黄土丘陵区生物结皮对土壤抗蚀性的影响

以黄土丘陵区不同发育年限的生物结皮为研究对象,通过对保留生物结皮、去除生物结皮两种处理下土壤的崩解性、抗剪强度的比较,分析生物结皮对土壤抗蚀性的影响.结果表明:(1)生物结皮可以增强土壤抗崩解性能,随着发育年限的增加,崩解量减少,减少量从21.85％至43.46％递增.(2)生物结皮可以提高土壤抗剪强度,提高率为17.91％～23.45％,并与发育年限成正相关关系.(3)土壤崩解量与抗剪强度呈线性负相关,生物结皮对土粒间相互作用力的增强可以降低水分对土粒的分散作用,崩解量随抗剪强度的变化率较小.     

黄土丘陵区生物结皮对土壤磷素有效性及碱性磷酸酶活性的影响

黄土丘陵区生物结皮广泛发育,可影响土壤磷素有效性。目前鲜见生物结皮对土壤磷素有效性的研究报道。本文以该区不同年限退耕地的生物结皮为研究对象,通过野外调查和室内分析,研究了生物结皮对土壤全磷、有效磷及碱性磷酸酶活性的影响。结果表明,1）生物结皮的形成可显著提高结皮层土壤全磷含量,而下层(010 cm)全磷含量差异不显著; 2）生物结皮的形成可显著提高结皮层土壤有效磷含量,研究区生物结皮层土壤有效磷含量为3.27~5.87 mg/kg,占到同层土壤全磷含量的0.57%~0.95%,生物结皮层磷酸酶活性高于下层(010 cm) 381倍; 3）生物结皮对土壤磷素有效性及碱性磷酸酶活性的影响与生物结皮发育阶段有关; 4）生物结皮主要通过提高结皮层土壤碱性磷酸酶活性和有机质含量,降低土壤pH,进而提高了土壤磷素有效性。本文研究结果表明,生物结皮的形成有助于提高黄土丘陵区退耕地土壤磷素有效性。     

生物结皮对土壤呼吸的影响作用初探

利用Li—6400P—09土壤呼吸测量系统,对科尔沁沙地沙漠化逆转过程中生物结皮的形成对土壤呼吸的影响进行了测定分析。结果表明:①生物结皮存在时的平均土壤呼吸速率(1.856μmolCO_2/m~2·s),极显著(P<0.01)低于无结皮时的速率(2.725μmolCO_2/m~2·s),说明沙漠化逆转过程中生物结皮的形成可以有效减弱土壤中的CO_2向大气的排放,即生物结皮有减缓温室效应的生态功能;②在湿润和较低温度条件下,生物结皮对土壤呼吸的抑制作用更为显著;③形成的生物结皮越厚,对土壤呼吸的抑制作用越强;④生物结皮中粒径<0.05 mm的粘粉粒含量越多,对土壤呼吸的抑制作用越明显。     

不同土壤和植被生境下生物结皮对土壤性质的影响

生物结皮作为干旱和半干旱地区重要的生物组分,对该区域生态过程中的生物地球化学循环产生重要的影响。以陕北水蚀风蚀交错区的生物结皮为研究对象,调查该区域2种土壤(黄绵土和风沙土)和3种植被(长芒草、油蒿和小叶杨群落,以农田为对照)生境下生物结皮对土壤性质的影响。结果表明:(1)结皮层与结皮下层0-10 cm各土壤性质指标的变化存在显著差异(p0.05);(2)3种植物群落生境下结皮层各土壤性质指标的变化差异不显著,表明结皮层内生物结皮生态功能作用是结皮层土壤性质的主导影响因素;(3)3种植物群落生境0-10 cm土层的土壤性质如C、N、C/N、Mg、Mn、δ~(13)C和δ~(15)N等指标变化存在显著差异(p0.05),但风沙土油蒿和小叶杨群落生境下所有调查的土壤性质指标间均无显著差异,这表明样地间0-10 cm土层土壤性质差异的主要是受到土壤类型自身特性的影响;(4)不同植被和土壤生境下的结皮层和0-10 cm样品间的空间排序分异明显,表明土壤性质间的差异依赖于生境下多因素的综合作用,生物结皮、土壤类型和植被是预测该区域表层土壤空间异质性的重要因素。     

