Humic Acids Increase the Phytoavailability of Cd and Pb to Wheat Plants Cultivated in Freshly Spiked, Contaminated Soil (7 pp)

Background, Aim and Scope   Humic acids (HAs) are the most important humified component of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) present in sewage water used for irrigation. It is well known that HAs affect the toxicity and availability of heavy metals (HMs) in soil-plant systems, and may increase the human exposure to HMs in contaminated soil through plant uptake. This study was conducted to assess the effects of HAs on HM availability, plant growth and HM uptake. Materials and Methods: With wheat (Triticum aestivum) as a test plant, a greenhouse pot experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of HAs in irrigation water on the phytoavailability of cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) in soil. Cd and Pb were added to the soil at concentrations of 1.5 and 150 mg/kg, respectively. Wheat seedlings grown in Cd and Pb-contaminated soil were watered with 4 levels of HA solution (0, 140, 280 and 560 mg/kg of HAs, respectively). Results: In control and Pb treatments, both plant biomass and plant HM concentrations increased with increasing concentrations of HAs in the solution. Plant biomass was markedly decreased when metal concentrations in plants increased, particularly in Cd and Cd/Pb treatments. In the soil, extractable metals, and water soluble organic carbon (WSOC) and its fractions significantly increased with increasing HA concentrations. Discussion: The results suggested that the application of HAs in barren soils may improve plant nutrition by mobilizing soil nutrients and providing plants with carbon sources. On the other hand, HAs present in sewage water may increase both the availability and transfer of HMs in the soil-plant continuum and subsequently increase human exposure to HMs in polluted soil. Conclusions. Conclusions: HA solution as irrigation water significantly increased HM availability to plants cultivated in the HM-amended soil and may increase the environmental risk of sewage irrigation. Recommendations and Perspectives: These results suggested that, when assessing the effect of sewage irrigation on soil quality, HAs contained in sewage water should be taken into consideration.     

Effects of Heavy Metal Contamination (Cr,Cu, Pb,Cd) and Eutrophication on Zooplankton in the Lower Basin of the Salado River (Argentina)

Water, Air, & Soil Pollution - Roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) antlers are a useful tool for historical biomonitoring because they accumulate potential bone-seeking pollutants (Pb) and are...     

Anthropogenic Input of Selected Heavy Metals (Cu, Cr, Pb, Zn and Cd) in the Aquatic Sediments of Hochiminh City, Vietnam

The aquatic system of Hochiminh City comprises two main rivers: the Sai Gon and Nha Be rivers. Five canals discharge into these two rivers: NhieuLoc-ThiNghe, TauHu-BenNghe, TanHoa-LoGom, ThamLuong-BenCat and Doi-Te. The rivers and these canals collect effluent water from domestic and industrial sources. Most of these flows are not treated or at most are only primarily treated. A total of 33 sediment cores were taken from these rivers and canals. Chemical composition of these aquatic sediments has very high concentrations of several “urban” metals such as Cd, Cr, Cu and Zn. Most of the samples have exceeded the US EPA’s toxicity reference values for Cu, Zn and Cr (82, 82 and 70%, respectively). The highest concentrations of these metals appear to be associated with the uncontrolled and untreated industrial runoff to the discharge canals. These concentrations in fluvial sediment are relatively low, which indicates the dilution process of the contaminants. This finding indicates that the anthropogenic inputs play an important role in the elevation of heavy metals in the aquatic system and organic matter seems to exert a strong geochemical control on the amount of heavy metals. The Pearson correlation coefficients calculated for Cd, Cr, Cu and Zn, are 0.89; 0.72; 0.93 and 0.87, respectively.     

