Low (Sub-1-volt) halfwave voltage polymeric electro-optic modulators achieved by controlling chromophore shape

Electro-optic (EO) modulators encode electrical signals onto fiber optic transmissions. High drive voltages limit gain and noise levels. Typical polymeric and lithium niobate modulators operate with halfwave voltages of 5 volts. Sterically modified organic chromophores have been used to reduce the attenuation of electric field poling-induced electro-optic activity caused by strong intermolecular electrostatic interactions. Such modified chromophores, incorporated into polymer hosts, were used to fabricate EO modulators with halfwave voltages of 0.8 volts (at a telecommunications wavelength of 1318 nanometers) and to achieve a halfwave voltage-interaction length product of 2.2 volt-centimeters. Optical push-pull poling and driving were also used to reduce halfwave voltage. This study, together with recent demonstrations of exceptional bandwidths (more than 110 gigahertz) and ease of integration (with very large scale integration semiconductor circuitry and ultra-low-loss passive optical circuitry) demonstrates the potential of polymeric materials for next generation telecommunications, information processing, and radio frequency distribution.     

Optical switching and image storage by means of azobenzene liquid-crystal films

Liquid crystals are promising materials for optical switching and image storage because of their high resolution and sensitivity. Azobenzene liquid crystals (LCs) have been developed, in which azobenzene moieties play roles as both mesogens and photosensitive chromophores. Azobenzene LC films showed a nematic phase in trans isomers and no LC phase in cis isomers. Trans-cis photoisomerization of azobenzene with a laser pulse resulted in a nematic-to-isotropic phase transition with a rapid optical response of 200 microseconds.     

有机改性介孔硅材料在重金属废水处理中的应用

介孔材料是一类性能优良的吸附材料,对该类材料进行有机改性,在对含重金属离子废水处理方面表现出较好的吸附效果。综述了有机改性介孔材料的对重金属离子废水处理的最新研究进展,并展望了该类材料的发展和应用前景。     

添加玉米秸秆对黑钙土重组有机碳含量及有机无机复合的影响

为了科学评价土壤的固碳性能和潜力,以黄土和红土母质及其发育的黑钙土为供试土壤,在田间调查的基础上,分别采集耕层和母质层土壤样品,研究添加有机物料后土壤重组有机碳含量、有机无机复合状况的变化。针对东北玉米主产区黑钙土秸秆还田技术推广中亟待阐明的科学问题,通过室内恒温培养试验模拟了一个作物生长期内,黑钙土母质和耕层土壤添加不同比例的玉米秸秆后,重组有机碳含量和有机无机复合状况的变化。结果表明:随秸秆添加量的增加,供试耕层土壤和母质中的重组有机碳含量、原土有机碳复合量均呈同步增加趋势,但原土有机碳复合度呈逐步下降趋势。在耕层土壤中,原土有机碳含量越低的土壤,其重组有机碳增量和原土有机碳复合量增率越大,说明原土有机碳含量低的土壤具有更大的固碳潜力。母质层土壤重组有机碳增量、原土有机碳复合量增率和追加复合量均大于耕层土壤,说明母质的固碳潜力远大于耕层土壤,且红土母质的固碳潜力更强。     

Organic-inorganic hybrid zeolites containing organic frameworks

Organic-inorganic hybrid zeolite materials containing an organic framework have been synthesized by partially superseding a lattice oxygen atom by a methylene group. The use of methylene-bridged organosilane as a silicon source gives zeolite materials containing an organic group as lattice (ZOL), with several zeolitic phases such as the MFI and the LTA structures. Through various characterization methods, the presence of methylene frameworks (Si-CH2-Si) that replace siloxane bonds (Si-O-Si) has been verified, although the Si-C bonds are partly cleaved to give rise to terminal methyl groups. The shape-selective lipophilicity of a ZOL material indicates that it is not a physical mixture of conventional zeolite and amorphous organic-containing material but contains a genuine organic-inorganic hybrid zeolite.     

Nanoparticle polymer composites: where two small worlds meet

The mixing of polymers and nanoparticles is opening pathways for engineering flexible composites that exhibit advantageous electrical, optical, or mechanical properties. Recent advances reveal routes to exploit both enthalpic and entropic interactions so as to direct the spatial distribution of nanoparticles and thereby control the macroscopic performance of the material. For example, by tailoring the particle coating and size, researchers have created self-healing materials for improved sustainability and self-corralling rods for photovoltaic applications. A challenge for future studies is to create hierarchically structured composites in which each sublayer contributes a distinct function to yield a mechanically integrated, multifunctional material.     