生物结皮对荒漠地区土壤及植物的影响研究述评

 生物结皮是目前防沙治沙的一种重要措施。通过对国内外生物结皮研究的回顾,简要总结了生物结皮对荒漠地区土壤理化性质及植物的影响。生物结皮对其下层土壤的影响主要表现在土壤的机械组成、土壤盐分、土壤养分等方面。生物结皮具有明显的养分、盐分和细粒物质的聚集作用,对表层土壤发育有积极的意义。生物结皮及下部土壤细粒的增加,提高了土壤的吸湿性和持水性,但对降雨入渗的影响尚无定论。在生物结皮的发育过程中,其与维管植物萌发和定居间的关系也存在几种不同的观点。对生物结皮的研究是目前防沙治沙研究的一个重要领域,其对荒漠地区的土壤及植被某些方面的影响目前并未形成一致的结论,其形成机制、生物组成、演替规律、对后续植物定居的影响等,均是需要进一步深入研究的科学问题。     

黄土丘陵区不同盖度生物结皮土壤抗冲性研究

按藓类植物所占结皮面积比例为盖度划分标准,采用变坡度水槽研究了不同盖度生物结皮对土壤抗冲性及黏结力、有机质、容重等理化属性的影响,探索了生物结皮理化属性与抗冲性之间的关系。结果表明:结皮容重随结皮盖度的增加呈不断减小的变化趋势4,盖度(苔藓盖度>80%)平均结皮容重比1盖度(苔藓盖度<20%)减小了16%;土壤黏结力、有机质、>5 mm水稳性团聚体百分比均随着结皮盖度的增加而增大。生物结皮通过本身分泌的有机凝胶体和多聚糖等胶结物质及菌丝之间的缠绕、包裹等作用,不但改善了土壤本身的理化属性,而且增强了松散土粒与土粒之间的黏结作用;结皮土壤抗冲刷时间随着结皮盖度的增加而延长,土壤侵蚀率随着结皮盖度的增加而减少,证实了结皮的形成和发育减少或避免了土壤侵蚀的发生与发展;生物结皮提高土壤抗冲性的作用主要表现在生物结皮提高了土壤黏结力与团聚体含量上。     

黄土丘陵区生物结皮对坡面流水动力特征的影响

[目的]探究生物结皮对坡面流水动力特征的影响,为黄土高原丘陵区生物结皮防蚀机理研究提供理论指导。[方法]设置生物结皮覆盖及破坏处理,进行人工模拟降雨试验。[结果](1)生物结皮覆盖及破坏处理下坡面流均属于层流急流。(2)生物结皮可显著降低坡面流流速,增加水流剪切力,阻力系数和水流功率(p<0.05)。其中,藻结皮处理和苔藓结皮处理较裸地流速分别减少了48.74%和62.24%,水流剪切力、阻力系数、水流功率较裸地分别增加了130.01%和308.07%;703.35%和2 532.01%;21.16%和57.43%。(3)生物结皮破坏后其阻力系数与裸地无显著变化,流速、水流剪切力、水流功率均显著高于裸地(p<0.05)。其中,藻结皮破坏和苔藓结皮破坏处理较裸地流速、水流剪切力、水流功率分别增加了10.84%和16.46%;36.83%和42.44%;60.90%和62.14%。[结论]生物结皮覆盖会增大坡面流阻力系数,降低流速。生物结皮破坏后坡面流阻力系数与裸地无差异,流速增加。此外,生物结皮覆盖及破坏处理均会增大坡面流水流剪切力及水流功率,进而增加径流侵蚀能量。     

