半干旱区微集水系统土壤水分调控效果研究

分析了定西市安定区以隔坡水平阶为主体的径流调控工程和梯田(对照)的土壤水分与植被生长状况及11a累积土壤水分水量平衡特征。结果表明,隔坡水平阶工程保存完好,产流区(25m²)年均产流0.3m³,产沙3.96kg,被蓄水区全部拦蓄,有效控制了水土流失,增加了水资源量,缓解了林草植被水分供应不足状况。2m土层含水量与植被生长成反比。梯田土壤含水率最高,但农作物受旱减产最大;隔坡水平阶产流区土壤含水率较低,紫花苜蓿减产较大,蓄水区土壤含水率最低,但侧柏林生长旺盛。隔坡水平阶(林草带状混交)年均蒸散量为428.6mm,较梯田高2.2mm。     

GIS支持下辽河中下游土壤侵蚀遥感动态分析

根据宁南山区的气候、土壤、造林树种等,按照林草植被建设的水分需求规律,对不同水土流失区的反坡梯田、水平沟、鱼鳞坑3种整地方式的集流坡面长度进行分析与推算,计算出了不同坡度、植树带宽度下的集流坡长。     

不同林草植被覆盖度的水土保持效益及适宜植被覆盖度

以1954--2004年南小河沟流域水文气象观测资料及所布设的林地、草地径流场观测资料为数据源,进行坡面侵蚀强度与径流指标、降水指标、植被覆盖指标之间的定量分析。结果表明：林草植被措施减轻坡面侵蚀的作用明显;防治水土流失的林草植被覆盖度以40％～60％分界明显;从防治水土流失的角度出发,黄土高原沟壑区人工林地和草地建设的有效植被覆盖度应不小于60％和50％。     

山坡地林草植被配置模式研究

通过对黄土丘陵沟壑区山坡地不同地形部位小气候,土壤水分与林草植被配置关系的评价和分析,确定了山坡地林草植被建设最优配置模式和与之相适应的植物种,对本区林草植被建设具有现实的意义。     

三峡库区坡地林草植被阻止降雨径流侵蚀

为了研究林草调控措施对坡面降雨径流侵蚀的影响及其对坡面侵蚀动力的调控效果,该文在重庆开县选择栾树+黄花槐、传统农作、植物篱、封山育林、自然恢复、经济林以及裸地对照7种林草治理措施并修建标准径流小区,通过观测产流产沙状况,分析比较其水土流失特征。结果表明:林草调控措施深刻影响降雨侵蚀动力,并对坡耕地径流侵蚀量产生较大的影响。林草调控措施中,均以裸地对照样地产流、产沙量最大,而以栾树+黄花槐和植物篱措施的产流、产沙最小,水土保持效果最为明显。以洪峰流量模数和径流深表示的坡面径流侵蚀功率与侵蚀产沙量呈正相关关系,说明径流侵蚀功率能够较好的模拟侵蚀动力;以径流侵蚀功率/侵蚀量表示不同林草调控措施对侵蚀结果的影响,可以成为评价植被侵蚀动力调控效应的指标。在未来三峡库区植被恢复与生态环境建设过程中,通过各种林草调控措施的逐步实施,重视和发展植被的恢复与重建,对于当地生态环境的改善和水土流失的治理具有重要的意义。     

植被固土减蚀作用的力学效应

通过分析黄土丘陵沟壑区第一副区、第二副区和水蚀风蚀交错区不同植被坡面土壤的抗剪切力特性,研究植被固土减蚀的力学效应.结果表明,不同植被坡面土壤抗剪强度随垂直压力的增大而呈线性增大,抗剪强度与剪切面上的法向压力成正比,且符合库仑定律;由于根系的固结作用,植被坡面土壤的抗剪强度明显增加,植被坡面的黏聚力和内摩擦角角度大于裸地坡面的黏聚力和内摩擦角角度;不同植被坡面的黏聚力是裸地黏聚力的1.04～2.11倍,不同植被坡面的内摩擦角角度是裸地内摩擦角角度的1.03～1.19倍;不同植被坡面黏聚力与侵蚀产沙量呈显著的负相关关系,随着黏聚力的增大,产沙量呈下降的趋势;不同植被坡面产沙量随径流切应力的增大而增大,具有较好的线性相关关系.在上述分析基础上,建立了临界径流切应力与土壤抗剪强度和黏聚力的关系,从力学层面认识了坡面侵蚀产沙的过程机理.     

