施肥、品种及密度对大豆籽粒异黄酮含量的影响

大豆异黄酮由于其特定生理保健功能而受到越来越广泛的关注.2006年进行了砂培试验,用以探索氮、磷、钾肥单因素对大豆籽粒异黄酮含量的影响规律.结果表明:氮肥对大豆籽粒异黄酮总含量有较大影响,低氮处理较高氮处理异黄酮总含量增加54.9%,低氮处理较均衡施肥异黄酮总含量增加23.3%.2007年进行了氮肥施用量、品种与栽培密度3因素田间试验.结果表明:品种、密度、施氮量3项效应及其所有的互作项对大豆籽粒异黄酮总含量与3种组分含量均具有极显著的效应.氮肥施用量对大豆籽粒异黄酮含量的影响规律与砂培试验的结果一致,即大豆籽粒异黄酮总含量随氮肥施用量的增加而降低.不同氮肥施用量、不同密度水平及不同品种间异黄酮总含量的变异幅度为5.97%、10.49%和28.44%.由于单项因素及互作项效应的存在,在进行高低异黄酮大豆栽培生产时,考虑各单项因素的同时也应注意各项因素不同水平的最佳组合.     

吉林省普通大豆品种(系)异黄酮含量分析

利用超声波法对吉林省26份普通大豆品种(系)大豆异黄酮含量进行HPLC测定.建立了一种HPLC测定大豆籽粒中异黄酮含量的方法.结果表明:异黄酮各异构体在50～1000μmol·L~(-1)范围内线性系数良好,相关系数为0.9998～0.9999;检出限为1.09～2.06 mg·L~(-1),定量限为3.25～6.46 mg·L~(-1);异黄酮各异构体同收率为97.11%～103.31%;相对标准偏差(RSD,n=7)分别为2.03%～4.32%.该方法线性范围广,线性关系好,灵敏度和准确度高,适合于大豆及大豆制品中异黄酮含量的测定.测得吉林省261份普通大豆品种(系)中的异黄酮含量范围1.46～4.97 mg·g~(-1),超过4 mg·g~(-1)的品种(系)有23个,占测定品种(系)总数的8.81%.     

紫外分光光度法测定大豆中异黄酮的含量

建立一种测定大豆中异黄酮类成分含量的紫外分光光度法分析方法.以染料木素为对照品,利用染料木素与氢氧化钠产生反应,在271 nm波长处有最大吸收峰,用紫外分光光度法测定大豆中总异黄酮的含量.大豆中总异黄酮的含量为4.784 mg/g,加样回收率为100.9%,相对标准偏差为2.0%.方法简便、准确、重现性好,可作为检查大豆中异黄酮的含量的一种手段,适用于大豆及其保健品的日常分析和质量控制.     

储藏温度与时间对大豆子粒中异黄酮含量的影响

以异黄酮含量显著不同的6个大豆品种为材料,采用高效液相色谱(HPLC)技术研究三种储藏温度(室温、4℃和-10℃)条件下不同储藏时间对大豆异黄酮含量的影响.结果显示,不同大豆种子随着储藏时间的增加异黄酮含量逐渐降低,储藏一年后平均降低57.1%,以丙二酰基异黄酮组分降低为主,且达显著水平.储藏温度对大豆种子中异黄酮含量的影响不显著.常温下储藏的大豆种子异黄酮含量有偏高的趋势,且不同品种的表现有所不同.     

微量元素对籽粒中大豆异黄酮积累的影响

对两个大豆品种(高异黄酮品种中豆27和普通品种九农20)进行盆栽试验,施用七种微量元素(镁、硼、锰、锌、铜、铁和钼),利用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)检测大豆籽粒的异黄酮含量。结果显示,不同微量元素对大豆籽粒的异黄酮含量影响差异显著,其中五种微量元素(镁、硼、锰、铜和铁)使大豆异黄酮含量增高,但到一定浓度时,则含量下降;锌元素对大豆异黄酮含量的影响随着微量元素含量提高呈下降趋势;钼元素对大豆异黄酮含量的影响随着微量元素含量提高呈增高趋势。微量元素的含量对异黄酮含量的积累影响很大,镁、硼、锰、铜和铁五种微量元素的含量在0.5mmol/L～1.0mmol/L之间异黄酮含量最高。     

