鳖对天然食物的嗜食特性研究

自 1918年Olmsted最早记述诱食物质 (feedingattractors)以来 ,世界诸多国家对鱼类诱食物质做了大量研究 ,发现诱食物质广泛存在于鱼类嗜食的食物中 ,其成分主要是氨基酸、核苷酸、短链脂肪酸以及甜菜碱等含氮化合物。近十年多来 ,原田胜彦、竹井诚、弟子丸修、伊奈和夫等从促进养殖鱼类的食欲和提高饲料中植物蛋白含量目的出发 ,就养殖鱼类的诱食物质进行了卓有成效的研究 ,对增进鱼类食欲 ,扩大食谱 ,提高饲料可食性 ,开发广泛廉价的植物蛋白源和降低养殖成本 ,产生了重要作用。有关鳖的嗜食特性与诱食物质的研究 ,目前国内外均未见有文…     

九种诱食物质对黄金鲫的诱食效果研究

选用鱼腥素、排草、大茴香、苏叶、植物肽、木香、复合氨基酸、动物肽、公丁9种诱食物质,通过摄食行为学法确定其对黄金鲫(Carassius auratus)诱食效果。结果显示:9种诱食物质明显的最适浓度分别为0.25%、0.05%、0.05%、0.75%、1.25%、0.05%、0.35%、0.20%、0.15%。摄食量法试验显示:饲料中添加0.05%大茴香、1.25%植物肽、0.35%的复合氨基酸和0.05%的木香4组对黄金鲫诱食效果较好,而添加0.35%的复合氨基酸和0.05%的木香对黄金鲫诱食效果最好,经过SPSS软件分析,0.35%的复合氨基酸组和0.05%的木香组增重率、特定生长率和饲料效率都均显著高于其他各组(P>0.05)。     

蚯蚓、河蚌和小杂鱼对日本沼虾诱食效果的比较

研究了蚯蚓、河蚌、小杂鱼等三种诱食物质对日本沼虾(Macrobrachium nipponense)体成分和增重率、出肉率及死亡率的影响。实验虾随机分成3组,每组3个重复,每个重复饲养100尾日本沼虾,在室内水族箱中进行为期25d的生长饲养,试验虾的初始体重为0.8g～1.3g。试验结果表明,不同诱食物质对日本沼虾生长存在一定的影响,虾的增重率和出肉率由大到小依次为蚯蚓组、小杂鱼组、河蚌组,而蚯蚓组的死亡率较低;投喂不同诱食物质的日本沼虾营养成分也有差别:蚯蚓组的蛋白质含量最高,粗灰分最低;河蚌组的粗脂肪含量最高。     

鲤鱼对颤蚓提取物中游离氨基酸的趋向性

<正> 氨基酸作为化学信号在从细菌到鱼的数门水生生物的摄食行为和趋化性上的作用已有报道。已证明,从食物摄取物中分离的氨基酸成分可以作为鱼类的“诱食剂”和促进消化的“刺激剂”。研究表明,氨基酸对鲤鱼有很强的嗅觉和肠管刺激作用。低浓度的单一氨基酸对幼鲤定向有影响。从蚕提取物中分离的17种氨基酸混合物可以促进鲤鱼的摄食行为。     

单核苷酸等纯化学制剂对鳖的诱食效果

以单核苷酸、脂肪酸、挥发性碱等纯化学制剂对鳖所做的诱食试验表明 ,除氨基酸是鳖的首要诱食物质外 ,单核苷酸是另一类重要诱食物质 ,其中三磷酸腺苷 (ATP)和腺苷酸 (AMP)对鳖有明显的诱食作用 ,但对日本鳗鲡有强烈诱食作用的尿苷酸 (UMP)却对鳖无效。短链脂肪酸是鳖的又一类诱食物质 ,乙酸、壬酸、戊酸、已酸和月桂酸对鳖均具有明显的诱食作用 ,其中乙酸的诱食效果较之壬酸、戊酸、已酸等更强 ,这与日本鳗鲡情况基本相同。对鱼类有很强诱食作用的甜菜碱、二甲胺、盐酸三甲胺等挥发性碱 ,未发现对鳖有诱食效果     