陕北黄土区坡面微地形与群落数量特征的关系

为探究陕北黄土区坡面植物群落数量特征与微地形间的关系,以及构建半干旱黄土区稳定高效的林草植被模式,在陕北黄土区吴起县合沟流域,对流域内切沟、塌陷、缓台、浅沟和陡坎这5种坡面微地形植物群落的各项数量特征进行调查.发现:1)微地形与植物群落的数量特征间存在一定相关性.2)各类微地形以草本群落为主,其中半阴坡微地形植物群落的...     

草地生态学与水土保持专家程积民先生论 黄土高原林草植被恢复重建的理论与技术途径

黄土高原地处我国西北部，是东部经济发达区与西部经济欠发达区的中间地带，干旱与水土流失共存，农业生产力与经济发展极不稳定，生态环境愈来愈脆弱，因此，保护、恢复林草植被，是生态环境建设的核心任务。针对黄土高原的自然条件和经济、社会特点，以林草植被恢复重建为突破口，坚持可持续发展的生态观，探讨林草植被恢复重建的理论与技术途径，对优化干旱半干旱区生态保护与生态建设模式，实现“山川秀美”，振兴农村经济具有重要意义。     

董志塬坡面造林地土壤水分及树种适应性研究

针对董志塬区造林成活率低、保存率低等问题,结合水保大项目区林草建设实践,选取南小河沟林草大断面及典型流域造林点对其土壤含水量、土壤理化性状、林木生长量、林分密度等进行了观测调查,结果表明:林草大断面0~80cm土层土壤含水量阴坡阳坡,土壤有机质和氮、磷、钾等养分含量总体上阴坡阳坡,同坡面有机质含量坡上位坡中位坡下位,土壤容重阳坡明显高于阴坡;同一立地条件下,造林密度影响土壤含水量,密度过高的林分土壤含水量减少。     

喀斯特槽谷区不同林草恢复模式下土壤入渗特征

为研究不同林草恢复模式对喀斯特槽谷区坡面的水土保持效应,采用野外调查和室内分析相结合的方法,对比分析了喀斯特槽谷区顺、逆向坡面不同林草模式(林地、花椒地、灌草地)下的土壤理化性质和入渗特征。结果表明:(1)顺、逆向坡面下林地容重最小,孔隙度最好,含水率和有机质含量最高,其次是花椒地和灌草地;顺向坡土壤有机质含量显著高于逆向坡(P<0.05),但其他理化指标间差异不显著(P>0.05)。(2)顺、逆向坡面下花椒地入渗曲线较陡峭,而林地、灌草地相对较缓;灌草地入渗率最先趋于稳定(20min左右),而花椒地和林地入渗率在30min左右开始缓慢下降,直到75min以后渐渐趋于稳定;各林草恢复模式下土壤入渗能力均为林地>花椒地>灌草地(P<0.05)。(3)入渗模型中,Horton模型拟合效果最好(R2>0.712),模拟稳定入渗率与实测值间的回归方程决定系数R2高达0.9789。(4)研究区土壤稳定入渗率与总孔隙度、非毛管孔隙度、饱和含水量及pH均呈正相关,而与有机质呈负相关,其中总孔隙度对土壤入渗性能影响最大,有机质影响最小;利用上述指标建立的多元线性回归方程可精确预测土壤稳定入渗率。研究结果可为喀斯特槽谷区坡面植被恢复选择及土壤入渗性能评估提供理论参考。     

Accumulation of copper in soils and leaves of tomato plants in greenhouses in Turkey

Copper (Cu)‐containing fertilizers, fungicides, and bactericides has been used extensively in the greenhouses in the Antalya province in recent decades with the use of such materials tending to increase year by year. The level of DTPA‐extractable Cu was determined in 210 soils (0–20 and 20–40 cm depth) and 105 leaf samples obtained from 105 tomato greenhouses. The DTPA‐extractable Cu contents of the soils taken from the 0–20 depth ranged between 0.76 and 88.03 mg kg^‐1 (mean 7.79 mg kg^‐1). The percentage of soils containing DTPA‐extractable Cu greater than the critical toxicity level (20 mg kg^‐1) was 8.1. The Cu content of tomato leaf samples ranged between 2.4 and 1,490 mg kg^‐1 (mean 166.5 mg kg^‐1). The Cu concentration in leaf samples was very high due to the intensive use of foliar applied Cu‐containing chemicals. As a consequence, 24.8% of the leaf tomato samples analyzed contained over 200 mg Cu kg^‐1, the maximum accepted tolerance level. Therefore, it may be necessary to reduce the use of Cu‐containing pesticides and fertilizers, or at least reduce the amount of Cu‐containing fertilizers being used in those greenhouses where Cu‐containing pesticides have been or are being used.     

