温度和水分含量对四种蜂蜜结品的影响

蜂蜜结晶是长期困扰蜂业的一大难题.本文对不同温度和蜂蜜含水量对蜂蜜结晶的影响进行研究,结果如下:在9℃～15℃的范围内,枇杷蜜、荔枝蜜、鹅掌柴蜜(冬蜜)、桂花蜜最容易结晶的温度是9℃～11℃.枇杷蜜最容易结晶的含水量是20.75%～23.75%,结晶范围是20.75%～26.75%.桂花蜜最容易结晶的含水量是25.75%～29.75%,但是结晶范围较广,在15.75%～29.75%均出现了结晶现象.冬蜜最容易结晶的含水量是20.75%～22.75%,结晶范围是19.75%～25.75%.荔枝蜜最容易结晶的含水量是20.75%～23.75%,结晶范围是20.75%～27.75%.     

氮与pH互作对菊苣4项生理指标的影响

采用65.305,130.610和261.220 mg·L-1 三个质量浓度氮的改良Hoagland营养液及5.5、7.0和8.5三个pH水平完全随机等重复沙培试验,探讨了氮与pH互作对菊苣(Cichorium intybus)叶片叶绿素和丙二醛含量（MDA）及过氧化物酶(POD)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性等生理指标的影响。结果表明,1）在不同氮浓度处理时,菊苣叶片叶绿素和MDA含量无显著变化,而POD和SOD活性显著上升;2）在不同pH处理时,菊苣叶片叶绿素含量有显著变化,MDA含量无显著变化,而POD和SOD活性显著上升;3）氮与pH互作对菊苣生长有显著影响;菊苣叶片叶绿素含量在高氮低pH互作下最高,且随施氮量的增加持续增加;MDA含量在高氮低pH互作下最低,且在氮或pH胁迫时变化甚微;POD和SOD活性在高氮高pH互作下活性最低,且在受到氮或pH胁迫时变化显著。     

4种微量元素对老芒麦种子质量的影响

本试验研究了B、Mn、Zn、Mo四种微量元素喷施对老芒麦种子质量的影响。结果显示,4种微量元素对老芒麦种子的质量均产生了明显影响。B和Mn的施用增加了种子的百粒重,显著提高了种子的活力。Zn的施用提高了种子的活力。B、Mn、Zn对老芒麦种子质量均有促进作用。Mo的施用对老芒麦种子质量有负面影响。施用后,种子百粒重下降,发芽特性指标表现出下降趋势,老化发芽率明显降低,表明该浓度的Mo喷施已产生了明显的副作用。     

The spectrum of canine cutaneous perivascular wall tumors: morphologic, phenotypic and clinical characterization

Perivascular wall tumors (PWTs) are defined as neoplasms deriving from mural cells of blood vessels, excluding the endothelial lining. The spectrum of human cutaneous PWT includes glomus tumor, hemangiopericytoma (HEP), myopericytoma, angioleiomyoma/sarcoma, angiomyofibroblastoma, and angiofibroma. The purpose of this study was to revise clinical presentation, cytology, histopathology, and immunohistology of canine cutaneous PWT with cytology typical of canine HEP. Diagnosis was established on the basis of vascular growth patterns (staghorn, placentoid, perivascular whorling, bundles from media) and immunohistology, including 7 smooth muscle markers and the cell membrane ganglioside of unknown origin recognized by the antibody 3G5 (CMG-3G5). Twenty cases were included. Ages ranged from 6 to 13 years; 12 dogs were males and 8 were females, and there was a prevalence of crossbreeds. Tumors arose from a single site with preferential acral location (10/20). Cytology revealed moderate to high cellularity in all cases, cohesive groups of cells (19/20), capillaries (18/20), and bi- to multinucleated cells (18/20). Six myopericytomas, 5 angioleiomyomas, 2 angioleiomyosarcomas, 2 HEP, 1 angiofibroma, and 1 adventitial tumor were identified. A definitive diagnosis was not possible in 3 cases. Smoothelin, heavy caldesmon, desmin, myosin, calponin, and CMG-3G5 were the most valuable markers to differentially diagnose canine PWT. Similar to reports in humans, canine HEP embodied a spectrum of neoplastic entities arising from different vascular mural cells. Before canine PWTs are assimilated into one prognostic category, a consistent classification and characterization of their biology is necessary. As proposed in humans, HEP should also be considered a diagnosis of exclusion in dogs.     

