长春种植冬小麦农艺性状间的相关及通径分析

１９９５年和１９９６年在长春种植８个冬小麦品种,对其农艺性状的相关分析结果表明,当穗数为６９～６７８万穗／ｈｍ２,株高为５６．９０～１１７．２０ｃｍ时,产量与穗数、越冬率、株高呈极显著正相关,与穗粒重、千粒重呈显著负相关。当越冬率一定时,产量与株高、穗数分别呈显著和极显著正相关;当株高、穗粒数、千粒重一定时,产量与越冬率呈显著或极显著正相关。通径分析表明,穗数、穗粒重对产量的直接影响较大,越冬率经穗数对产量的间接影响最大。因此,可以看出在长春种植冬小麦时穗数对产量形成的重要作用。     

Analysis of nutritional components of eight famine foods of the Republic of Niger

In the western Sahel, indigenous plants become important staples when cereal harvests are inadequate to support populations inhabiting that region of Africa. The purpose of this study was to assess the nutrient content of several of these edible wild plants. The leaves of the following seven plant foods were analyzed: Ziziphus mauritiana, Cerathotheca sesamoides, Moringa oleifera, Leptadenia hastata, Hibiscus sabdarifa, Amaranthus viridi, and Adansonia digitata. The fatty acid, vitamin E, carotenoid, selected mineral and amino acid contents of these plant foods were determined. These same analyses were performed on the fruit of the Adansonia digitata. In quantitative and qualitative terms, Amaranthus viridis was found to be an excellent source of protein. Its amino acid composition compared favorably to that of a World Health Organization (WHO) protein standard. It also contained considerable amounts of the two fatty acids that are essential in humans (linoleic and -linolenic) and a number of minerals including iron, magnesium, calcium and zinc. The leaves of Hibiscus sabdarifa contained an appreciable quantity of protein the composition of which was comparable to the WHO standard. The mineral content of the leaves of this plant was also exceptionally high; noteworthy was its high zinc content. H. sabdarifa also contained significant quantities of the two essential fatty acids. Ziziphus mauritiana was an excellent source of the essential fatty acid linoleic acid and several of the metals including iron, calcium, magnesium and zinc. Its content of other essential nutrients, however, was rather low. In general, Adansonia digitata leaves were nutritionally superior to the fruit of the tree; however, the fruit did contain useful quantities of potassium, phosphorus, zinc and -linolenic acid. The Leptadenia hastata leaves were an especially good source of lutein and -carotene. These data should be useful to the people who inhabit the western Sahel in helping them devise healthy diets during times when cereal staples are in short supply.     

狗牙根诱变后代抗寒性评价

通过电解质外渗法和匍匐茎恢复试验对‘阳江’狗牙根及其12个通过形态鉴定选出的坪用价值高且花序密度低的诱变后代进行抗寒性鉴定。电解质外渗法结果表明:诱变后代间的抗寒性具有较大差异,其叶片半致死温度(LT₅₀)的变异范围为-7.6～-0.2℃(最低值与最大值相差7.4℃);参试材料抗寒性由强到弱依次为M18>M4>M26>M28> M22>阳江>M29>M31>M10>M37>M16>M1>M25,其中,有5个诱变后代抗寒性优于亲本,分别是M18、M4、M26、M28、M22。匍匐茎恢复实验结果表明:诱变后代M1、M22、M26、M31、M25在0℃和-5℃低温胁迫后的恢复生长率都高于亲本,恢复能力均优于亲本;M10、M37、M28在-5℃低温胁迫下,恢复生长能力低于亲本,抗寒性相对较弱,M16和M4在0℃和-5℃低温胁迫下,恢复生长率都低于亲本,抗寒性明显弱于亲本。综合2种方法鉴定结果显示:诱变后代M1、M25的恢复能力较强;M4、M28的叶片抗寒性较好,青绿期较长;M22、M18、M26的叶片抗寒性和匍匐茎恢复能力均较强;M29,M31的叶片抗寒性和匍匐茎恢复能力与亲本相似;M10、M16、M37的叶片抗寒性和匍匐茎恢复能力均较弱,整体抗寒性较弱。     

芦笋枯萎病病原鉴定

对造成福建省漳州市东山县的芦笋枯萎病病原菌进行分子鉴定,以期确定病原菌的属、种名,为防治该病害寻求理论依据。试验对分离纯化的病原菌核糖体DNA的ITS区进行测序,在Genbank中搜索其同源性并构建它们的系统发育树,结果表明：引起芦笋枯萎病的病原菌是镰刀属中的尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum),且病原菌之间的同源性高达89%,遗传差异不显著。     

橡胶树丛枝病病原的抗血清制备与应用

以感染橡胶树丛枝病病原的长春花为材料,制备得到橡胶丛枝病病原菌抽提液,以抽提液为抗原免疫家兔,制备抗血清,经微量沉淀测定,抗血清效价为１：２０４８。应用橡胶丛枝病抗血清检测橡胶褐皮病,无症苗木检出率达３０％－３７％,可疑的褐皮病树检出率达８５．７％。     

Size and frequency of occurrence of pre-roost gatherings of starlings

One hundred and fifty-six pre-roost gatherings of starlings were observed at 28 sites around a roost in west Norfolk during winter. Pre-roost gatherings occurred more frequently at individual farmyards compared with individual fields, but 82% of the sites where gatherings occurred were on fields. The size of gatherings was greater, the closer to the roost. Birds in pre-roost gatherings on fields of autumn-sown winter wheat spent most of the time feeding and had a diet composed almost exclusively of wheat seeds. Birds in gatherings on grass fields also fed intensively whereas only 31% of birds at farmyards were feeding. The implications that these results have with regard to potential damage to fields of winter wheat and around farmyards are discussed.     

