印楝实生苗年生长规律研究

研究了1年生印楝实生苗生长动态、苗木生物量积累与分配模式以及苗木生长与气象因子的关系,结果表明:印楝苗的年生长规律符合Logistic曲线特征,据此方程可以建立苗高、地径与生长时间的拟合模型,结合二次多项式对苗木连日生长量的动态模拟,可将苗木生长划分为4个阶段:出苗期、生长初期、速生期和生长后期,其中处于速生阶段苗木的高和地径生长量均超过全年总量的70%,地径处于生长初期阶段的时间短于苗高,但生长量占全年总量之比是苗高的2倍;苗木生物量积累与苗高和地径的相关性极为密切,其中地上部分生物量占全株的69.1%,全株含水量是干质量的1.58倍;在制约苗木生长节律的气象因子中,偏相关分析表明:温度是苗木生长的主导因子.     

红花木莲播种苗的育苗技术要点

红花木莲1年生苗木苗高生长出现2个高峰期,分别在7月中旬和9月下旬;地径也呈现出相同的规律,比苗高迟30～40d,分别在8月下旬和10月下旬;将苗木生长期分为出苗期、幼苗期、速生期、生长后期4个阶段。根据各阶段苗木的生长特点,提出了关键育苗技术措施,以提高苗木的成苗率、质量与产量。     

不同杉木优良品种苗木生长对比分析

对5个杉木优良品种1年生苗木的苗高、地径、高径比进行调查分析,结果表明:参试的杉木优良品种苗木生长良好,苗木的苗高、地径、高径比在品种间差异达极显著水平。其中,沙县官庄杉木第2.5代种子园种子培育的苗木1年生时生长表现最优,其苗木高,地径粗,苗木健壮;邵武卫闽杉木第2.5代、第2代苗木和沙县官庄杉木第2代苗木生长表现一般;三明市郊杉木第2代苗木生长表现最差。     

2年生柔枝松容器苗的年生长规律和苗木质量评价

对3种基质,4个种源的2年生柔枝松容器苗的年生长规律及其形态指标进行了分析,并运用主成分分析和聚类分析,对12个处理苗木进行了质量评价。结果表明,3-4月份、5-8月份,地径处于迅速生长阶段;而苗高只在4-5月份整个生长季中唯一一次高生长,期间地径生长缓慢。P3种源的年生长规律与其他种源有较大不同,即地径生长起止时间相对较早,苗高生长期较长。对17个形态指标进行主成分分析和聚类分析,并结合方差分析。结果表明,M1基质容器苗的苗木质量较差;M2、M3基质的苗木质量较好,其中又以M2基质P1种源和M3基质P2种源的苗木质量更佳。     

不同杨树品系引种苗期生长规律与对比试验研究

本文在怀宁县皖河滩地进行了4个杨树品系：湘林77、80、90和南林95的引种育苗试验，供试面积6．67hm2；2008年5月20日至10月20日，在不同品系杨树苗木中随机抽取一个标准行苗木，每隔15天调查一次地径、苗高，以进行不同杨树品系苗木生长规律与对比试验研究。结果表明：杨树4品系地径、苗高生长均随时间呈线性增加；不同品系苗木地径和苗高生长差异显著，南林95和湘林80表现最佳。     

不同肥料处理对华北落叶松苗木生长的影响

通过对施用不同肥料的两年生华北落叶松苗木四个生长时期苗高、地径及叶绿素含量的测定,我们研究了不同肥料对苗木生长的影响。结果表明:生长初期,四个处理间的苗高、地径及叶绿素含量差异不显著;速生前期,各处理间苗高和叶绿素含量差异不显著,处理2的地径与其他处理间差异显著;速生后期,处理1的苗高和处理3的地径和叶绿素含量分别与其他各处理间差异显著;硬化期与速生后期表现相同。     

美丽异木棉苗期生长节律

利用Logistic方程对美丽异木棉(ceiba speciosa)1年生容器实生苗的苗高、地径年生长节律进行拟合,结果表明,Logistic方程拟合效果显著。一年中,苗木的高生长有2次生长高峰,地径生长有1次生长高峰。采用有序样本聚类分析对美丽异木棉容器苗苗期日生长率进行分析,将苗木生长划分为生长初期、速生期、生长后期3个阶段,并根据不同阶段的生长特性提出相应的育苗措施。     

云南松不同组合杂交种苗期生长分析

为详细了解云南松杂交育苗及苗期生长情况,对云南松51个杂交组合和19个半同胞苗木的苗高和地径生长性状进行了测定与分析,结果表明,38个云南松种内杂交种幼苗苗高与地径生长差异大部分达到极显著水平,有15个种内杂交种的苗高生长值超过了总体平均值,有18个种内杂交种的地径生长值超过了总体平均值;云南松种内杂交相同母本的不同杂交组合类别之间的苗高和地径生长差异大部分达到极显著水平,有11个类别杂交种的苗高和地径生长均显著高于半同胞苗木的生长性状;13个云南松与思茅松种间杂交种幼苗苗高与地径生长差异均达到极显著水平,有7个种间杂交种的苗高和地径生长均超过了总体平均值;云南松与思茅松种间杂交种的苗高总体均值约是云南松种内杂交种苗高总体均值的1.4倍,二者的地径生长均值基本接近;云南松与思茅松种间杂交相同母本的不同杂交组合类别之间的苗高生长差异均达到极显著水平,地径生长差异不显著,有4个类别杂交种的苗高和地径生长均显著高于半同胞苗木的生长性状。     

黄连木苗期生长规律研究

对黄连木1年生播种苗的苗木生长规律进行了研究。结果表明,黄连木1年生播种苗的苗高生长过程可划分为出苗期、幼苗期、速生期、生长后期4个时期。黄连木苗高生长的速生期在7月初至8月初,虽持续时间仅30天,但此时期苗高生长量最大,占总生长量的33.6%,苗高净生长量的峰值出现在8月初,8月下旬后苗高生长缓慢,11月苗高生长基本结束。黄连木的地径生长的速生期持续到10月下旬,地径净生长量的峰值出现在9月初,较苗高生长的峰值晚30天,11月初之后地径生长缓慢,11月下旬停止生长。     

无患子苗期生长参数分析

定量分析了无患子苗期地径、苗高生长规律,并利用Logistic模型对其地径和苗高年生长节律进行拟合。结果表明:无患子1年生播种苗地径和苗高年生长节律可划分为始盛期、速生期、盛末期3个阶段。在始盛期,苗高、地径生长量分别占全年总生长量的21.56%和18.96%;进入速生期后,苗高、地径生长量占全年生长量比例为58.83%、66.90%;进入盛末期,苗高、地径生长量占生全年生长量比例仅19.61%,14.14%。苗木地径、苗高生长量与生长时间均存在着极显著的相关关系,拟合的数学模型可靠性高,可用于指导实际生产。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.