The effects of high levels of rumen degradable protein on rumen pH and histamine concentrations in dairy cows

An experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that the supplementation of crude protein (CP) results in rumen acidosis and increased histamine concentrations in dairy cows. Six ruminally fistulated, non-pregnant dry cows were fed three experimental rations in a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square design. The CP contents in the low-CP, the high rumen undegradable protein (high-RUP) and the high rumen degradable protein (high-RDP) rations were 112, 259 and 266 g/kg dry matter (DM) respectively. The cows were fed 7.7 kg DM of the concentrates and 2.7 kg DM of rice straw. High levels of RDP in the ration significantly increased the ammonia, total volatile fatty acid (VFA) and histamine concentrations in the rumen fluid. However, supplemental CP, whether degradable or undegradable, did not significantly affect the pH of rumen fluid. Plasma urea nitrogen concentration was higher in both high-RDP and high-RUP in relation to cows fed the low-CP ration. The rise in ruminal histamine concentrations was physiologically non-relevant, most likely because rumen pH was not affected by supplemental CP at the installed level of DM intake. Therefore, it can be concluded that the issue of supplemental CP, rumen pH and ruminal histamine concentrations has not yet been settled. Further research is warranted to understand these relationships.     

Mast cells in canine cutaneous hemangioma,hemangiosarcoma and mammary tumors

Mast cell count (MCC) in 45 dogs with cutaneous hemangioma (HA, n = 12), hemangiosarcoma (HSA, n = 12), mammary adenoma (AD, n = 9) and mammary adenocarcinoma (AC, n = 12) was made using Toluidine blue stained sections. Antibodies against endothelial cell markers, Factor VIII and VEGF were used to visualize and determine the hot spot micro-vessel density (MVD). Total MCC and MCC along the invasive edges were significantly higher (p < 0.001) in canine mammary AC than in AD. The total MCC did not significantly differ (p > 0.05), in HSAs (8.6 ± 3.3) than in HAs (5.5 ± 2.8). There is a positive correlation (r = 0.14) between the hot spot MCC and MVD in mammary AC, although not significant (p = 0.3172), indicating that mast cells are associated with angiogenesis in canine mammary AC. This study suggests that mast cells may play an important role in neovascularization of canine cutaneous vascular and mammary neoplasms. Detailed studies encompassing correlation of MCC and MVD with clinical outcomes and prognosis in these neoplasms are recommended.     

Clinico-pathological aspects of canine cutaneous and mucocutaneous plasmacytomas

In this study the clinico-pathological aspects of cutaneous and mucocutaneous plasmacytomas were investigated in 63 dogs (one dog with two tumours). The tumours were most commonly observed in the skin of the trunk and legs. Yorkshire Terrier (n = 8) was the most commonly affected breed and males were affected more commonly than females (36 versus 23, respectively). Plasmacytomas were histologically classified into mature, hyaline, cleaved, asynchronous, monomorphous blastic and polymorphous blastic cell types. Monomorphous blastic cell type was the most frequent type (n = 21), followed by cleaved (n = 19) and asynchronous (n = 11) cell types. Secondary amyloid depositions were observed in eight cases. Immunohistochemical staining showed monoclonal lambda light chain positivity in all cases. In the immunohistochemical staining for cyclin D1, which is a prognostic marker in human plasma cell tumours, moderate numbers of positive tumour cells were observed in only one case of (muco)cutaneous plasmacytoma. All other cases were negative or contained few positive tumour cells. On the other hand, high numbers of tumorous plasma cells reacted positively with cyclin D1 in three out of six cases of canine multiple myelomas. Prognosis of the (muco)cutaneous plasmacytomas was good, except in one dog which developed a lymphoma afterwards. No significant correlations were observed between the cell type and the location of the tumour, presence of amyloid or prognosis.     