重金属汞、镉和铬对明亮发光杆菌的生物毒性

以明亮发光杆菌（Photobacterium phosphoreum）T3变种作为毒性测试物种,测定了重金属Hg2＋、Cd2＋和Cr6＋的单一毒性;采用二次二因子回归通用旋转组合实验设计,研究了Hg2＋＋Cd2＋、Hg2＋＋Cr6＋和Cd2＋＋Cr6＋3种二元重金属混合物的联合毒性作用和主因子作用,建立了3个相应的数学模型。结果表明,与单一重金属Hg2＋、Cd2＋与Cr6＋相比,它们的二元混合物对明亮发光杆菌生物毒性的效应和强度完全不同;单一重金属Hg2＋、Cd2＋与Cr6＋对明亮发光杆菌的毒性有显著的正效应,毒性从大至小依次为Hg2＋、Cd2＋、Cr6＋,对明亮发光杆菌的EC50分别为0.044、6.05mg·L-1和30.65mg·L-1;3种二元重金属混合物对发光细菌的联合毒性作用也不同,总体上,Hg2＋与Cd2＋、Cd2＋与Cr6＋为加和作用,而Hg2＋与Cr6＋以拮抗作用为主。     

赤泥对污染土壤中Cd,Pb和Zn形态及水稻生长的影响

通过盆栽试验,研究了赤泥对污染土壤中Cd,Pb和Zn形态和水稻糙米中Cd,Pb和Zn含量以及水稻生长的影响。结果表明,添加赤泥可有效提高土壤pH,改变土壤中Cd,Pb和Zn的形态,显著降低土壤中交换态Cd,Pb和Zn含量以及水稻糙米中的Cd,Pb和Zn含量。当赤泥施用量为12.5 g kg-1土时,土壤中交换态Cd,Pb和Zn的含量分别比空白对照降低了40.81%、25.68%和38.48%;水稻糙米中Cd,Pb和Zn的含量分别比空白对照降低了70.45%、42.46%和29.19%。与空白对照相比,赤泥施用量为5.0 g kg-1土时,水稻株高、穗长及每盆粒重均显著提高。但当赤泥施用量超过10.0 g kg-1土时水稻生长会受到抑制。在赤泥农业应用时应考虑其施用量及潜在的环境风险,以免影响作物生长。     

东北农田黑土中Cd、Pb、As含量空间分异特征分析

采用点面结合方法,研究了东北区农田黑土中Cd、Pb、As含量的空间分异特征。结果表明,三种元素含量的变异系数为Cd>Pb>As。Cd、Pb的平均含量高于其背景值;其中Cd有45个样品超过了国家二级标准限值。Cd、Pb、As含量由南至北未表现出明显的分布规律。对煤矿区周围农田土壤的调查发现,煤矿是其周围农田土壤的主要污染源。采用最优内插法得到了长春市市郊农田黑土中Cd、Pb、As含量的空间分布图,结果表明人为活动显著改变了局部地区Cd、Pb、As的含量,污染源主要为汽车尾气和固体废弃物的堆积。对三种元素垂直分布进行了分析,剖面土层Cd、Pb、As主要来自于表面污染源,向下迁移作用还不很强烈。     

Distribution of Cd, Ni, Cr, and Pb in Amended Soils from Alicante Province (SE, Spain)

Heavy metals can be transferred from soils to other ecosystem parts and affect ecosystems and human health through the food chain. Today the use of biosolids to improve the nutrient contents of a soil is a common practice. Contamination of soils by potentially toxic elements (e.g., Cd, Ni, Cr, Pb) from amendments of biosolids is subject to strict controls within the European Community in relation to total permissible metal concentrations, soil properties and intended use. In this context, heavy metal concentrations were studied in agricultural soils devoted to vegetable crops in the province of Alicante (SE Spain), where an intensive agriculture takes place. This study is aimed at ascertaining the chemical partitioning of Cd, Ni, Cr, and Pb in agricultural soils repeatedly amended with sludge. Selected soil properties relevant to control the mobility and bioavaibility of heavy metals were analyzed for the general characterisation of these agricultural soils. The distribution of chemical forms of Cd, Ni, Cr, and Pb in five biosolids-amended soils was studied using a sequential extraction procedure that fractionates the metal into soluble-exchangeable, specifically sorbed-carbonate bound, oxidizable, reducible, and residual forms. The biosolids incorporation has modified the soil composition, leading to the increment of heavy metals. The residual, reducible, and carbonate-sorbed forms were dominant. Detailed knowledge of the soil at the application site, especially pH, CEC, buffering capacity, organic matter, clay minerals, and clay content, is essential.     