有机物料对土壤有机碳含量的影响

[目的]为了探讨在实际的生产中,有机物料归还量、归还时间对土壤有机碳含量的影响。[方法]采用盆栽试验,研究有机物料施用量对低、中、高有机碳含量土壤的影响。[结果]有机碳含量随着有机物料施用量和培养年限的增加而增加,有机物料转化率随着培育年限的增加而增加,并且低、中有机碳含量土壤的有机物料转化率高于高有机碳含量土壤。[结论]该研究可以为秸秆等有机物料施入土壤培肥提供依据。     

不同生态型粟的光合特性比较研究

 本试验收集到我国12个省（市、自治区）不同生态型粟70余个，光合特性分析结果表明：谷子光合强度平均值为38.88毫克，不同生态型差异较大，变幅为20.00-61.70毫克；光呼吸平均值为2.19毫克，变幅在0.60-5.90毫克；光补偿点变幅在1.2-4.0kLx；谷子的CO#-2补偿点变幅在6.0-22.5ppm，其平均值为13.6ppm。除谷子的光补偿点较高外，其它各项光合特性较接近C#-4型植物。这些结果为遗传育种和栽培管理上充分利用我国丰富的谷子资源提供了重要依据。     

添加有机物料后红壤CO2释放特征与微生物生物量动态

 【目的】对不同有机物料施入红壤后CO2释放特征及几种形态碳、氮变化进行了观测,并分析其相互关系,以阐明添加有机物料后红壤中CO2释放量及几种碳、氮形态的变化特征。【方法】采用室内恒温培养试验,向红壤中添加5种有机物料（猪粪、牛粪、鸡粪、玉米秸秆和小麦秸秆）,培养期间定期采样分析红壤CO2释放量及土壤微生物量碳、氮（SMBC、SMBN）的动态变化。【结果】添加有机物料后,各处理CO2释放速率在培养前期较高,在培养18-20 d后基本趋于稳定。整个培养期间,土壤CO2-C的累积过程符合一级反应动力学方程。添加不同有机物料后红壤CO2潜在释放量从高到低顺序为：小麦秸秆（1.51 g•kg-1）＞玉米秸秆（1.38 g•kg-1）＞猪粪（0.89 g•kg-1）＞鸡粪（0.78 g•kg-1）＞牛粪（0.50 g•kg-1）。添加几种有机物料后红壤CO2释放量存在显著差异,秸秆类有机物料分解释放CO2量相当于动物有机肥的2倍以上,其中小麦秸秆最高,牛粪最低,且有机物料分解释放CO2量与SMBC、SMBN、土壤可溶性有机碳（WSOC）和有机物料C/N呈显著相关。【结论】等碳量的有机物料施入红壤后能显著提高土壤CO2的释放速率和释放量,且土壤CO2释放量与土壤微生物量、可溶性碳和有机物料的C/N紧密相关。添加有机物料处理,土壤微生物生物量和碳源、氮源的有效性较高,有利于土壤养分的转化和释放。     

Comment on "Nonreciprocal light propagation in a silicon photonic circuit"

We show that the structure demonstrated by Feng et al. (Reports, 5 August 2011, p. 729) cannot enable optical isolation because it possesses a symmetric scattering matrix. Moreover, one cannot construct an optical isolator by incorporating this structure into any system as long as the system is linear and time-independent and is described by materials with a scalar dielectric function.     

Thin Films of n-Si/Poly-(CH3)3Si-Cyclooctatetraene: Conducting-Polymer Solar Cells and Layered Structures

The optical and electronic properties of thin films of the solution-processible polymer poly-(CH(3))(3)Si-cyclooctatetraene are presented. This conjugated polymer is based on a polyacetylene backbone with (CH(3))(3)Si side groups. Thin transparent films have been cast onto n-doped silicon (n-Si) substrates and doped with iodine to form surfacebarrier solar cells. The devices produce photovoltages that are at the theoretical limit and that are much greater than can be obtained from n-Si contacts with conventional metals. Two methods for forming layered polymeric materials, one involving the spincoating of preformed polymers and the other comprising the sequential polymerization of different monomers, are also described. An organic polymer analog of a metal/insulator/metal capacitor has been constructed with the latter method.     