农杆菌注射法瞬时转化荔枝果实组织的研究

为了寻找一种高效的荔枝果实瞬时基因表达方法,本研究以荔枝品种‘新球蜜荔’（Litchi chinensis Sonn. var. ‘Xinqiumili’）为试材,利用农杆菌注射法对荔枝果实组织进行转化,研究了果实发育时期、菌株种类、注射部位、取样时间、菌液浓度等对转化效率的影响。结果表明：选择果肉已完全包裹种子的Ⅱb期果实进行连体注射,在果柄、果皮、种子、果肉分别注入OD₆₀₀值为2.4的农杆菌菌株GV3101,4 d后取样进行检测,4个组织的GUS染色率较高。本研究成功建立了适用于荔枝果实的基因瞬时表达系统,为今后快速鉴定荔枝果实相关基因功能提供了基础。     

蝉拟青霉疏水蛋白PChyd基因表达模式分析及敲除载体构建

为深入研究昆虫病原真菌蝉拟青霉疏水蛋白PChyd基因的功能,根据蝉拟青霉基因组信息克隆疏水蛋白PChyd基因,对该基因序列进行生物信息学分析,使用qRT-PCR技术对其在不同培养条件或阶段下的表达模式进行分析,并通过酶切酶连的方法构建了该基因的敲除载体。结果表明：PChyd基因的开放阅读框序列全长303 bp,编码100 aa,包含22 aa的信号肽序列和70 aa疏水蛋白功能区域。系统发育分析显示该基因与粗糙虫草菌亲缘关系最近。qRT-PCR结果显示PChyd基因在PDA培养的菌丝体、诱导的附着胞、诱导的芽生孢子中表达量显著高于另外2个样品,其中芽生孢子表达量最高,暗示该基因在蝉拟青霉侵染初期和在昆虫血腔中定殖阶段可能具有重要作用。凝胶电泳结果表明,成功构建了该基因的敲除载体,扩增出含有上臂、HPH、下臂的3356 bp左右的片段。本研究为进一步探究蝉拟青霉疏水蛋白PChyd基因的致病机理、生防工程菌的改造奠定了基础。     

《生物安全法》实施背景下基因编辑技术的安全评价与监管

2020年10月17日,《中华人民共和国生物安全法》(以下简称《生物安全法》)通过全国人大常委会的审议,自2021年4月15日起施行.生物技术的研究与应用安全是《生物安全法》涉及的主要内容之一,基因编辑作为近几年生物技术领域的研究热点,其安全性评价和监管备受关注.本文概述了基因编辑技术的应用现状,比较了不同国家对基因编...     

波罗蜜叶片突变体叶绿素含量测定和超微结构观察

波罗蜜（Artocarpus heterophyllus）是一种热带果树,至今对其突变体的研究少有报道。本研究以波罗蜜叶片为试验材料,探究其叶片出现白化和返绿现象的可能原因。（1）用分光光度计法、比色法测定波罗蜜叶片突变体和正常绿叶的叶绿素及叶绿素前体物质含量;（2）用叶绿素酶Elisa试剂盒测定叶绿素酶活性;（3）用透射电子显微镜对叶绿体的超微形态结构进行观察。研究结果表明：（1）不同叶色所产生的叶绿素a含量、叶绿素b含量、叶绿素总含量、类胡萝卜素含量均存在显著差异;（2）波罗蜜叶片突变体和正常绿叶的叶绿素合成前体物质含量之间并没有出现显著性差异;（3）对波罗蜜叶片的叶绿素酶活性进行测定时,发现其活性出现显著差异,但对其叶绿素含量的差异性并没有产生较大影响;（4）观察波罗蜜叶片内叶绿体超微形态结构时,发现正常绿叶的叶绿体形态完好且数量较多,白化叶和返绿叶的叶绿体内部结构存在缺陷,其原因是叶绿体基粒构建阶段受阻;基于测定波罗蜜叶片中的叶绿素、叶绿素前体物质含量和叶绿素酶活性,并观察波罗蜜叶片内叶绿体的超微形态结构,对得到的数据结果进行比较分析。本研究推测是在叶绿素合成阶段,原脱植基叶绿素合成叶绿素时受阻及叶绿体发不良导致波罗蜜出现白化和返绿现象,为今后进一步综合研究波罗蜜突变体提供理论依据。     

Mechanism of action of insecticidal secondary metabolites of plant origin

Insect pest management is facing the economic and ecological challenge worldwide due to the human and environmental hazards caused by majority of the synthetic pesticide chemicals. Identification of novel effective insecticidal compounds is essential to combat increasing resistance rates. Botanicals containing active insecticidal phytochemicals appear to be promising to address some of these problems. Therefore, there is a continuous need to explore new active molecules with different mechanisms of action. Secondary metabolites present in plants apparently function as defense (toxic), which inhibits reproduction and other processes. The phytochemical biomolecules could be used for maximizing the effectiveness and specificity in future insecticide design with specific or multiple target sites, while ensuring the economic and ecological sustainability. In this article, the current state of knowledge on phytochemical sources and insecticidal activity, their mechanism of action in insects, resistance, and promising advances made in phytochemical research are reviewed.