浙江老虎潭水库后生浮游动物群落组成及其环境影响因子

为探究老虎潭水库后生浮游动物群落多样性变化,2014年5月至2015年2月按季度分4次对水库6个采样站点的后生浮游生物种类组成、密度与生物量、多样性指数以及9项水质理化指标进行了调查。结果表明,老虎潭水库共鉴定出后生浮游动物20属、34种,其中轮虫10属、22种,枝角类4属、6种,桡足类6属、6种;主要优势种为长肢多肢轮虫(Polyarthra dolichoptera)、裂足臂尾轮虫(Brachionus diversicornis)、萼花臂尾轮虫(Brachionus calyciflorus)、角突臂尾轮虫(Brachionus angularis)、圆筒异尾轮虫(Trichocerca cylindrica)、罗氏异尾轮虫(Trichocerca rousseleti)、长圆疣毛轮虫(Synchaeta oblonga)和长额象鼻溞(Bomina longirostris),且优势种的季节更替明显;密度和生物量季节差异显著,年均密度为27.79个/L,年均生物量为0.23 mg/L;丰富度指数和Shannon-Wiener多样性指数在4个季节间差异显著,夏季略高于其他3个季节;TLI指数显示,老虎潭水库全年各站点均处于中营养水平;冗余分析(RDA)表明,透明度、溶解氧、水温、高锰酸钾指数和p H是影响后生浮游动物群落动态变化的重要环境因子。     

粤东柘林湾甲壳类群落结构季节变化分析

基于2013年2月(冬季)、5月(春季)、8月(夏季)和11月(秋季)柘林湾拖网调查数据,分析了柘林湾甲壳类资源密度、种类组成和优势种、多样性的变化特征,并对甲壳类群落结构和环境因子的关系进行了研究。调查结果表明,甲壳类资源密度变化范围为30.094~199.048 kg·km~(–2);甲壳类出现53种,隶属于2目13科22属,主要优势种为口虾蛄(Oratosquilla oratoria)、宽突赤虾(Metapenaeopsis palmensis)、锈斑蟳(Charybdis feriatus)和哈氏仿对虾(Parapenaeopsis hardwickii)等;多样性指数变化范围为2.31~3.03,均匀度指数变化范围为0.55~0.8,物种丰富度指数变化范围为1.55~3.29。单因子相似性分析(ANOSIM)、聚类分析和非度量多维标度分析(NMDS)结果表明,柘林湾海域甲壳类群落结构存在明显的季节更替。相似性百分比分析(SIMPER)表明各季节典型种主要有口虾蛄、断脊口虾蛄(O.interrupa)等,分歧种主要有口虾蛄、红星梭子蟹(Portunus sanguinolentus)等。典范对应性分析表明,影响柘林湾海域甲壳类群落结构季节变化的主要环境因子依次为水温、p H和溶解氧。     

涡河中下游浮游动物群落结构及水生态评价

浮游动物群落结构是定量描述河道水生态系统功能的重要指标,动物种类及现存量变化能灵敏地反映水域生态环境的动态变化。为探究涡河中下游浮游动物群落结构及其影响因素,于2016年12月至2017年9月分季度监测了其群落组成和水质变化,根据涡河中下游水闸的位置,将整个涡河划分为5个河段,每个采样河段均设置2个采样点,共计10个样点;采用浮游动物种类、密度、生物量和多样性指数,对涡河水体的营养状态和污染情况进行了评价,通过群落指标与水质指标的冗余度,识别群落结构的影响因子。结果表明:(1)涡河中下游4次采样共检测出浮游动物56种,其中原生动物13种,轮虫20种,枝角类13种,桡足类10种;(2)4个季度的生物量为0.12～8.87 mg/L,均值为1.78 mg/L;Shannon-Wiener多样性指数为0.22～3.17,均值为2.13;水体整体处于中度富营养状态,污染指数为中污型;(3)春季的浮游动物优势种数较其他三季高,春季多样性指数较夏冬略高,明显高于秋季;(4)义门镇采样点秋季多样性指数接近于严重污染状态,城西镇、高炉镇采样点秋季多样性指数均处于严重污染状态,广布多肢轮虫为3个采样点的绝对优势种,在水质治理中应引起重视;(5)冗余度分析表明,环境因子对浮游动物时空分布的总体变异解释度为60.70%,流速、水温和溶解氧是影响涡河中下游浮游动物群落结构的主要环境因子。     