The effects of sulforaphane on canine osteosarcoma proliferation and invasion

Recent evidence in in vitro and in vivo models suggests that sulforaphane (SFN), found in raw cruciferous vegetables, may have utility in chemoprevention, as an antineoplastic agent and as a free radical scavenger. The effects of SFN alone or with doxorubicin on cell viability were examined, as well as cell cycle kinetics, invasion capabilities and apoptosis in three canine osteosarcoma cell line (D17, OS 2.4 and HMPOS). Results showed that SFN could not induce cell death at potentially physiological concentrations (<50 μM), but significantly diminished cell invasion and downregulation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) signaling. Modest cell cycle changes were observed in each cell line. When doxorubicin was used in conjunction with SFN, there was a protective effect to doxorubicin‐induced cytotoxicity in D17 and OS 2.4 cells. Further studies examining SFN as a supplement are warranted, particularly in light of pro‐proliferative and cytoprotective properties in canine osteosarcoma.     

The effects of baicalein on canine osteosarcoma cell proliferation and death

Flavonoids are a group of modified triphenolic compounds from plants with medicinal properties. Baicalein, a specific flavone primarily isolated from plant roots (Scutellaria baicalensis), is commonly used in Eastern medicine for its anti‐inflammatory and antineoplastic properties. Previous research shows greater efficacy for baicalein than most flavonoids; however, there has been little work examining their effects on sarcoma cells, let alone canine cells. Three canine osteosarcoma cell lines (HMPOS, D17 and OS 2.4) were treated with baicalein to examine cell viability, cell cycle kinetics, anchorage‐independent growth and apoptosis. Results showed that osteosarcoma cells were sensitive to baicalein at concentrations from approximately 1 to 25 μM. Modest cell cycle changes were observed in one cell line. Baicalein was effective in inducing apoptosis and did not prevent doxorubicin cell proliferation inhibition in all the cell lines. The mechanism for induction of apoptosis has not been fully elucidated; however, changes in mitochondrial permeability supersede the apoptotic response.     

A retrospective study of canine and feline cutaneous vasculitis

Twenty-one cases of cutaneous vasculitis in small animals (dogs and cats) were reviewed, and cases were divided by clinical signs into five groups. An attempt was made to correlate clinical types of vasculitis with histological inflammatory patterns, response to therapeutic drugs and prognosis. Greater than 50% of the cases were idiopathic, whereas five were induced by rabies vaccine, two were associated with hypersensitivity to beef, one was associated with lymphosarcoma and two were associated with the administration of oral drugs (ivermectin and itraconazole). Only the cases of rabies vaccine-induced vasculitis in dogs had a consistent histological inflammatory pattern (mononuclear/nonleukocytoclastic) and were responsive to combination therapy with prednisone and pentoxifylline, or to prednisone alone. Most cases with neutrophilic or neutrophilic/eosinophilic inflammatory patterns histologically did not respond to pentoxifylline, but responded to sulfone/sulfonamide drugs, prednisone, or a combination of the two.     

Dry matter yield and water use efficiency of five perennial subtropical grasses at four levels of water availability

The effect of four levels of water availability on the yield and water use efficiency (WUE) of five subtropical perennial grasses was evaluated in a small plot trial under a rain shelter. The soil profiles were brought to 100% (W4 = the control), 75% (W3), 50% (W2) and 25% (W1) of field capacity on a weekly basis. Under W4 (control) and W3 conditions, yields did not differ significantly from each other. Where water became less available (W2 and W1), yields were significantly reduced, in comparison with the control (W4). Buffel grass, a drought-tolerant species, produced yields (11.7–20.0t ha^?1) under moderate to severe water restriction (W1, W2 and W3), which were comparable with yields obtained with adequate water (W4) for traditionally-irrigated grasses such as couch grass (12.0–15.8t ha^?1) and kikuyu (5.6–11.8t ha^?1). All five grass species tended to use water more efficiently under moderate to severe water-limiting conditions (W1 and W2) than under control conditions (W4). These results also indicate that traditionally drought-tolerant grass species should not be overlooked when identifying species for use under irrigation.     