红壤丘陵区不同盖度生物结皮对水分入渗的影响

为探究不同盖度生物结皮对入渗特征的影响,在红壤丘陵区咸宁选取第四纪黏土发育土壤(S型)和泥质页岩发育土壤(N型)上的生物结皮,设计6个盖度水平(裸地,1%~20%,20%~40%,40%~60%,60%~80%,80%~100%),使用微型圆盘入渗仪(mini disk)测定土壤入渗过程,探究入渗过程的影响因素,同时采用3种常见的入渗模型对入渗过程进行拟合,并评价模型适用性。结果表明:(1)相对于裸地,生物结皮发育提高土壤有机质和黏粒含量,增加结皮厚度和生物量,降低砂粒含量。(2)第四纪黏土发育土壤水分入渗特征随生物结皮盖度的增加而逐渐降低,初始入渗速率、稳定入渗速率、平均入渗速率、非饱和导水率的变化范围分别为0.25~1.55,0.13~0.91,0.17~1.11,2.04~8.48 mm/min。泥质页岩发育土壤除40%~60%盖度砾石含量较高,土壤水分入渗也随盖度的增加而逐渐减小,80%~100%盖度的初始、平均和稳定入渗率较裸地分别降低91.14%,87.64%和91.30%,生物结皮的存在阻碍土壤水分入渗。冗余分析表明,对于第四纪黏土发育土壤,生物量(54.30%)对其入渗特征的解释度最高,泥质页岩发育土壤则为盖度(39.30%)和砾石含量(34.00%)。(3)Horton模型、Kostiakov模型、Philip模型3种主流入渗模型中Horton模型拟合效果最优。研究结果可为揭示湿润区生物结皮水分运移规律提供科学参考。     

黄土丘陵区生物结皮覆盖对土壤团聚体分布特征及稳定性影响

【目的】以吕梁离石区结皮覆盖（藻结皮、藓结皮、藓草混生结皮,裸地为对照）下土壤为研究对象,研究结皮种类对其下层土壤有机碳及土壤团聚体稳定性的影响。【方法】通过干筛和湿筛法对土壤团聚体分级,探究土壤容重、土壤有机碳含量和土壤静水崩解速率与团聚体稳定的相关性。【结果】在0～5 cm和5～10 cm深度,3种结皮下土壤容重与裸地间均达到显著差异;土壤有机碳含量表现为藓草混生结皮和藓结皮分别比裸地显著增加。不同深度土层,团聚体破坏率、分形维数表现为裸地>藻结皮>苔藓结皮>藓草混生结皮;平均重量直径和几何平均直径变化规律正好相反。相关性分析表明,> 0.25 mm土壤团聚体含量与土壤容重呈显著负相关关系;团聚体破坏率、分形维数与土壤容重、土壤静水崩解速率呈极显著正相关关系,与土壤有机碳含量呈极显著负相关关系;平均重量直径、几何平均直径与土壤容重呈极显著负相关关系,与土壤静水崩解速率呈显著负相关关系,与土壤有机碳含量呈极显著正相关关系。【结论】黄土丘陵吕梁随结皮层次提高,土壤团聚体形成能力和土壤团聚体水稳定性逐渐增高,对土壤水稳定性起主导作用的是土壤有机碳含量。     

三峡库区生物结皮对土壤分离过程的影响及其机制

为探明三峡库区生物结皮对土壤分离过程的影响及机制,以湖北省秭归县王家桥小流域为研究区域,选取以苔藓为优势种的生物结皮样地,以无结皮覆盖的裸地为对照,设计5个结皮盖度水平(1%～20%、20%～40%、40%～60%、60%～80%和80%～100%),采集原状土样,进行不同侵蚀动力条件下(水流剪切力4.89～17.99 Pa)的冲刷试验,建立生物结皮盖度与土壤分离能力、细沟可蚀性和临界剪切力间的定量关系,明确影响土壤分离过程的主要因素并阐明其作用过程。结果表明,生物结皮盖度显著影响土壤分离,裸地的土壤分离能力(0.160 kg/(m2·s))为生物结皮土壤(0.008～0.081 kg/(m2·s))的1.9倍～21.0倍,裸地的细沟可蚀性(0.018 7 s/m)为生物结皮土壤(0.009 5～0.000 9 s/m)的2.0倍～20.0倍;相对土壤分离速率和细沟可蚀性均随结皮盖度的增加呈指数衰减;通径分析显示土壤分离能力主要受结皮盖度、土壤黏结力和沙粒含量的影响,细沟可蚀性主要受结皮盖度和土壤容重的影响;非线性回归表明,土壤分离能力可用水流剪切力、黏结力和结皮盖度的幂函数进行模拟(...     