尿素对鲤鱼血浆游离氨基酸的影响

本文通过在鲤鱼饲料中添加尿素 ,研究尿素对鲤鱼血浆游离氨基酸组成及变动的影响 ,初步探讨尿素在鱼体内的利用和转化途径。1　材料与方法1 1　材料　来源于湖北农学院养殖基地 ,实验鱼体重 32 0～ 4 90ｇ/尾。按 2 %投饲率投喂 ,暂养期间保持水体环境良好 ,实验组和对照组尽可能控制环境一致。1 2　采血　供试鱼摄食 4ｈ后 ,断尾取血 ,用加抗凝素的安培瓶收集。1 3　分析方法　以 8%磺基水杨酸液为蛋白质沉淀剂 ,以 2倍稀释血液 ,经离心机 ( 80 0 0ｒ/ｍｉｎ)离心 30ｍｉｎ ,取上清液供氨基酸自动分析仪分析。2　结果与分析2 1　尿素对氨…     

史氏鲟肌肉游离氨基酸分析

在饲料中添加游离氨基酸，测定养殖30d的史氏鲟肌肉的游离氨基酸组成，与商业饲料相比，摄食氨基酸饲料的鲟鱼肌肉游离氨基酸中的风味氨基酸含量均高于对照组的商业饲料(尤其是第2组氨基酸饲料)，从而为研究新型饲料，满足人们对水产品健康美味的需求提供了实验依据。     

某些水生无脊椎动物的游离氨基酸

<正> 本文报道,作为鱼类仔鱼重要活体饵料的水生无脊椎动物的生物量,含有50％左右蛋白质,而游离氨基酸连同低分子的缩氨酸占蛋白质含量的50％左右。这就使鱼类仔鱼能够不经过消化道腔室内酶的实质性的处理便消化了活体饵料。此次研究的目的是,测定不同无脊椎动物的生物量内游离氨基酸的含量,以便揭示其作为鱼类仔鱼饵料的价值。研究材料和方法试验所用的是草履虫Paramecium caudatum Ehr.和水蚤亚目甲壳类Moina macrocopaStraus与Daphnia magna Straus生物量。草履虫和甲壳类在流水环境里培育,开     

饥饿对草鱼血清游离氨基酸的影响

将池塘捕获的体重(1.70±0.80)kg的草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idella)饲养在室内水族箱内,分别测定了空腹(禁食1 d,26样本)、饥饿15 d(15样本)、饥饿30 d(15样本)的草鱼血清游离氨基酸含量。结果显示:草鱼血清游离氨基酸总量基本恒定,空腹、饥饿15 d和饥饿30 d的氨基酸总量无显著差异;处于饥饿状态的草鱼血清游离必需氨基酸总量极显著地高于空腹状态,非必需氨基酸总量极显著地低于空腹状态;血清赖氨酸、缬氨酸、异亮氨酸、亮氨酸和胱氨酸含量因饥饿显著升高,而组氨酸、苯丙氨酸、天冬氨酸、丝氨酸、谷氨酸和酪氨酸因饥饿显著降低;饥饿15 d和饥饿30 d各氨基酸含量均未见差异。草鱼血清游离氨基酸含量在正常摄食情况下主要受饲料蛋白质影响,处于饥饿状态下主要来源于肌体蛋白质的分解,比较正常摄食后和饥饿状态下血清游离氨基酸的组成可评价饲料蛋白质的质量。     

饲料中添加晶体或包膜氨基酸对异育银鲫生长和血清游离氨基酸水平的影响

进行了二个试验考察饲料中添加晶体或包膜氨基酸对异育银鲫生长和血清游离氨基酸水平的影响。试验Ⅰ设计了鱼粉含量为18%和9%的两种基础饲料(分别为高鱼粉对照组、低鱼粉对照组),在低鱼粉对照组中分别添加晶体形式、环糊精包膜、淀粉包膜的赖氨酸0.23%、蛋氯酸0.09%,饲养平均体重2.48 g的异育银鲫鱼种6周。结果表明,高鱼粉对照组、低鱼粉对照组、晶体氨基酸组、环糊精包膜氨基酸组、淀粉包膜氨基酸组的鱼体增重率分别为214.3%、169.8%、173.3%、204.7%、203.2%,与低鱼粉对照组相比,添加晶体氨基酸对异育银鲫的生长无改善(P>0.10),但添加环糊精包膜或淀粉包膜氨基酸提高了鱼体增重率20.5%、19.7%(P<0.05),饲料系数下降0.40、0.39(P<0.05)。试验Ⅱ在鱼粉含量为6%的基础饲料分别添加晶体形式、环糊精包膜、淀粉包膜的赖氨酸0.20%、蛋氨酸0.08%,在异育银鲫成鱼(平均体重220 g)摄食上述4种饲料后1、3、5、12h,尾静脉采血测定血清游离氨基酸浓度,结果表明,添加晶体氨基酸使血清游离氨基酸的吸收峰值提前,相对于晶体氨基酸而言,环糊精包膜或淀粉包膜氨基酸则使血清游离氨基酸的吸收峰值出现不同程度的延迟。上述研究表明,晶体氨基酸经环糊精、淀粉包膜处理后,其在消化道的吸收速度减缓,可利用性显著提高。     