Deionised water as an adjunct to surgery for the treatment of canine cutaneous mast cell tumours

Medical records of 55 dogs with a diagnosis of cutaneous mast cell tumour were reviewed. Twenty-seven of the dogs were treated with surgery plus deionised water and the remaining 28 with surgery alone. A survival analysis was performed to determine whether deionised water, as an adjunct to surgery for cutaneous mast cell tumour, affected survival time or time to tumour recurrence. Dogs in which mast cell tumour recurred had a significantly shorter survival time compared with dogs with no recurrence (P=0.05), regardless of the method of treatment. A significant negative association between tumour recurrence and method of treatment (P=0.0097) and clinical stage (P=0.0223) was observed. Dogs treated with surgery and deionised water had a significantly shorter time to recurrence of their mast cell tumour (P=0.0113). Based on these results, deionised water does not appear to be beneficial in prolonging survival time or time to tumour recurrence for dogs with cutaneous mast cell tumours.     

The effects of different anticoagulants on routine canine plasma biochemistry

The effects of heparin, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), sodium citrate and sodium fluoride/potassium oxalate on plasma biochemistry results in dogs were studied and compared with serum. Blood specimens from 10 apparently clinical healthy dogs were collected and placed in different tubes containing each anticoagulant tested. Differences in albumin, acetylcholinesterase, ionized calcium and potassium were found between serum and heparinized plasma. Most metabolites and enzymes did not show any variation, but significant decreases in electrolytes, alkaline phosphatase, acetylcholinesterase, bile acids, fructosamine and albumin were found when EDTA was used. Sodium citrate produced a 10-15% decrease in most metabolites and enzymes, possibly due to a sample dilution effect. Sodium fluoride/potassium oxalate produced haemolysis which may have influenced changes in some biochemical parameters.     

Establishment and characterization of four canine melanoma cell lines

Four canine melanoma cell lines were established from the subcutaneous, oral gingival and mucosal melanoma tissues at the primary and metastatic sites. These cell lines were designated as CMeC-1, CMeC-2, KMeC and LMeC. The cells were spindles in shape, similar to that of primary tumor cells. The doubling times of these cells ranged from 34.1 +/- 5.61 to 57.9 +/- 3.28 hr and their chromosome number ranged from 46 to 80. When transplanted into nude mice, CMeC-1 and LMeC produced tumors, whereas CMeC-2 and KMeC did not. The morphology of the tissue formed by xenotransplantation of these cells was similar to their primary tumors.     

The in vitro effects of piroxicam and meloxicam on canine cell lines

OBJECTIVES: To analyse the direct antiproliferative effects of both piroxicam and meloxicam at a variety of concentrations on a series of canine cancer cell lines and the mechanism of cell death. METHODS: The in vitro effects of piroxicam and meloxicam at various concentrations on canine cell cultures (Madin-Darby canine kidney cells, osteosarcoma, mammary carcinoma, and lymphoma) were assessed with respect to proliferation inhibition and apoptosis induction. Western blot analysis of cyclooxygenase-1 and cyclooxygenase-2 expression was performed on all cell lines. RESULTS: All cell lines used in this study were cyclooxygenase-1 and cyclooxygenase-2 positive apart from Madin-Darby canine kidney cells which were negative for both cyclooxygenase-1 and cyclooxygenase-2. Both meloxicam and piroxicam were able to inhibit proliferation in cell lines in a dose-dependent manner. However, the drug concentration required for a given effect was cell line dependent. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: The results suggest that significant inhibition of proliferation and induction of apoptosis would only occur when drug concentrations were in excess of those that can be achieved in vivo following maximum recommended dose rates. It is possible, however, that local or topical treatment or altered dosing regimens may offer alternative approaches to the use of these drugs as antineoplastic agents.