生物炭对铜矿区污染土壤微生物活性及香根草富集铜、镉、铅的影响

矿区土壤易发生重金属污染,是土地资源利用和维护的一大难题。以铜矿区污染土壤为研究对象,按质量比添加0,1%,2%,4%,10% (w/w)的生物炭,进行香根草室内盆栽试验。研究添加生物炭对土壤pH和微生物活性、香根草富集与转运重金属的影响,探明重金属形态含量与生物炭、微生物活性的相关性,旨在为生物炭与香根草联合修复矿区重金属污染土壤提供理论参考。结果表明:生物炭的添加能提高土壤pH,显著提高土壤FDA水解酶、蔗糖酶和脲酶活性,显著促进土壤基础呼吸,但对土壤微生物量碳无显著影响;生物炭的添加使香根草生物量显著增大,降低土壤Cu和Pb的有效态占比,Cd的变化与此相反;添加生物炭促进香根草对Cd和Pb的富集,降低香根草对Cu的富集,减少Cu、Cd和Pb在香根草体内的转运,因此香根草可作为Cu、Cd和Pb的稳定化植物。土壤蔗糖酶活性与香根草叶片Cu、Cd和Pb含量、有效态和残渣态Cu含量呈显著正相关,土壤基础呼吸与叶片Cu、Cd和Pb含量、有效态Cu、Pb含量呈显著负相关,而与有效态Cd含量呈显著正相关。总之,生物炭可减弱矿区土壤重金属对香根草生长的毒害作用,并促进香根草对重金属的富集,两者结合可改善铜矿区污染土壤的理化性质和微生物活性,有利于重金属污染土壤修复,改善土壤质量。     

粉煤灰中重金属Pb/Cr/Cu在土壤——小白菜中的迁移与形态转化

以两种粒径粉煤灰与莱西棕壤按不同比例混匀后连续进行了四批次小白菜生长周期试验,采用欧共体标准物质局提出的三步提取法(简称BCR法)研究施灰土壤中铅(Pb)、铬(Cr)和铜(Cu)四种化学形态的转化特征,并通过计算小白菜对重金属的富集系数和转移系数,分析土壤重金属在小白菜中的迁移特性与生物利用率。结果表明:在小白菜种植的整个周期,各处理施灰土壤中Pb、Cr和Cu均以残渣态为主,含量随种植批次增加而减少;Pb、Cr的可提取态含量占15%以上,乙酸溶解态含量随种植批次增加而增加,Cu的可提取态含量占55%以上,乙酸溶解态含量随种植批次增加而减少。小白菜对三种重金属的富集能力表现为:CuCrPb,且均小于临界值1,因此,相较Pb和Cr,Cu的生物利用性更强。小白菜由根部向地上可食部分转移系数大于1,转移能力表现为:CrCuPb,因此Cr在小白菜中迁移能力更强。     

