直播杂交稻分蘖发生及穗粒构成特点

以青优湛二作早、晚稻直播试验材料，研究直播杂交稻的分蘖、成穗及结实特性，结果表明：直播稻的第一次分蘖发生机率以第Ⅲ～Ⅵ节位最高，达９７．５～１００％；成稳率以第Ⅰ～Ｖ节位蘖较高，成穗蘖苗生于主茎叶龄８．５叶期内；主穗和第一次蘖的成穗数占每亩总穗数的９０％以上，占每亩总粒数的９４％以上，分蘖穗的株高与单穗总粒数是极显著的正相关，栽培上应适当减少前期施氮量，控制高位次无效蘖，中期施好穗肥，提高成穗率。     

杂交稻分蘖调控研究Ⅰ几个杂交稻组合不同出生期分蘖成穗的追踪观察

为了探索杂交稻分蘖成穗规律, 对５ 个杂交稻组合进行定株定蘖追踪观察, 明确：（１） 有效分蘖临界期在移栽后２０ｄ, 分蘖力强、总茎蘖数多的组合在移栽后１５ｄ; （２） 本田期有效分蘖是移栽后头４ 片新生叶的“同伸”蘖; （３） 成穗分蘖随着出生期的推迟, 每穗粒数和粒重逐渐减少, 晚生蘖的结实率很低; （４） 在供试条件下, 构成总穗数和总产量的份额, 主茎加秧田分蘖为５９％ 和７２ ％ , 移栽后２０ｄ 内出生的分蘖为３９ ％ 和２７ ％ , 其后出生的分蘖为２ ％ 和１ ％ 。结果表明, 培育多蘖壮秧, 合理密植, 促进移栽后２０ｄ 内分蘖出生, 抑制其后分蘖萌发, 是杂交稻提高成穗率, 培育多穗大穗兼容的高产高效群体的重要环节     

再生稻各节位分蘖的抽穗期和经济性状观察

选用Ⅱ优623和天优3301品种,定株定蘖观察不同节位再生分蘖的抽穗期和经济性状。结果表明,分蘖抽穗期随节位下移而推迟,每低一节平均推迟2～3 d,二次分蘖抽穗期比其母茎平均推迟12～14 d;分蘖萌发成穗率和结实率也随节位下移而降低;每穗粒数和千粒重以倒3分蘖最多,倒2分蘖次之,倒4、5分蘖再次之,二次分蘖显著减少;在头季成熟时高桩手割条件下,倒2、3分蘖合占再生季70%的穗数、80%的产量。研究结果为诊断各节位再生分蘖的生育进程和掌握调控时机提供了科学依据。     

杂交稻分蘖调控研究Ⅱ不同栽植密度分蘖成穗的追踪观察

为了探索杂交稻分蘖调控技术, 对不同栽植密度中不同出生期分蘖的性状进行追踪观察, 明确： （１） 主茎、秧田分蘖和栽后头１０ｄ 分蘖的出生数, 随栽植密度的增加而增加, 成穗率１００ ％ , 穗大粒重, 构成总穗数的４７ ％ ～８３ ％ 、总产量的６１ ％ ～８９ ％ ; （２） 栽后１１ ～２０ｄ 分蘖出生数也随栽植密度的增加而增加, 成穗率与栽后２０ｄ 的总茎蘖数和最高茎蘖数成负相关（ ｒ＝－ ０９８４１ ＊ ＊ , － ０９５２５ ＊ ＊ ） , 构成总穗数的５０ ％ ～１７ ％ 、总产量的３９ ％ ～１１ ％ ; （３） 在栽后２０ｄ, １ｍ２ 总茎蘖数为３００ 、４００ 、５００ 个时, 有效分蘖临界期分别在栽后２０ｄ、１５ｄ 和１０ｄ; （４） 栽后２１ ～３０ｄ 出生的分蘖, 成穗率很低, 穗小粒轻, 只构成总穗数的０ ～３ ％ 、总产量的０ ～１ ％ ;（５） 嫩秧早发, 具有单位面积较大的穗容量和库容量。研究结果表明： 杂交稻培育多蘖嫩壮秧、适量密植、促进早发、抑制移栽后２０ｄ 以后分蘖萌发, 控制总茎蘖数, 是建立高成穗率、兼容穗多、穗大的高产群体的组合技术。     

控蘖剂对超级杂交早稻金优458生长发育及产量形成的影响

研究了控蘖剂对超级杂交早稻金优458生长发育及产量形成的影响.结果表明:喷施控蘖剂能减少无效和低效分蘖的发生,增加高峰苗期分蘖构成中高效分蘖(4叶及以上分蘖)所占比重;喷施柠蘖剂处理的穗长、穗粒数、穗着粒密度、二次枝粳数及着生其上的二次颖花数和结实率均显著高于未喷施控蘖刺的对照;同时喷施控蘖刑能增加株高、中后期群体生物量和叶面积指数,提高孕穗期上3叶叶温和群体透光性,增加叶片SPAD值,从而增强光合作用能力,但也表现出稻株节间长度增加,茎秆粗度减小等特点.喷施控蘖剂处理最终表现为茎蘖成穗率、有效穗数、穗粒数、结实率和千粒重协调提高而增加产量.     

