塔克拉玛干沙漠新月形沙丘不同部位的粒度特征

通过对塔克拉玛干沙漠东经84°沿线,北纬38°50′～40°50′之间复合型沙垄垄间平地新月形沙丘的粒度筛析资料分析表明:沙丘沙以极细沙和细沙为主,二者含量达80～90%以上。平均粒径3.34φ。落沙坡脚最细,往迎风坡脚越来越粗。分选程度以沙丘脊部最好,向两坡逐渐较差。沙丘上沙子搬运以跃移为主,该组分含量占90%左右。粗截点2～3φ、细截点4φ左右。地面滚动组分平均含量<6%,悬移组分平均含量<3%。丘间地平均粒径2.94φ,分选也较沙丘差。作为对照,文中还论述了纵向沙垄的粒度特征。     

河岸沙丘粒度分布特征

沙丘沉积物粒度特征分析是研究风沙地貌过程的主要内容之一。通过野外实地考察与测量,并沿盛行风向对西辽河平原西部响水河两岸的河岸沙丘进行样品采集,经室内激光粒度仪测试,研究河岸沙丘的粒度分布规律。结果表明:1响水河东岸沙丘粒径粗于西岸沙丘。东岸沙丘由迎风坡脚到背风坡中下部粒径总体变细,从两侧坡脚到丘顶分选性逐渐变好。西岸沙丘由两侧坡脚到丘顶粒径变细,偏度趋于正偏,分选均较好。河流砂最细,其平均粒径总体细于东、西岸沙丘砂,分选性好于东岸沙丘,差于西岸沙丘。2东岸沙丘受河流与风力作用可以从较深地层获取沙源,西岸沙丘主要受风力作用从较浅地层获得沙源。     

新疆和田河流域柽柳沙堆表面沙物质粒度特征

柽柳沙堆是新疆和田河流域常见的一种风积生物地貌类型,通过对65个柽柳灌丛沙堆表面325个沉积物样品的粒度进行统计分析.结果显示:柽柳灌丛沙堆表面沉积物主要为粉砂质砂,平均粒径为3.46φ(90.87 μm),属于极细砂的范围;在柽柳沙堆不同地貌部位沉积物的粒级呈现出有规律的变化,明显区分出粗粒组分和细粒组分,两者以4φ(63 μm)为分界线;柽柳沙堆顶部的沉积物粒径最细;迎风坡各部位的粒径比背风坡相应部位的粗,分选比其差.柽柳沙堆流场特征的风洞模拟实验表明,柽柳沙堆表面沉积物粒度的有规律变化为沙堆形态、气流和植物共同作用的结果.     

敦煌月牙泉景区沙丘表面沙物质的粒度特征

结合风况和蚀积监测数据,系统分析月牙泉南侧线性沙丘、北侧金字塔沙丘表面沙物质粒度特征及其环境指示意义。结果表明:(1)线性沙丘SW坡面以风蚀为主,NE坡面以风积为主,由此导致NE坡面表面沙物质较SW坡面细、分选性好。(2)月牙泉北侧金字塔沙丘SW坡面以风蚀作用为主,沙物质粒径最粗,分选最差。NW坡面也是主要的风蚀面,但由于靠近绿洲防护林,底部以风积为主。E坡面以风积作用为主,沙物质粒径最细、分选最好。(3)从风场、粒度和蚀积变化监测结果来看,对月牙泉危害最大的是南侧线性沙丘NE坡面的积沙。金字塔沙丘SW坡面中部的持续积沙也会对月牙泉构成潜在的威胁。因此,为了更好的保护月牙泉这一自然奇观,应该加强景区周边环境监测与管理。     

塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地纵向沙龙表面沙物质粒度特征

本文对塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地纵向沙垅表面沙粒,丘间地沙粒进行了粒度分析。结果表明,沙垅以极细沙为主,平均粒径３．０６φ,沙粒从沙垅迎风侧到背风侧逐渐变细。沙丘沙比丘间地沙分选好,沙支背风侧比迎风侧分选好。沙粒属极负偏,偏度－０．２２,丘间地沙比沙丘沙更趋向负偏。峰度１．３８,属尖峰态。粒径与偏度和峰度成正相关,分选和偏度成良好负相良。沙丘沙以单峰态为主,累积频率曲线为２￣３段式,丘间地以双峰态为主,累     

塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地横向沙丘表面紧实度分异特征

沙丘表面紧实度是量化沙丘紧实程度的一个综合性指标,紧实度指标与沙丘的风蚀与堆积成因关系密切,对风成沙丘的形成具有重要意义。基于对塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地垄间平地的4种简单横向沙丘〔饼状沙丘(PD)、盾状沙丘(SD)、雏形新月形沙丘(PCD)、新月形沙丘(TCD)〕表面紧实度、容重、孔隙度和平均粒径的测量,通过最小显著差异法(LSD)分析和多重比较,对简单横向沙丘表面紧实度的空间分异特征及其形成机制进行了分析。研究结果表明:1 4种沙丘的沙面紧实度均具有较大的空间差异性,并且此差异性具有方向性,纵向差异性最大,横向差异较小;2 4种沙丘表面紧实度平均值表现为:盾状沙丘饼状沙丘雏形新月形沙丘新月形沙丘,而紧实度空间差异性却表现为:饼状沙丘盾状沙丘雏形新月形沙丘新月形沙丘,最大值和最小值点出现的位置也不同;3沙丘表面紧实度和容重、孔隙度具有很好的相关性,在质地相似的沙物质中,容重和孔隙度均可以作为衡量紧实度的指标。     

库姆塔格沙漠南部的风积地貌特征

通过考察结果和TM影像解译,库姆塔格沙漠的东南分布高大的沙山,沙丘形态复杂;南部和西南缘分布有多条南北走向的荒漠沟谷,两岸分布沙垄,高18~65m,垄脊点(金字塔型)线交错,沙垄走向与沟的走向一致,阶地上覆盖一层深色矿物组成的砂砾(粒径3~1mm)。沙漠的中心区域,孤立的新月型沙丘、沙丘链占优势。下伏地形强烈影响着库姆塔格沙漠的风沙地貌形态。沙漠南部的低山、阿尔金山及其山前洪积沟谷形成的沟谷效应,塑造了沙漠南部复杂的地貌形态。沙漠沙丘砂的粒径由南向沙漠中心减小,0.25~0.05mm细砂占80%左右。     

细沟侵蚀临界坡度研究

根据细沟泥沙运动特点,考虑细颗粒泥沙的粘着力作用和非均匀沙的暴露度,建立了细沟泥沙起动公式。结合细沟泥沙起动公式和细沟稳定条件得到坡面侵蚀临界坡度的计算方法。通过计算得到如下的结论:(1)坡面细沟侵蚀临界坡度是土壤性质的函数,在反映土壤性质的容重等参数一定的情况下,仅是粒径的函数。(2)黄土坡面细沟侵蚀临界坡度在21.3°~50.4°之间。对于中值粒径为0.0185mm的黄土坡面,临界坡度为39.9°。(3)对应细沟侵蚀临界坡度存在一临界粒径,当粒径大于该粒径时,不存在细沟侵蚀临界坡度。当临界粒径为0.0198mm,对应的最大临界坡度为50.4°。     

柴达木盆地耙状线形沙丘沉积物粒度特征及其对沙丘形成的意义

耙状线形沙丘是一种新发现的沙丘类型,形态上既有线形沙丘特征,又有新月形沙丘的特征,但目前对该类沙丘的研究相对较少,从而限制了对此沙丘的认识。为此,文中选择柴达木盆地的耙状线形沙丘为研究对象,收集地表沉积物样品,探讨沉积物粒度特征,为阐明沙源对耙状线形沙丘的形态演化过程提供支撑。研究表明,受砾石覆盖和盐分的影响,该地区的沙源欠丰富。耙状线形沙丘粒度具有明显的空间差异。在沙丘断面上,脊线最细,且迎风坡坡脚比背风坡粗。分选系数随平均粒径变细而变好,偏度随风选变好而趋于正偏。除分选系数与峰度相关性较差外(R²=0.37,P=0.1),其余所有的粒度参数之间均有明显相关性(P<0.001)。沉积物粒度的空间差异反映了沙源和沉积物搬运过程的差异。综合风况、沉积物和下垫面特征,研究区沙丘物源包括戈壁和干涸湖盆,其中蠕移质主要来源于戈壁,而跃移质则敖阔戈壁和干涸湖盆。     