武汉南湖浮游轮虫的初步研究

周年4次采样,在武汉南湖5个采样点共计鉴定出浮游轮虫22个种,主要优势种类螺形龟甲轮虫Keratella cochlearis、针簇多肢轮虫Polyarthra trigla、长三肢轮虫F ilina longiseta和暗小异尾轮虫Trichocerca pu-silla,均为富营养湖泊的指示种。轮虫季节变动明显,密度由高到低为:秋季2 987 ind./L,夏季1 440 ind./L,春季1 130 ind./L,冬季903 ind./L;生物量则依次为秋季1.04 mg/L、夏季0.50 mg/L、春季0.40 mg/L、冬季0.32 mg/L。轮虫的水平分布均匀,Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ站年平均密度依次为1 729、1 575、1 617、1 588和1 567 ind./L;生物量依次为0.61、0.55、0.57、0.56和0.55 mg/L。轮虫的Margalef多样性指数较低,在1.31~2.12之间。     

汾河太原段轮虫多样性及群落结构的动态变化

调查汾河太原段轮虫群落结构的时空变化,探讨轮虫群落结构动态变化规律及其与环境理化因子的关系,为汾河太原段浮游动物动态预测和多样性保护提供必要信息,从生态系统的角度客观评价水质污染状况与水体富营养化程度。在汾河太原段设置采样点7个,于2014年3-12月对轮虫和水体理化指标进行逐月调查。共检出轮虫98种,隶属3目21科33属。全年优势种是长肢多肢轮虫（Polyarthra dolichoptera）和螺形龟甲轮虫（Keratella cochlearis）。调查期间月均检出轮虫28种,轮虫丰度变化范围为153 ~ 1 440 个/L,生物量为0.08～0.89 mg/L;种类数、丰度和生物量均表现为枯水季较低,丰水季最高。群落结构相似性分析表明不同营养状态水体之间差异显著,轮虫丰度、生物量、Shannon-Wiener 多样性指数和Pielou均匀度指数均存在明显差异;中等营养条件的指示种为卵形无柄轮虫（Ascomorpha ovalis）和单趾狭甲轮虫（Colurella unicauda）,指示轻度富营养的指示种为柔软龟甲轮虫（Keratella delicata）,中等富营养水体的指示种则为臂尾轮属的种类。冗余分析结果显示环境变量对轮虫群落结构变异的解释率为 41.3%,水温、叶绿素a 、溶解氧、总氮等因子是影响轮虫时空分布的主要因素。轮虫群落结构特征可以指示水体的营养状态。     

淀山湖轮虫多样性及生物量时空变化

2004年1月至2006年12月逐月对淀山湖轮虫种类组成、生物量和生物密度的时空变化规律及其生物多样性进行了调查研究,并分析了轮虫密度和水温、叶绿素a的关系。经鉴定,共发现轮虫53种（属）,优势轮虫包括针簇多肢轮虫Polyarthra trigla、角突臂尾轮虫Brachionus angularis、萼花臂尾轮虫Brachionus calyciflorus、螺形龟甲轮虫Keratella cochlearis、曲腿龟甲轮虫Keratella valga、晶囊轮虫属Asplanchna spp.、长三肢轮虫Filinia longiseta、椎尾水轮虫Epiphanes senta等,优势种的密度之和分别占当年度轮虫总密度的87.2、82.8和82.8%。3年轮虫平均密度和生物量分别为2514ind/L和2.94mg/L,2005年3月份St6轮虫密度高达11700ind/L。轮虫密度（ind./L）和生物量（mg/L）季节分布一致,均为春季（4862和5.45）>秋季（2300和3.45）>夏季（1773和1.88）>冬季（940和0.45）;在水平分布上,表现为湖心高、进水口和出水口较低、处于网围养殖附近的St3轮虫密度最低的变化趋势。各站点3年平均H为2.27（变幅为2.08-2.50）,Marglef指数D平均为2.3（变幅1.1-3.8）。淀山湖轮虫密度和水体中的叶绿素a含量呈极显著相关,回归方程为：轮虫密度（ind./L）=521.6+64.11Chl.a (µg/L)（r=0.634, P<0.001）。     