紫外辐射对大豆异黄酮含量变化的影响

研究了UV-B强度增加对大豆异黄酮含量变化的影响,建立高效液相色谱检测方法用于大豆异黄酮的检测.大豆植株经不同辐照度UV-B辐射后,收获成熟籽粒,超声波振荡法提取大豆异黄酮,采用BDS Hypersil C18柱,以含甲醇:0.4%磷酸(30:70,v/v)洗脱,DAD254 nm检测,内标法定量.结果显示大豆在180 mw·m-2UV-B处理后出现了不同程度的伤害,大豆异黄酮含量明显降低,其中Daidzin、Glycitin、Genistin和Daidzein含量分别比对照降低4.5%、8.6%、1.1%和11.4%,且具有较好的相关性.     

气相色谱方法定量检测大豆5种脂肪酸

为建立大豆脂肪酸组分的绝对定量方法,采用加热甲酯化提取法和气相色谱分析法(GC),以5种脂肪酸甲酯(棕榈酸甲酯、硬脂酸甲酯、油酸甲酯、亚油酸甲酯和亚麻酸甲酯)为标准样品,在制定5种脂肪酸甲酯组分的标准曲线(R20.99)和回归方程的基础上,建立了大豆脂肪酸组分的定量测定方法。该方法可以准确检测大豆籽粒中脂肪酸组分的绝对含量。通过对4个油份含量不同的大豆品种脂肪酸含量测定以及与粗脂肪含量的比较分析发现,该方法可显著提高籽粒中的脂肪酸提取率和检测效率,其检测的总脂肪酸含量占总油脂含量的94%以上。该方法不仅能检测样品中5种脂肪酸组分的相对百分比含量,还可以准确计算出籽粒中各个脂肪酸组分的绝对含量,对大豆脂肪酸检测及育种具有重要意义。     

紫外分光光度法测定大豆总异黄酮的含量

建立了测定大豆提取物及以大豆展品黄酮为原料的保健食品中大豆总异黄酮的紫外分光光度法.以染料木素为标准品,优选出325nm为测量波长,以染料木素计量试样中的大豆总异黄酮.大豆提取物中大豆总异黄酮的含量为38.1%,加标回收率为102.3%;某保健品中大豆总总异黄酮的含量为4.76%,加标回收率为99.8%.方法简便、准确、重现性好,适用于保健品的日常分析和质量控制.     

大豆异黄酮的品种间差异分析

直接使用乙醇分离提取大豆异黄酮,并用高效液相色谱技术对8个大豆品种中大豆异黄酮含量进行了品种间差异分析,并对5种异黄酮组分（染料木素、黄豆黄甙、大豆甙、大豆甙元、染料木甙）进行了定量分析。发现品种间的大豆异黄酮和各组分的含量差异显著,黄皮豆的异黄酮含量明显高于其他品种,吉农17异黄酮含量最高,其含量可达6．6‰。     

高效液相色谱法( HPLC)测定大豆异黄酮含量的研究

建立检测大豆异黄酮5种组分(染料木素、染料木苷、大豆苷元、大豆苷和黄豆黄苷)含量的高效液相色谱法,并且测定了大豆各组织和不同时期胚的异黄酮含量.色谱条件:Phenomenex C18色谱柱(150mm×4.6mm,5.0 μm);流动相:甲醇-水(30∶70,v/v);流速:1 mL· min-1,检测波长:254nm...     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.     

Recent Modifications of Chitosan for Adsorption Applications: A Critical and Systematic Review

Chitosan is considered to be one of the most promising and applicable materials in adsorption applications. The existence of amino and hydroxyl groups in its molecules contributes to many possible adsorption interactions between chitosan and pollutants (dyes, metals, ions, phenols, pharmaceuticals/drugs, pesticides, herbicides, etc.). These functional groups can help in establishing positions for modification. Based on the learning from previously published works in literature, researchers have achieved a modification of chitosan with a number of different functional groups. This work summarizes the published works of the last three years (2012–2014) regarding the modification reactions of chitosans (grafting, cross-linking, etc.) and their application to adsorption of different environmental pollutants (in liquid-phase).