Preparation of photonic crystals made of air spheres in titania

Three-dimensional crystals of air spheres in titania (TiO2) with radii between 120 and 1000 nanometers were made by filling the voids in artificial opals by precipitation from a liquid-phase chemical reaction and subsequently removing the original opal material by calcination. These macroporous materials are a new class of photonic band gap crystals for the optical spectrum. Scanning electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and optical microscopy confirm the quality of the samples, and optical reflectivity demonstrates that the crystals are strongly photonic and near that needed to exhibit band gap behavior.     

不同钝化材料对铜污染土壤修复的影响

为比较不同钝化材料对铜(Cu)污染土壤原位钝化修复的影响,采用田间试验方法,研究了钙基(磷灰石、石灰)、有机(生物腐植酸菌剂、生物有机肥)和硅基(新型多孔陶瓷纳米材料)等钝化材料对Cu污染土壤理化性质、土壤有效Cu含量、油菜生长及其不同部位吸收Cu的影响。结果表明,与常规施肥对照相比,钙基材料和硅基材料显著提高了土壤pH,有机材料较其他两种材料整体提高土壤养分(速效磷除外)效果明显;不同钝化材料均显著降低土壤有效Cu含量(比对照降低28.65%～36.66%),有效抑制油菜籽粒对Cu的吸收(33.84%～46.03%),其中钙基材料处理下二者降低幅度最大,分别为36.66%和46.03%;两种钙基材料处理较对照的油菜增产7.43%,有机材料和硅基材料表现减产。根据试验结果,钙基材料(尤其是石灰)通过显著提高土壤pH,降低酸性土壤Cu生物有效性,可能在安全生产的基础上有效提高油菜籽产量。     

Meteorites: optical activity in organic matter

A low- amplitude, positive, Cotton effect, centered at about 340 millimicrons, has been observed in organic extracts of samples from ordinary (noncarbonaceous) chondrites. Ancillary evidence renders it likely that this optical activity derived from contamination by biologic materials on Earth.     

我国典型农田土壤中有机物料腐解特征及驱动因子

【目的】研究不同有机物料在我国典型农田土壤中的腐解残留率变化。结合气候、土壤等环境因素,阐明秸秆和粪肥在我国农田土壤中的腐解特征及其主控因素,为因地制宜的合理利用有机资源和培肥土壤提供科学依据。【方法】在“国家土壤肥力肥效监测基地”中的黑土、潮土和红壤实验站,开展大田填埋试验。有机物料烘干后过2 mm筛,置于48 μm孔径尼龙网袋后填埋在土壤中。共4种供试有机物料：小麦秸秆（WS）、玉米秸秆（MS）、猪粪（PM）和牛粪（CM）。根据各地温度差异,分别在填埋后49—360 d内采样6次。通过分析腐解过程中有机碳含量的变化,整合土壤积温与腐解残留率的相关关系,采用VPA（方差分解分析）定量化气候因子,有机物料性质及土壤养分对不同有机物料腐解的相对贡献率。【结果】秸秆的腐殖化系数为11%—39%,粪肥的为50%—57%,秸秆腐解速率显著高于粪肥,且南方红壤上腐解速率高于北方黑土。地积温方程可拟合有机物料腐解残留率变化,由该方程可知,秸秆和粪肥易分解碳库占比分别为76%和43%,稳定碳库分别为17%和53%。但秸秆和粪肥易分解碳库的分解速率常数（k）无显著差异,其周转积温（1/k）约为1 400—2 000℃。物料性质是有机物料腐解的最主要影响因子,贡献率为28%;其次是气候,贡献率为20%。秸秆腐解过程中主要影响因子为气候因子、有机物料性质和土壤因子三者的交互作用,贡献率达42.3%。粪肥腐解过程中主要影响因子为气候因子,贡献率为38.3%。【结论】秸秆腐解速率和其有机碳库中易分解碳库比例明显高于粪肥,秸秆腐解受到气候、土壤和物料性质协同作用影响,而粪肥则受气候因子影响最大。在田间秸秆还田时需结合当地水热条件确定还田时间和还田量,粪肥则建议在还田前进行堆腐,且注意施用时间。     