石臼湖江苏段浮游植物群落结构特征及与环境因子的关系

分析石臼湖江苏段浮游植物群落结构及对环境因子的响应,以期探索浅水型湖泊浮游植物动态变化机制,为石臼湖水域生态环境监测与保护、生物资源调查提供基础数据。2012年10月至2013年8月,在石臼湖江苏段12个采样点进行了4次采样,调查浮游植物的群落结构及水环境因子,并通过冗余分析(RDA)对数据进行直接梯度排序,分析浮游植物群落结构对环境因子的响应。共发现浮游植物79种,隶属于8门53属,绿藻门21属39种,蓝藻门11属13种,硅藻门10属11种1变种1变型,裸藻门4属5种,甲藻门3属4种,隐藻门2属3种,金藻门1属1种,黄藻门1属1种。优势种(属)10种,冬季以对水温和光照有较好适应能力的硅藻为主要优势种群;春季优势种类较丰富,但优势度不高(0.03~0.09);夏、秋季节以小型丝状蓝藻占绝对优势。浮游植物总平均密度为28.93×106个/L,季节差异显著,峰值出现在夏季,冬季最低。多样性分析表明,石臼湖浮游植物的物种组成较丰富,然而种间分布不均,群落结构稳定性较弱。基于CANOCO的多变量分析表明:p H、溶解氧、透明度、氨氮、水温、电导率是影响浮游植物群落结构的主要环境因子。     

济南地区河流轮虫群落结构的时空动态研究

探讨轮虫群落结构及与水质环境因子之间的关系,为合理开发济南地区水资源以及水环境污染治理提供可靠依据。2014年5月(春季)、8月(夏季)和10月(秋季)分别对济南地区19个站点采样调查,分析不同季节轮虫群落结构的分布特征,应用香农维纳指数和均匀度指数评价济南地区水质健康状况,典范对应分析法判定影响轮虫群落结构的主要环境因子。济南地区水体共鉴定出轮虫17属38种,以龟甲轮属和臂尾轮属为主,春季、夏季和秋季轮虫种类分别为30、17和9种,轮虫密度平均值为114.4、10和8.3个/L。轮虫污染指示种20种,其中寡污带3种、寡污至β中污型5种、β中污性8种、α中污型2种、β-α中污型2种;轮虫污染指示种类占总种类数的52.63%,密度占77.99%;春季出现污染指示种15种,夏季和秋季分别为11种和8种。春季的优势种为卵形彩胃轮虫,夏季的优势种为萼花臂尾轮虫,秋季的优势种为萼花臂尾轮虫、卜氏晶囊轮虫、前节晶囊轮虫。香农维纳指数平均值分别为2.67、1.38和1.20;均匀度指数平均值分别为0.66、0.41和0.35。典范对应分析结果,主要影响南部、中部和北部地区轮虫群落结构的环境因子,春季为总氮、氨氮和硬度,夏季为高锰酸钾,秋季为总磷。综合评价济南地区水生态呈中度污染。     