Transfer of Cd, Pb, Ra and U from Phosphogypsum Amended Soils to Tomato Plants

About 170 million tons of phosphogypsum (PG) are annually generated worldwide as a by-product of phosphoric acid factories. Agricultural uses of PG could become the main sink for this waste, which usually contains significant radionuclide (from the ²³⁸U-series) and toxic metals concentrations. To study PG effects on pollutant uptake by crops, a completely randomised greenhouse experiment was carried out growing Lycopersicum esculentum Mill L. on a reclaimed marsh soil amended with three PG rates (treatments), corresponding to zero (control without PG application), one, three and ten times the typical PG rates used in SW Spain (20 Mg ha^?1). The concentrations of Cd, Pb, U (by inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy) and ²²⁶Ra and ²¹⁰Po (by γ-spectrometry and α-counting, respectively) were determined in soil, vegetal tissue and draining water. Cadmium concentrations in fruit increased with PG rates, reaching 44?±?7 μg kg^?1 formula weight with ten PG rates (being 50 μg kg^?1 the maximum allowed concentration by EC 1881/2006 regulation). Cd transfer factors in non-edible parts were as high as 4.8?±?0.5 (dry weight (d.w.)), two orders of magnitude higher than values found for lead, lead, uranium and radium concentrations in fruit remained below the corresponding detection limits—0.5 and 0.25 mg kg^?1 and 0.6 mBq kg^?1, respectively (in a d.w. basis). ²³⁸U (up to 7 μg kg^?1 d.w.) and ²¹⁰Po (up to 0.74 Bq kg^?1 d.w.) could be measured in some fruit samples by α-spectrometry. Overall, the concentrations of these metals and radionuclides in the draining water accounted for less than 1% of the amount applied with PG.     

A comparative study of Cd,Cr(III), Cr(VI), Hg,and Pb uptake by minerals and soil materials

The pH dependency of Cd, Cr(III), Cr(VI), Hg, and Pb uptake by 14 different types of minerals and soil materials has been studied. The solids were interacted with metal solutions separately in a batch procedure, and the percentage of metal uptake of different metal-solid combinations was compared and evaluated. The results were quantified by the pH values at which 10, 50 and 90% of the metal uptake took place. Physical and chemical characteristics of the solids were correlated with metal uptake. The results verify the importance of geochemical parameters of soils such as organic content, type of clay mineral, presence of complexing ions, and redox-potential for controlling metal uptake. Retention of Cd, Cr(VI), Hg, and Pb was found to be strongly dependent on organic content of the materials studied. Montmorillonite (in bentonite and smectite) showed the highest uptake of Cd, Cr(III) and Pb among all minerals and soil materials, while illite and kaolinite showed lower uptake than the soils. At low pH, the uptake percentage of Cr(VI) by organic soils was higher than that of any of the other metal ions. The uptake of Hg was low in comparison to other cations, which may be explained by formation of soluble Hg(CI)₂° or Hg(CI)⁴ _2? complexes.     

黑麦草生长及根系形态对土壤Cd，Pb与石油污染的响应

[目的] 研究不同污染条件下黑麦草生理指标的动态变化,为植物修复污染土壤提供初步理论基础。[方法] 通过室内试验模拟不同类型的土壤污染。设置4个处理,未污染土壤+黑麦草（SH）、重金属污染土壤（500 mg/kg Pb²⁺和50 mg/kg Cd²⁺）+黑麦草（SGH）、石油污染土壤（1 000 mg/kg石油）+黑麦草（SPH）、石油和重金属复合污染土壤（500 mg/kg Pb²⁺,50 mg/kg Cd²⁺和1 000 mg/kg石油）+黑麦草（SPGH）,采用WINRHIZO根系分析系统测量根系形态指标,用分光光度计测量叶片色素指标,研究不同类型土壤污染对黑麦草生长的影响。[结果] 3种不同类型的污染土壤均不同程度地刺激了黑麦草根系的生长。与未污染处理相比,在20 d时,石油重金属复合处理下的黑麦草根系的根长、根表面积、根体积、根直径分别增加了88.10%,148.60%,221.90%,32.20%。与未污染相比,随着培养时间的增加各污染处理的地下生物量呈现出先增加后减少的趋势,地上生物量均低于未污染处理,且在第10,40,80 d时,复合污染处理的地上生物量最小,较未污染处理分别降低了34.68%,45.42%,58.05%。80 d时,重金属污染处理、石油污染处理和石油重金属复合污染处理的黑麦草叶绿素含量显著低于未污染处理,分别降低了26.84%,44.82%和47.02%。[结论] 不同污染物都可以促进黑麦草根系形态发育,降低黑麦草的生物量及色素含量;石油重金属复合处理对黑麦草的生长影响最大,石油污染处理次之。基于不同污染物对黑麦草根系形态及生长影响的差异,在今后植物修复土壤污染过程中,可添加一些生长调节物质来缓解污染对植物的毒害作用,提高植物生物量及增强相关生理功能,提升污染土壤修复效果。     