杂交水稻双本插高产原因研究

从分蘖消长、成穗率、穗长分布，茎秆粗细、穗粒结构等方面探讨了杂交水稻双本插增产原因。结果表明，双本插本田分蘖较少，分蘖成穗率达８２．２４％；穗长分布倾向大穗，群体穗型质量好，茎秆粗（倒２节）在０．４ｃｍ以上的数量占９１．６％，且茎租每增加０．１ｃｍ，每穗总粒数增加３０．１５粒，实粒数增加３３．２３粒，结实事８５．１８％。     

杂交稻分蘖调控研究：Ⅰ.几个杂交稻组合不同出生期分蘖成穗的追 …

为了探索杂交稻分蘖成穗规律,对５个杂交稻组合进行定株定蘖追踪观察,明确：（１）有效分蘖临界期在移栽后２０ｄ分蘖力强,总茎蘖数多的组合在移栽后１５ｄ;（２）本田期有效分蘖是移栽后头４片新生叶的“同种”蘖;（３）成穗分蘖随着出生期的推迟,每穗粒数和粒重逐渐减少,晚生蘖的结实率很低;（４）在供试条件下,构成总穗数和总产量的份额,主茎加秧田分蘖为５９％和７２％,移栽后２０ｄ内出生的分蘖为３９％和２７Ａ％,     

双季水稻塑盘旱育抛栽基本苗公式的建立

观察了双季水稻塑盘旱育抛栽秧苗期和大田期分蘖的发生及成穗状况,发现水稻塑盘旱育抛栽不仅存在非同伸蘖现象,且同伸蘖的成穗与湿润水育秧移栽也有较大差异。据此对传统的水稻栽培基本苗公式进行了改进,拟合出了双季水稻塑盘旱育抛栽基本苗计算公式：早稻为X=Y/{(1+t1r1)\[1+(N-n-SN)Rr2\]+(SN-3-t1)R2r5};晚稻为X=Y/{(1+t1r1)\[1+(N-n-SN)Rr2\]+(N-n-SN-3)Rr2R1r3+ (SN-3-t1)R2r5}。其中：X—合理的基本苗;Y—单位面积适宜穗数;t1—单株带的所有分蘖数;r1—单株带的所有分蘖的成穗率;N—主茎总叶数;n—主茎伸长节间数;SN—抛栽时的秧苗叶龄值;R—有效分蘖节位上一次分蘖的发生率;r2— 一次分蘖的成穗率;R1—二次分蘖（除去秧苗所带分蘖上产生的二次分蘖）的发生率;r3—二次分蘖的成穗率;R2—抛栽后非同伸蘖发生率;r5—抛栽后非同伸蘖的成穗率。     

水稻抛秧与插秧分蘖成穗规律研究初报

１９９６年我们对水稻盘育秧抛秧和湿润育苗插秧的两种栽培方式的叶龄、发育进程和分蘖成穗进行了跟踪调查，结果表明：抛秧水稻比插秧在本田里主茎出叶速度快０．５－１个叶；抛秧分蘖成穗集中在４０／－７／０节位上；插秧集中在５／０－８／０节位上；随着分蘖位次的升高，每穗实粒数依次减少。     

怎样施好水稻“三肥”

介绍科学施肥,早施分蘖肥有利于水稻早分蘖、多分蘖,降低分蘖节位,为增加穗长、粒重创造条件;巧施穗肥能保花增粒,促进穗大粒多,并能防止贪青倒伏;酌施粒肥防止早衰,增进粒重,从而实现高产。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.     

Recent Modifications of Chitosan for Adsorption Applications: A Critical and Systematic Review

Chitosan is considered to be one of the most promising and applicable materials in adsorption applications. The existence of amino and hydroxyl groups in its molecules contributes to many possible adsorption interactions between chitosan and pollutants (dyes, metals, ions, phenols, pharmaceuticals/drugs, pesticides, herbicides, etc.). These functional groups can help in establishing positions for modification. Based on the learning from previously published works in literature, researchers have achieved a modification of chitosan with a number of different functional groups. This work summarizes the published works of the last three years (2012–2014) regarding the modification reactions of chitosans (grafting, cross-linking, etc.) and their application to adsorption of different environmental pollutants (in liquid-phase).