泸沽湖表层水体浮游动物种群结构及季节变化

2010年对泸沽湖表层水体的浮游动物进行了季节调查。结果表明:泸沽湖表层水体有浮游动物33科58属80种,其中,原生动物10科13属19种、轮虫10科22属32种、枝角类4科9属13种、桡足类3科8属10种、其他浮游动物6科6属6种。浮游动物密度219.4~2 200.3个/L,年均813.2个/L。其中,原生动物30.0~2 400.0个/L,年均660.7个/L,占81.25%;轮虫3.0~780.0个/L,年均145.4个/L,占17.88%;枝角类0~12.0个/L,年均4.1个/L,占0.50%;桡足类0~13.0个/L,年均2.7个/L,占0.33%;其他0~4.0个/L,年均0.3个/L,占0.04%。种类数的季节分布为春季55种、夏季48种、秋季71种、冬季63种;水平分布全湖以鸟岛区域和靠近草海处种类数最丰富,东部较西部丰富,南部较北部丰富,湖周种类较湖心丰富。密度的季节分布为春季693.2个/L、夏季903.4个/L、秋季933.0个/L、冬季722.9个/L;水平分布北部多于南部,东部和西部差距不大,湖心最深区域明显偏低。区系成分大都是生态幅较大的种类,以广温性种类为主,也有一些南方种和冷水性种类分布;生态型则以浮游型种类较多,底栖-周丛型也有一定数量。浮游动物4个类群的优势种都不十分突出,普通表壳虫(Arcella vulgaris)、独角聚花轮虫(Conochilus unicornis)、曲腿龟甲轮虫(Keratella valga)、针簇多肢轮虫(Polyarthra trigla)、透明溞(Daphnia hyaline)、长额象鼻溞(Bosmina longirostris)、西南荡镖水蚤(Neutrodiaptomus mariadvigae)、短尾近剑水蚤(Tropocyclops prasinus)常见。影响4个类群密度变动的主要水环境因素,原生动物食物条件,轮虫为水深、水温、总碱度和食物条件,枝角类为水温、溶解氧、矿化度和氨氮,桡足类为水温、透明度、氨氮和矿化度。     

明珠湖水体中轮虫的年度变化及多样性分析

为了解上海市崇明县明珠湖内轮虫的数量分布、群落特征、种类组成、优势种、物种多样性及年度变化,在湖内设点采样后镜检计数并进行种类鉴定。调查和分析结果:共鉴定出轮虫46种,隶属于17科21属;轮虫生物密度的年均值为2 065.25 ind/L,生物量年均值为6.177 mg/L,其密度在夏季最高,生物量在春季最高;明珠湖轮虫的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、丰富度指数和均匀度指数均较低,优势种的优势度指数较大。     

Rare serotype occurrence and PFGE genotypic diversity of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from tilapia in China

Previously, we reported 10 PEGE types of 85 tilapia Streptococcus agalactiae(GBS), which shifted from Streptococcus iniae in China, by using PEGE method. Presently, larger and more representative tilapia GBS were isolated, for the ?rst time in China, to characterize their serotypes and genetic diversities more precisely than had done before. 168 GBS strains were distributed in ?ve provinces of China, in which Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan were the major ones, holding36.9%(62/168), 37.5%(63/168) and 19.6%(33/168), respectively. Serotypes, Ia, Ib and III, were observed in these strains and the most predominant one was Ia(95.2%), which mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Ia initially occurred in 2009, it shoot up to 32.1% in 2010,but decreased to 16.1% in 2011 before went up to 45.2% in 2012. Ib sporadically occurred during2007–2011, III onlyoccurred in 2012. 14 different PFGE types, including 4 new types(N, O,P and Q), were observed, in which B, D, F and G were the predominant types, holding 83.9%(141/168) of the total GBS strains. Ia corresponded to 11 PFGE types(A–H, N–P), in which type D predominated(51%). Ib represented 3 genotypes(I, J and Q) and III harbored only 2genotypes(N and F). Type N and Fsynchronously presented in Ia and III. In summary, the genetic diversity of tilapia GBS varied by serotypes and changed with geographical locations and years.Although Iastillpredominated, new rareserotypeIII alreadyoccurred in China.     

Growth hormone (GH) and reproduction: a review

Interaction between growth and reproduction occurs in many vertebrates and is particularly obvious at certain stages of the life cycle in fish. Endocrine interactions between the gonadotropic axis and the somatotropic axis are described, the potential role of GH being emphasised. A comparative analysis of these phenomena in mammals, amphibians and fish, suggests a specific role of GH in the physiology of puberty, gametogenesis and fertility. It also shows the original contribution made by studies on the fish model in this field of investigations.     