天然滁州鲫氨基酸成分分析与营养价值评价

应用生化分析方法对滁州鲫鱼中氨基酸成分进行了定量分析,并对氨基酸含量进行营养分析评价。结果显示：滁州鲫鱼中氨基酸总量为86.35%（占干重）,其中8种必需氨基酸和2种半必需氨基酸总量为36.76%,4种呈味氨基酸含量为29.29%,必须氨基酸总量和呈味氨基酸含量均高于草鱼、鲢、鳙鱼等鱼类。表明滁州鲫较之其他鱼类是一种营养价值高,肉质鲜美的鱼类。     

蛋白质和氨基酸对猪肉品质的影响

随着人民生活水平的提高,人们对猪肉品质越来越重视。但影响肉质的因素有很多,有营养的也有遗传的,还有生产管理的。就营养因素还可以分为很多种,如:蛋白质、氨基酸、脂肪、碳水化合物、维生素、矿物质等其它一些营养素。虽然已经有很多研究报道蛋白质、氨基酸对猪肉品质影响较大,但目前还没有统一的报道,文章比较系统的从蛋白质和氨基酸这两个因素来讨论对猪肉品质的影响。     

The effect of fish density and species combination on growth and utilization of natural food in ponds

Abstract. Interactions between bottom-feeding fish (common carp, Cyprinus carpio L., and hybrid tilapia) and a filter feeder (silver carp, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix (Valenciennes)) in polyculture were studied in fertilized ponds with no supplementary feeding. The silver carp were stocked at two densities: 1300 and 2600/ha. Growth rate and yield of each of the species were also compared with those in polyculture of bottom feeders alone, and in a monoculture of silver carp alone, at the same densities. The consumption of natural feed as melabolizable energy (ME) was calculated by the energy balance (requirement for maintenance and growth divided by the utilization efficiency).
Increasing the density of silver carp reduced proportionally their own growth rate, due to the limited amount of food. Above a density of about 1000/ha, silver carp inhibit the growth rate of common carp and tilapia. This inhibition was small at 1300 silver carp/ha, but considerable at 2600/ha. However, the presence of bottom feeders increased the growth rate of silver carp at both densities. Calculated natural food consumption showed that growth interactions between species were brought about through the availability of food. The synergistic effect of the bottom-feeding fish on the silver carp is assumed to be due to the upwelling of bottom nutrients to the upper layers of water by the burrowing of the fish in the mud. Combined yield of all species in the polyculture was highest at the density of 1300 silver carp/ha (2116 kg/ha in 156 days). At 2600 silver carp/ha the inhibition of growth rate of silver carp itself, reduced total yield as compared with the lower density.     

渔用饲料中必需氨基酸平衡效果的微机分析方法研究

采用灰色系统理论中关联度作为饲料氨基酸平衡效果的量化指标,开发设计了评价饲料中１０种必需氨基酸组成与比例适宜性的计算机应用系统。本文借助该系统,利用微机完成了多种常用原料分别针对鲤、鲫、草鱼、鳜和虹鳟的必需氨基酸平衡效果的评定,并对近几年报道的８种新型饲料蛋白源的氨基酸平衡效果及限制性氨基酸作了分析。同时,讨论了草鱼、青鱼的几种天然饵料中必需氨基酸组成比率与标准模式间的差异性等问题。     