单菌株与复合菌对有机物料腐熟性能的影响

[目的]研究单菌株和复合菌的腐熟性能。[方法]测定了单菌株和复合菌的拮抗效果、除臭能力、纤维素酶和蛋白酶活性,以及复合菌对有机物料的除臭和腐熟效果。[结果]由TARE1013KC、TARE1003DY、TARE2012SR、TARE2009MQ和TARE2008LS这5种菌株组成的复合菌具有较强的纤维素、蛋白质分解能力及除臭能力,综合性能高于任何单一菌株。复合菌作为腐熟剂进行应用后,从菌数、速效养分、C/N、气味和发酵周期效果来看,对有机物料的腐熟和除臭都起到了显著的促进作用。[结论]复合菌在促进有机物料腐熟及除臭方面效果优于单菌株。     

Polymer replicas of photonic porous silicon for sensing and drug delivery applications

Elaborate one-dimensional photonic crystals are constructed from a variety of organic and biopolymers, which can be dissolved or melted, by templating the solution-cast or injection-molded materials in porous silicon or porous silicon dioxide multilayer (rugate dielectric mirror) structures. After the removal of the template by chemical dissolution, the polymer castings replicate the photonic features and the nanostructure of the master. We demonstrate that these castings can be used as vapor sensors, as deformable and tunable optical filters, and as self-reporting, bioresorbable materials.     

Stilbazolium-MPS3 Nanocomposites with Large Second-Order Optical Nonlinearity and Permanent Magnetization

Intercalated layered materials comprising an organic dye and inorganic MPS(3) [where M is either the manganese ion (Mn(2+)) or the cadmium ion (Cd(2+))] phases have been prepared. The intercalation process induces a spontaneous poling, giving rise to an efficiency of 750 times that of urea in second-harmonic generation for the cadmium derivative. In addition, the manganese derivative displays a permanent magnetization below 40 kelvin. Thus, these materials exhibit both a large optical nonlinearity and magnetic ordering.     

不同有机物料对设施黄瓜生长及土壤性状的影响

为了减少设施菜田中由于超量施用有机肥导致的N、P累积,通过选取泥炭、腐植酸、菌渣、生物炭4种有机物料及其配施对传统鸡粪进行等C替代,开展了两茬田间试验,研究了有机物料等C替代鸡粪对土壤理化性质和黄瓜产量、品质的影响。连续两茬的试验结果表明,有机物料等C替代鸡粪对黄瓜产量无显著影响;但同鸡粪处理相比,泥炭、腐植酸和生物炭3种有机物料配施可显著提高黄瓜果实中维生素C的含量;除单施生物炭外,施用不同有机物料表层土壤(0~20cm)的pH值均显著高于施用鸡粪的处理,同时有机物料处理较鸡粪处理降低了表层土壤有效P含量51.6%~62.9%,提高了表层土壤C/N,其中,腐植酸处理土壤有效P的降低幅度最大,且其表层土壤C/N与鸡粪相比显著提高了92.2%,腐植酸处理土壤(0~60cm)的C储量也最大;各有机物料处理N盈余量均小于鸡粪处理,其中生物炭处理的养分盈余量最小,与鸡粪相比减少了73.1%,各有机物料处理的P盈余量与鸡粪处理相比显著降低了65.3%~92.3%,P削减效果腐植酸>泥炭+腐植酸>泥炭+腐植酸+生物炭>生物炭>泥炭>泥炭+菌渣>菌渣。因此,有机物料等C替代鸡粪后,在保证黄瓜产量的同时可以提升黄瓜果实营养品质,大幅度削减土壤中N、P盈余,其中,腐植酸对提高土壤有机质以及P盈余削减效果较好,泥炭+腐植酸+菌渣配施对改善黄瓜品质的效果较好。     

Synthesis of two-dimensional polymers

A synthetic pathway is described to construct "in bulk" two-dimensional (2D) polymers shaped as molecular sheets. A chiral oligomeric precursor is used that contains two reactive sites, a polymerizable group at one terminus and a reactive stereogenic center near the middle of the molecule. The bulk reaction yields bilayer 2D polymers of molecular weight in the order of millions and a monodisperse thickness of 50.2 angstroms. The 2D molecular objects form through molecular recognition by the oligomers, which self-organize into layers that place the reactive groups within specific planes. The oligomers become catenated by two different stitching reactions involving the reactive sites. At room temperature, stacks of these molecular objects can organize as single crystals and at higher temperatures melt into smectic liquid crystals. Nonlinear optical experiments reveal that solid films containing the 2D polymers form structures that are thermally and temporally more stable than those containing analogous 1D polymers. This observation suggests that the transformation of common polymers from a 1D to a 2D architecture may produce generations of organic materials with improved properties.