Purification and partial characterization of GtHs (cfLH and cfFSH) from Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus) (L.) and development of a homologous ELISA for cfLH

Two gonadotropins (GtH; Qa and Qb) were purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography from the pituitaries of Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). The presence of GtH during purification was assessed by in vitro oocyte maturation and in vivo steroidogenic activity, and their identities were determined by elution profiles, molecular weight, biological activities and yield. The molecular weights of Qa and Qb were 37 and 42 kDa, respectively, and composed of distinct subunits (Qa: 20 and 14 kDa and Qb: 26 and 18 kDa). Polyclonal antibodies raised against Qa immunostained Qa, Qb and pituitary GtH cells. A competitive Qa‐ELISA was developed whose sensitivity was 6.25 ng mL^?1 (1.25 ng well^?1) with intra‐ (3.5%) and inter‐ (12.4%) assay coefficients of variation. Displacement curves parallel to the standard were obtained with plasma and pituitary extracts of catfish, Qb and carp GtHII. The assay was validated by measuring the plasma Qa levels after LHRH treatment and in relation to ovarian growth in the female catfish during different reproductive phases. Based on the results, Qa and Qb corresponded to fish LH and FSH respectively. The findings will increase the knowledge of the mechanisms controlling fish reproduction and identification of sensitive phases in fish in captivity for hormonal manipulation.     

Controlled infection of Poecilia reticulata Peters (guppy) with Tetrahymena by immersion and intraperitoneal injection

Tetrahymena is a protozoan parasite, which infects guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, and causes substantial economical losses in commercial farms worldwide. Studies of guppy infected by Tetrahymena require standardized infection protocols. The LD50 for Tetrahymena infection of guppies by intraperitoneal (IP) injection was calibrated, and the level obtained was 946 parasites per fish. Guppy infection with Tetrahymena by immersion, imitating the natural route of infection via the integument, was studied under normal or stress conditions. Exposure to cold and netting (CNI) and to cold only (CI) followed by immersion exposure to 10 000 Tetrahymena per mL resulted in 22.5% and 19.2% mortality, respectively, as compared to 14.2% and 10% in groups that were netted only (NI) or non‐stressed (I). Histopathology revealed that immersion infection resulted in a systemic infection. Lysozyme levels, measured 3 weeks after infection, were significantly higher in the CNI group (288 μg per mg protein) compared with CI‐, NI‐ and I‐treated groups (94.5, 64 and 62.3 μg mg^?1, respectively). There was no evident parasite immobilization activity in body homogenates, suggesting no development of acquired immunity. Re‐infection by IP injection revealed no increase in protection in any of the treatment groups, mortality range of 56.3–75%, higher than in the non‐exposed control (40.6% mortality).     

Evaluation of a Fast Method Based on the Presence of Two Restriction Sites in the Mitochondrial ND5 (mt ND5) Gene for the Identification of Scomber Species

The purpose of this work was to evaluate the suitability of a method based on the presence of two restriction sites (for Hae III and Hindf I) in the mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 (mt ND5) gene to identify Scomber species. The evaluation was performed on 144 reference and market samples by sequencing of the entire 505-bp fragment of the mt ND5 gene and of a 464-bp fragment of the Kocher fragment of the cytochrome b gene (mt Cytb). Sequence analysis of any of the two fragments allows the identification of each of the four Scomber species, but S. japonicus and S. colias had the same restriction sites at the ND5 amplicon and would not have been differentiated by this analysis. Similarly, loss of the Hae III site in some S. scombrus individuals would have misidentified them as not being Scomber. All the market products were correctly labeled except one acquired in Spain labeled as originating in the Atlantic and containing S. japonicus.     