新疆艾比湖干涸湖底沉积物粒径分布及其对风蚀的响应

艾比湖已经干涸的湖底常年经历强烈风蚀,形成危害较大的沙（盐）尘暴。为了解风蚀过程干涸湖底沉积物粒径分布的变化特征,在干涸湖底选择无植被覆盖（S1）、芦苇荒漠带（S2）、梭梭荒漠带（S3）3个区域作为研究区,运用粒径分布参数表征粒径分布特征对风蚀的响应。结果表明：① 由于不同区域沉积物形成时间差异,S1、S2、S3之间粒级组成、平均粒径均差异显著。S1的沉积物为黏粒-粉粒-极细砂类型,其中,粉粒含量最高,为80.60%,相比其他两个区含量较大,但是平均粒径最小,在6.10Φ～6.30Φ之间;S2为粉粒-细砂-中砂类型,砂粒含量最高为87.71%,质地较粗变化幅度较大,平均粒径在2.25Φ～3.54Φ;而S3为粉粒-极细砂-细砂-中砂类型,各粒级含量相对比较平均,不同深度含量差别较大,平均粒径在3.38Φ～5.65Φ。② 干涸湖底不同区域沉积物粒级含量、粒径分布参数对风蚀的响应特征不同。由于风蚀程度不同,S1和S2 0～10 cm的沉积物,无覆盖区域和覆盖区域平均粒径、粒级含量差异显著,且随深度的增加,差异显著性呈现降低趋势。S3无覆盖和覆盖区域的平均粒径、粒级含量差异均不明显。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.     

The autumn leafroller: Phenology,damage and parasitoids in a Dutch apple orchard

The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.     

Diagnostics,genetic diversity and pathogenic variation of ascochyta blight of cool season food and feed legumes

Molecular diagnostic techniques have been developed to differentiate the Ascochyta pathogens that infect cool season food and feed legumes, as well as to improve the sensitivity of detecting latent infection in plant tissues. A seed sampling technique was developed to detect a 1% level of infection by Ascochyta rabiei in commercial chickpea seed. The Ascochyta pathogens were shown to be genetically diverse in countries where the pathogen and host have coexisted for a long time. However, where the pathogen was recently introduced, such as A. rabiei to Australia, the level of diversity remained relatively low, even as the pathogen spread to all chickpea-growing areas. Pathogenic variability of A. rabiei and Ascochyta pinodes pathogens in chickpea and field pea respectively, appears to be quantitative, where measures of disease severity were based on aggressiveness (quantitative level of infection) rather than on true qualitative virulence. In contrast, qualitative differences in pathogenicity in lentil and faba bean genotypes indicated the existence of pathotypes of Ascochyta lentis and Ascochyta fabae. Therefore, reports of pathotype discrimination based on quantitative differences in pathogenicity in a set of specific genotypes is questionable for several of the ascochyta-legume pathosystems such as A. rabiei and A. pinodes. This is not surprising since host resistance to these pathogens has been reported to be mainly quantitative, making it difficult for the pathogen to overcome specific resistance genes and form pathotypes. For robust pathogenicity assessment, there needs to be consistency in selection of differential host genotypes, screening conditions and disease evaluation techniques for each of the Ascochyta sp. in legume-growing countries throughout the world. Nevertheless, knowledge of pathotype diversity and aggressiveness within populations is important in the selection of resistant genotypes.     

Characterization of Sclerotinia minor populations in Texas peanut fields

In the summer of 2004 an epidemic of sclerotinia blight of peanut, a disease caused by Sclerotinia minor, occurred in Texas in fields where the disease was never previously detected. The disease was observed on many plants within one of the fields (>3000 disease foci), although most foci were <1 m. It is hypothesized that these observations were inconsistent with the recent introduction of a monocyclic pathogen, even if disease developed under conducive environmental conditions. The pattern of disease is most suggestive of the presence of foliar (ascospore) infections, although air temperature was above the known limits for apothecia development if the pathogen had arrived in the field in 2004 peanut seed. To further examine this epidemic, 232 isolates were collected, across a variety of spatial scales spanning this field and other Texas peanut fields, and evaluated for aggressiveness, fungicide sensitivity and genotypic diversity. There was wide variation among isolates for the phenotypic characteristics measured, but there was no evidence that a genotypically unique, highly aggressive, and fungicide resistant isolate had been introduced or evolved. The predominant genotype, TX1, which contained 154 isolates, was found in every county and field population.     

Eyespot of Cereals Revisited: ITS phylogeny Reveals New Species Relationships

Four species so far classified in Pseudocercosporella or Ramulispora (hyphomycetes) are associated with eyespot disease symptoms of cereals. Two of these have been linked to teleomorphs that were described in Tapesia. Sequence data derived from the Internal Transcribed Spacer region (ITS1, 5.8S and ITS2) of the rDNA operon showed, however, that the eyespot fungi associated with Tapesia are not congeneric with Ramulispora sorghi, the type of Ramulispora. The genus name Tapesia is now rejected in favour of the conserved name Mollisia, which appears to comprise heterogeneous fungi. Tapesia yallundae is not closely related to the type of Mollisia, M. cinerea, but clusters separately, being more closely allied to species with Cadophora anamorphs. A new holomorph genus, Oculimacula, is therefore proposed for teleomorphs of the eyespot fungi, while the anamorphs are accommodated in Helgardia gen. nov.