Role of selenium in mitigation of cadmium toxicity in pepper grown in hydroponic condition

Selenium (Se) is an essential element for humans but is not considered as essential for plants. However, its beneficial role in improving plant growth and stress tolerances is well established. In order to study the role of Se in cadmium (Cd) toxicity in pepper (Capsicum frutescens cv. Suryankhi Cluster), this experiment was carried out in greenhouse conditions. Treatments comprised Cd [0, 0.25, and 0.5 mM cadmium chloride (CdCl₂)] and Se [0, 3, and 7 µM sodium selenite (Na₂SeO₃)] with three replications. The result showed that Cd decreased chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids, whereas Se supplementation diminished Cd toxicity on photosynthetic pigment. Selenium at 7 µM significantly increased the leaf area in the plants grown at 0.25 mM Cd. The application of Se at 3 µM with 0.25 mM Cd and Se at 3 µM and Se at 7 µM with 0.5 mM Cd increased the activity of catalase (CAT). Selenium at 7 µM decreased the proline content of pepper leaves exposed to Cd at 0.5 mM (30%). Selenium significantly enhanced the antioxidant activity of leaves, which was diminished by Cd toxicity. In general, Se has a beneficial effect on plant growth and is an antioxidant enzyme of pepper cv. Suryankhi Cluster under Cd stress and non-stress conditions.     

红壤区不同肥力水稻土根际硝化作用特征

通过根际培养箱(三室)——速冻切片技术研究了红壤地区高、低两种肥力下水稻苗期根表、根际和土体土壤矿质态氮含量和硝化强度,以及水稻生长、氮素积累的差异。结果表明,肥力水平对水稻根表和根际土壤铵态氮(NH4+-N)含量无显著影响,但高肥力显著提高土体土壤NH4+-N含量,以及根表、根际和土体土壤硝态氮(NO3--N)含量及硝化强度。两种肥力水稻土硝化强度最大值均出现在距根表2 mm处,分别为0.20和0.31μmol kg-1 h-1。土体土壤硝化强度随距根表距离增加而降低,低肥力土壤在距根表10～40mm处时硝化强度接近本底值,而高肥力土壤在距根表20～40 mm处时接近本底值。与不种水稻的CK相比,种植水稻显著提高根际土壤硝化强度。高肥力能显著改善水稻生长,增加植株氮素积累量,尤其显著促进根系生长及通气组织发育。由于红壤稻田肥力水平的差异造成水稻根际硝化强度以及水稻吸收NO3-的差异,导致高肥条件下水稻显示出更强的生长势和氮素吸收利用能力。因此,合理提高红壤稻田肥力水平对改善红壤区水稻根际土壤硝化作用及水稻氮素营养具有重要意义。     

自由基在鸡肾病发生中的作用研究

肾病即急性肾小管坏死.鸡肾病在养鸡生产中极为常见,尤其近年来,鸡肾病的发生日益增多,由于其发生机制不清楚,临床治疗鸡肾病的依据不足,致使治疗效果不佳,为此,提出本研究以探讨鸡肾病的发生机制,为本病防治提供理论依据.     

Occurrence of Sexual Hormones in Sediments of Mangrove in Brazil

The presence of sexual hormones (female estrogens) was assessed in sediments of a mangrove located in the urban region of southern Brazil. The estrogens are involved in human sexual reproduction. They act as the chemical messengers, and they are classified as natural and synthetic. The estrogens inputs in the environment are from treated and untreated sewage. The presence of estrogens in sewage is excretion from the female due to natural production and use of contraceptives (synthetic estrogens). With the indiscriminate release of sewage into the environment, estrogens can be found in rivers, lakes, and even in oceans. In this work, the presence of estrone (E1), 17-??-estradiol (E2), and 17-??-ethynilestradiol (EE2) in eight sedimentary stations in Itacorubi mangrove located on Santa Catarina Island, south Brazil, was investigated. Historically, the Itacorubi mangrove has been impacted by anthropogenic activities because the mangrove is inserted in the urban area of the Florianopolis. The estrogen EE2, used as contraceptive, had the highest concentration in mangrove sediment, 129.75?±?3.89 ng/g. E2 was also found, with its concentration ranging from 0.90?±?0.03 to 39.77?±?1.19 ng/g. Following the mechanism, under aerobic or anaerobic conditions, E2 will first be oxidized to E1, which is further oxidized to unknown metabolites and finally to CO₂ and water (mineralized). EE2 is oxidized to unknown metabolites and also finally mineralized. Theoretically, under anaerobic conditions, EE2 can be reduced to E1 even in environments such as mangrove which is essentially anaerobic.     