黄土丘陵区退耕地生物结皮影响下的土壤腐殖质分异特征

本文对黄土丘陵区退耕地生物结皮影响下的土壤腐殖质分异特征进行了研究。结果表明,①该区生物结皮影响下的土壤腐殖质组分HA、FA和HM含量均有明显的分层特征,土层间均表现出:结皮层0～2cm土层2～5cm土层;不同年限生物结皮土壤腐殖质含量总体表现出:16年8年32年12年,表明退耕地生物结皮影响下的土壤腐殖质含量随时间变化呈非线性变化趋势;HA/FA平均值变化范围为0.34～0.70,低于1,该区生物结皮影响下的土壤腐殖质胡敏酸含量不高,腐殖酸以富啡酸为主;②结皮层土壤腐殖酸E4/E6值随时间变化总体上呈"抛物线"型变化趋势;而0～2cm和2～5cm土层土壤腐殖酸E4/E6值呈缓慢增长的趋势;③腐殖质组分与土壤养分因子的全N、NO3--N、NH4+-N和有效Zn之间存在极显著的线性相关关系(p0.01);④土壤腐殖质组分含量的变化与全N、NO3--N、NH4+-N和有效Zn含量间存在满足二项式的函数回归关系(p0.01),表明生物结皮对土壤C素与N素和有效Zn的影响密切相关。     

黄土高原典型土壤全氮和微生物氮剖面分布特征研究

为阐明黄土高原典型土壤全氮和微生物氮含量随土壤类型、土层和土地利用方式变化规律,研究了从北向南依次分布的干润砂质新成土(神木)、黄土正常新成土(延安)和土垫旱耕人为土(杨陵)等典型土壤的全氮和微生物氮含量的变化特征。结果表明,不同土壤类型、不同土层全氮和微生物氮含量存在显著差异。从南到北,全氮和微生物氮含量显著下降(P0.05)。对同一土壤类型,全氮和微生物氮含量在060.cm随土层深度增加下降很明显,60120.cm有轻微下降,120.cm以下低而稳定。微生物氮含量随土壤类型的变化趋势与全氮完全相同,其与土壤全氮、有机碳及微生物碳含量均存在极显著正相关关系(P0.01)。土壤微生物氮与全氮比值变化在0.42%9～.44%之间。虽然土地利用对土壤全氮和C/N比影响不显著,但却显著影响微生物氮含量和微生物氮与全氮的比值;与农田土壤相比,草地土壤微生物氮含量和微生物氮与全氮比值均明显增加。这一结果说明微生物氮含量和微生物氮与全氮比值更能有效、快速地反映土壤质量的变化。     

Microalgal species variation at different successional stages in biological soil crusts of the Gurbantunggut Desert,Northwestern China

Biological soil crusts (BSC), most notably lichen crusts, develop and diversify in the Gurbantunggut Desert, the largest fixed and semi-fixed desert in China. Four different successional stages of BSC, including bare sand, microalgal crusts, lichen crusts, and moss crusts, were selected to determine successional changes in microalgal species composition and biomass and formation of BSC. A 10 × 10-m observation plot was established in an interdune region of the Gurbantunggut Desert and data were collected over an 8-year study period. The main results were: (1) different successional stages of BSC significantly affected the content of soil organic C and total and available N but not the total and available P and K content of soil; (2) composition of microalgal communities differed among the four successional stages; (3) significant differences in microalgal biomass were observed among the four successional stages; (4) bare sand was mainly uncompacted sand gains; (5) filamentous cyanobacteria, particularly Microcoleus vaginatus, were the dominant species in the early phase of crust succession. The presence of fungal mycelium and moss rhizoids prevented water and wind erosion.     

Effects of land use on soil erosion and nitrogen loss in the hilly area of the Loess Plateau,China

This study examines the effects of land use and slope angle on runoff, soil loss and nitrogen loss from hillslopes of the Loess Plateau in China. Farmland, wasteland and four forest treatments (sea buckthorn+poplar, immature sea buckthorn, mature sea buckthorn, and immature Chinese pine) were the types of land use that were compared. The results showed that July was the critical period for runoff, soil loss and nitrogen loss from farmland. Farmland was the most susceptible land use. Sea buckthorn+poplar, immature sea buckthorn, and mature sea buckthorn limited the runoff, soil loss and nitrogen loss. Farmland on slopes over 15 degrees should be abandoned because of the high erosion rate and nitrogen loss. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Impact of inorganic nitrogen additions on microbes in biological soil crusts