复合氨基酸微量元素螯合物对生长育肥猪生产性能与屠宰性能的影响

该试验通过添加相同水平的复合氨基酸微量元素螯合物和无机微量元素在生长育肥猪日粮中进行试验,测定对生产性能和屠宰性能的影响。添加氨基酸微量元素螯合物为试验组,添加无机微量元素为对照组。试验表明,实验组的日增重比对照组提高3.21%,料重比低0.13;实验组的屠宰率比对照组高2.5个百分点;实验组的肝脏形态外观、肉质颜色和系水力优于对照组。有机微量元素将成为常规的矿物元素添加到动物日粮中,值得在饲料中商业化使用,也是食品安全的需要和未来使用的趋势。     

单体氨基酸在水产饲料中的应用

随着渔业整体养殖技术的提高，市场对生产饲料的需求量呈越来越大的趋势，同时，对水产饲料的质量要求也越来越高。在当前鱼价低迷而饲料价格居高不下的条件下，如何生产出优质、高效、价廉、物美的水产饲料，以满足渔业生产的需要，降低饲料成本，提高生产效益成了突出的问题。根据多年教学研究及推广实践的经验，我们介绍一种既能保证并提高饲料营养价值又能降低饲料成本的方法，即在水产饲料中科学添加单体氨基酸。 一、饲料中添加单体氨基酸的作用： 水产饲料中添加限制性氨基酸，能改善氨基酸的平衡程度，使饲料中氨基酸和蛋白质具有最…     

Evaluation of macroalgal detritus as food source for juvenile Manila clam,Ruditapes philippinarum: Effects on growth,amino acid content and fatty acid composition

Sufficient high‐quality microalgae are required for indoor nursery of juvenile Ruditapes philippinarum. However, culturing numerous microalgae to support clam feeding is a heavy burden on many hatcheries. The effects of detritus from the macroalgae Ulva pertusa, Chondrus ocellatus and Undaria pinnatifida on the growth, amino acid content and fatty acid profile of R. philippinarum were assessed as potential substitute diets. The green microalga Tetraselmis cordiformis served as comparative diet. Results revealed that the clams ingesting distinct diets presented no significant differences in growth of soft tissues, but the nutritional component of these clams differed dramatically. The clams fed with Undaria + Tetraselmis had the highest content of essential amino acids and proteins. In addition, the clams fed with single macroalgal diets and mixed macroalgal detritus and Tetraselmis showed significantly higher or statistically equal levels in n‐3/n‐6 ratio and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)/eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) ratio with respect to Tetraselmis diets. The relative percentages of EPA and DHA in clams fed with Undaria were 28% and 63% higher than those fed with Tetraselmis, and the arachidonic acid abundances in clams ingesting Undaria + Tetraselmis and Tetraselmis were significantly higher than those in clams ingesting other diets. Together, the diets containing single Undaria or mixed Undaria + Tetraselmis produced Manila clams with nutritional advantages in terms of essential amino acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids. Thus, the detritus of macroalgae, especially Undaria, is an appropriate substitute diet, at least partially, for culture of nutrition‐improved R. philippinarum.     

Effects of different salinities on amino acid profile in Artemia franciscana

The effects of different salinity levels, including 10–15, 30–35, 70–75, 110–115 and 150–155 ppt, were evaluated on survival and the body amino acids (BAA) of Artemia franciscana. The results were expressed as total essential (TE), non‐essential (NE) and total amino acids (TAA); also, the ratio of the TE to NE (ENAA) on days 3 and 13 of the culture is reported. The study of changes in Artemia BAA showed that with the increase in the water salinity, the TE, NE and TAA increased significantly on days 3 and 13 of the culture. However, the highest ratio of ENAA was observed in the 110 gL^?1 salinity treatment on day 3 (1.067 ± 1.25). Regarding the effects of different salinity treatments on the survival rate of Artemia, it was observed that, generally, an increase in the water salinity would reduce the survival rate of this species. This reduction was observed on day 3 of culture in the salinity treatments above 120 (66.66 ± 1.68%) and below 30 gL^?1 (89.66 ± 0.34%) and on day 13 of culture in the salinity treatments below 30 (11.86 ± 0.13%) and above 70 gL^?1. Basically, it can be concluded that A. franciscana culture at a salinity of 110 gL^?1 can lead to the biological enrichment of Artemia in terms of amino acid profile.