Meta-analysis in the Selection of Groups in Varieties of Citrus

Brazil is the largest producer of oranges (Citrus sinensis) in the world. The nutrient management of tree orchards is designed from experiments with a limited number of varieties. This knowledge is transferred to other varieties by diagnosing tissue nutrient composition and tree demand. Compositional data analysis has been first applied to tissue analysis of agricultural crops using centered log ratios with compositional nutrient diagnosis (CND-clr). The isometric log ratio (ilr) transformation is a new approach based on binary nutrient ratios and the principle of orthogonality (CND-ilr). We analyzed eleven nutrients: nitrogen (N), sulfur (S), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), boron (B), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), and iron (Fe) in leaf tissue samples across 108 commercial plots (thirty-one grow Valencia, twenty-two Hamlim, twenty Pera, and thirty-five Natal). Nutrients were partitioned between macro- and micronutrients as well as anionic and cationic species. The effect size of varieties over Valencia was quantified by the mean and standard deviation of ilr values across ilr coordinates. Specific varietal nutrient profiles and ilr norms were defined. The nutrient profile of orange varieties could be classified into homogeneous groups to take advantage of fertilizer trials conducted on varieties of the same group. The Aitchison distance and a perturbation vector could be instrumental for diagnostic purposes and nutrient management.     

Effect of iron-quercetin complex on reduction of nitrite in in vitro and in vivo systems

This study investigated whether reducing agents such as quercetin and iron(II) facilitate formation of nitric oxide (NO) gas from orally ingested nitrite in an vivo study. When 3 mg/kg Na (15)NO2 was orally administered to rats with or without iron(II) or quercetin, Hb (15)NO, which is indicative of systemic (15)NO, was detected in the blood, with the maximum blood concentration of Hb (15)NO at 15 min after nitrite or nitrite plus quercetin treatment, whereas after administration of nitrite plus iron(II) or nitrite plus iron(II) and quercetin, the time was shortened to 10 min. Interestingly, iron(II), quercetin, or iron(II) plus quercetin did not affect the total amount of Hb (15)NO generated from orally administered Na (15)NO2. However, the systemic nitrite concentration was significantly decreased in the presence of iron(II) or iron(II) plus quercetin. These results may indicate that iron(II) is critical to the generation of NO gas from nitrite, whereas quercetin contributed little under the in vivo experimental conditions.     

旱地果园水肥管理模式研究进展

分析了旱地果园水肥管理模式的研究进展和存在问题,指出水肥胁迫尤其是水钾已成为旱区果树高产稳产优质化的主要限制因子。在系统探讨旱地果园水分管理、养分管理、综合管理以及果树叶营养综合诊断施肥标准的基础上,提出了旱地果园的高效水肥管理模式。     

Role of aldehyde oxidase in the hepatic in vitro metabolism of 3-methylindole in pigs

The metabolism of 3-hydroxy-3-methylindolenine (HMI), a recently discovered metabolite of 3-methylindole (3MI, skatole) produced by porcine liver microsomes, was investigated in vitro using porcine liver cytosol. HMI was rapidly metabolized to a single product, 3-hydroxy-3-methyloxindole (HMOI), by porcine cytosol. By the use of the selective inhibitors menadione and quinacrine, it was shown that the enzyme responsible for the oxidation of HMI into HMOI was aldehyde oxidase (AO; aldehyde:oxygen oxidoreductase, EC 1.2.3.1). The activity of AO in the conversion of HMI to HMOI was measured in a population of pigs (n = 30) with a wide range of 3MI levels in back fat (0.07-0.30 mg/kg). AO activity was found to be negatively correlated (r = -0.70; P < 0.001) with the level of 3MI in fat. The results of the present study suggest that AO plays an important role in the metabolism of 3MI in the pig and that its catalytic activity is related to an adequate 3MI clearance.     

东北黑土土壤磷的纬向分异

以中国东北的中纬度黑土区为样带,研究了有机磷浓度与有机质、全氮浓度的关系;全磷、有机磷、无机磷及有机磷和无机磷的比率与纬度分布的关系。结果表明,有机磷和有机质、全氮浓度具有良好的相关性,它们之间的相关系数分别为0.90和0.92,呈极显著正相关(P<0.01)。全磷、有机磷、无机磷、P_o/P_i在纬度上都存在不同程度的分异规律,即随着纬度的升高,其浓度或比率均有逐渐升高的趋势;其相关系数分别为0.68、0.77、0.26和0.60,相关分析表明,这些纬向分异规律都达极显著水平(P<0.01)。除了无机磷的纬向分异原因尚不明确之外,其他纬向分异的原因可能是由于黑土南北样带气候热量上的差异和人类活动的影响所致,从而造成南北样带之间有机质的矿化程度和速率产生差异。