Many studies have shown that changes in nitrogen (N) availability affect the diversity and composition of soil microbial community in a variety of terrestrial systems, but less is known about the responses of microbes specific to biological soil crusts (BSCs) to increasing N additions. After seven years of field experiment, the bacterial diversity in lichen-dominated crusts decreased linearly with increasing inorganic N additions (ambient N deposition; low N addition, 3.5 g N m⁻² y⁻¹; medium N addition, 7.0 g N m⁻² y⁻¹; high N addition, 14.0 g N m⁻² y⁻¹), whereas the fungal diversity exhibited a distinctive pattern, with the low N-added crust containing a higher diversity than the other crusts. Pyrosequencing data revealed that the bacterial community shifted to more Cyanobacteria with modest N additions (low N and medium N) and to more Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria and much less Cyanobacteria with excess N addition (high N). Our results suggest that soil pH, together with soil organic carbon (C), structures the bacterial communities with N additions. Among the fungal communities, the relative abundance of Ascomycota increased with modest N but decreased with excess N. However, increasing N additions favored Basidiomycota, which may be ascribed to increases in substrate availability with low lignin and high cellulose contents under elevated N conditions. Bacteria/fungi ratios were higher in the N-added samples than in the control, suggesting that the bacterial biomass tends to dominate over that of fungi in lichen-dominated crusts after N additions, which is especially evident in the excess N condition. Because bacteria and fungi are important components and important decomposers in BSCs, the alterations of the bacterial and fungal communities may have implications in the formation and persistence of BSCs and the cycling and storage of C in desert ecosystems.     

Effects of biological soil crusts on soil enzyme activities in revegetated areas of the Tengger Desert,China

Biological soil crusts (BSCs) cover up to 70% of the sparsely-vegetated areas in arid and semiarid regions throughout the world and play a vital role in dune stabilization in desert ecosystems. Soil enzyme activities could be used as significant bioindicators of soil recovery after sand burial. However, little is known about the relationship between BSCs and soil enzyme activities. The objective of this study was to determine whether BSCs could affect soil enzyme activities in revegetated areas of the Tengger Desert. The results showed that BSCs significantly promoted the activities of soil urease, invertase, catalase and dehydrogenase. The effects also varied with crust type and the elapsed time since sand dune stabilization. All the soil enzyme activities tested in this study were greater under moss crusts than under cyanobacteria–lichen crusts. The elapsed time since sand dune stabilization correlated positively with the four enzyme activities. The enzyme activities varied with soil depth and season, regardless of crust type. Cyanobacteria–lichen and moss crusts significantly enhanced all test enzyme activities in the 0–20 cm soil layer, but negatively correlated with soil depth. All four enzyme activities were greater in the summer and autumn than in spring and winter due to the vigorous growth of the crusts. Our study demonstrated that the colonization and development of BSCs could improve soil quality and promote soil recovery in degraded areas of the Tengger Desert.     

黄土高原沟壑区不同年限苹果园土壤碳氮磷变化特征

管理措施是影响土壤质量演变的重要因素.分析和讨论了5、10、15年苹果园耕层(0―20 cm)和0―200 cm土壤有机碳、全氮、全磷、有效磷和硝态氮含量及其影响因素。结果表明,5年、10年和15年的塬面苹果园表层土壤有机碳依次为7.5、6.7和6.7 g/kg;全氮依次为0.94、0.85和0.83 g/kg;但土壤全磷和速效磷含量随着种植年限而增加,与5年苹果园相比,塬面10年苹果园土壤全磷、速效磷含量分别提高了11%、60%,并且磷素的变异性随年限而增加。坡地10年、15年和20年苹果园土壤有机碳依次为6.3、6.2 和6.5 g/kg,全氮依次为0.76、0.76 和0.81 g/kg;与10年苹果园相比,15年苹果园土壤全磷、速效磷含量分别提高了20%、28%。土壤剖面0―80 cm内不同土地利用方式土壤碳、氮、磷含量随土层加深而降低,80 cm以下不同利用条件苹果园土壤碳、磷含量差异不大,氮素含量在土壤100 cm下随苹果园种植年限增加而增加。