Nitrogenous waste excretion and accumulation of urea and ammonia inChalcalburnus tarichi (Cyprinidae), endemic to the extremely alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Turkey)

The endemic, anadromous cyprinidChalcalburnus tarichi is the only fish species known to occur in alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Anatolia, Turkey). EightC. tarichi were maintained individually in Lake Van water (17 – 19°C; pH 9.8; 153 mEq·I^–1 total alkalinity; 22 total salinity) and tank water samples analyzed for 24 h in 2 to 4 h intervals. At zero time, < 1µM ammonia was present and urea was undetectable in the tank water; at 24 h, total ammonia and urea made up 114±32 and 35±25µM, respectively. Over the experimental period, ammonia-N and urea-N excretion averaged 1041±494 and 607±169moles·kg^–1 fish·h^–1, respectively. The extent of urea excretion was highly variable between specimens. Uric acid excretion was not detectable.Urea was present at high concentrations in all tissues and plasma (25 – 35moles·g^–1·ml^–1) of freshly caughtC. tarichi; total ammonia content of the tissues was by a factor of 1.9 (liver) to 3.0 (brain) lower. High arginase activity (2.4±0.2 U·min^–1·g^–1) was detected in the liver ofC. tarichi but ornithine carbamoylphosphate transferase, a key enzyme of the ornithine-urea-cycle, was absent. Ureagenesis is likely through degradation of arginine and/or uricolysis. High glutamine synthetase activity (11±0.6 U·min^–1·g^–1) and low ammonia content in brain suggest that, like other teleosts,C. tarichi has an efficient ammonia detoxification in the brain, but in no other tissue.Nitrogenous waste excretion at alkaline pH is discussed. The ability ofC. tarichi to excrete high levels of ammonia at extremely alkaline pH is unique among teleosts studied so far. The mechanism of ammonia excretion under Lake Van conditions remains to be elucidated.     

Imported ornamental fish are colonized with antibiotic‐resistant bacteria

There has been growing concern about the overuse of antibiotics in the ornamental fish industry and its possible effect on the increasing drug resistance in both commensal and pathogenic organisms in these fish. The aim of this study was to carry out an assessment of the diversity of bacteria, including pathogens, in ornamental fish species imported into North America and to assess their antibiotic resistance. Kidney samples were collected from 32 freshwater ornamental fish of various species, which arrived to an importing facility in Portland, Oregon from Colombia, Singapore and Florida. Sixty‐four unique bacterial colonies were isolated and identified by PCR using bacterial 16S primers and DNA sequencing. Multiple isolates were identified as bacteria with potential to cause disease in both fish and humans. The antibiotic resistance profile of each isolate was performed for nine different antibiotics. Among them, cefotaxime (16% resistance among isolates) was the antibiotic associated with more activity, while the least active was tetracycline (77% resistant). Knowing information about the diversity of bacteria in imported ornamental fish, as well as the resistance profiles for the bacteria will be useful in more effectively treating clinical infected fish, and also potential zoonoses in the future.     

Effect of iodophor disinfection of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs on their bacterial and fungus load

This study investigated the efficiency of iodophor disinfection (135 ppm active iodine for 15–30 min) of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs against different groups of bacteria and against fungus. Egg samples were taken from non‐disinfected and from disinfected eggs, microorganisms were cultured on specific nutrient media and their mass was measured by turbidimetric methods. Bacteria and fungus mass of non‐hardened eggs could be reduced but not eliminated by iodophor disinfection with 135 ppm active iodine for 15 min. The extent of reduction was 47–65% (Experiment 1). The efficiency of disinfection increased with disinfection time as the reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was 40–55% after 15 min and 58–74% after 30 min (Experiment 2). Disinfection efficiency of iodophor solution diluted in water (reduction 49–57%) and of iodophor solution diluted in sodium chloride solution iso‐osmolar to the oocytes (reduction 52–61%) was similar (Experiment 3). The reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was persistent as it was 39–72% lower in embryos deriving from disinfected eggs than in embryos deriving from non‐disinfected ones (Experiment 4). In conclusion, the tested disinfection method is inadequate to eliminate pathogens completely but it could positively influence immune defence of eggs and embryos.