多孔改良剂对毕节烟区植烟土壤重金属铬镉铅的影响

本研究通过分析贵州毕节植烟区不施改良剂(CK),施用秸秆(T1)、多孔改良剂(T2)、70%多孔改良剂+30%竹炭(T3)4种处理不同土层深度土壤重金属含量,评价了植烟区重金属Cr、Cd、Pb的含量水平,探讨了施用多孔改良剂对研究区土壤中重金属Cr、Cd、Pb含量及其有效性的影响。结果表明,研究区土壤重金属Cr、Cd、Pb含量均低于国家二级土壤标准,土壤处于清洁状态。不同土壤改良剂在改善土壤理化性状的同时还能显著降低土壤全Cr和Pb的有效性。在不同改良剂处理中,以T3处理的效果最好,土壤全Cr和有效Pb降幅分别为26.4%和17.2%。毕节烟区使用多孔物理结构改良剂不会增加土壤Cd、Pb的重金属风险,反而降低了土壤全Cr和有效Pb的含量,实现板结土壤改良和重金属有效性降低的双重目标。     

Heavy metal accumulations of 24 asparagus bean cultivars grown in soil contaminated with Cd alone and with multiple metals (Cd, Pb, and Zn)

Crops grown in heavy metal contaminated soils are an important avenue for these toxic pollutants entering the human food chain. Information on how crops respond to soil contaminations of single versus multiple metals is scarce and much needed. This study investigated the accumulation of Cd by 24 cultivars of asparagus bean (Vigna unguiculata subsp. Sesquipedalis L., family Fabaceae) under a low level (0.8 mg kg-1) and a high level (11.8 mg kg-1) of Cd exposure in a garden experiment, and that in a field experiment with Cd, Pb, and Zn (1.2, 486, and 1114 mg kg-1, respectively) contaminated soil. Both experiments showed that there were highly significant variations among the tested cultivars in Cd accumulation by roots, stems, leaves, and fruits of asparagus bean. In the garden experiment, all cultivars under the low Cd exposure and 41.7% of the tested cultivars under the high Cd exposure bore fruits (pods) whose Cd concentrations were lower than 0.05 mg kg-1 fw and therefore were safe for consumption. In addition, the fruit Cd concentrations of cultivars with black seed coats were significantly lower than those with red or spotted seed coats. These results suggest that asparagus bean is a hypo-accumulator to Cd pollutant and the trait of Cd accumulation is genetic-dependent among cultivars. In the field experiment, correlation between fruit Cd and Pb concentrations was significantly positive (p < 0.05). Additional correlation analyses between two experiments showed that fruit Cd concentrations in the field experiment were significantly correlated with those exposed to the high level of Cd stress, instead of to the low level of Cd stress in the garden experiment. This suggests that the presence of other toxic heavy metals in the soil might have facilitated the accumulation of Cd in fruits, and the selection of pollution-safe-cultivars (PSC) in multi-metal polluted condition could refer to the PSCs selected under a high level exposure of a single heavy metal.     

施用碳酸钙对土壤铅、镉、锌交换态含量及在大豆中累积分布的影响

在重金属复合污染的土壤中,通过施用不同水平的碳酸钙对土壤进行改良,研究土壤中Pb、Cd、Zn交换态含量的变化以及在大豆植株中的累积分布.结果表明:(1)在污染土壤中施用碳酸钙,能够降低土壤中Pb、Cd、Zn交换态含量,且随着碳酸钙施用量的增加,土壤中这3种重金属交换态含量呈明显降低趋势.在土壤中施用碳酸钙改善了大豆植株的生长状况,有效地抑制大豆植株对土壤Pb、Cd、Zn的吸收.从而减缓了重金属对大豆植株的毒害作用.(2)2.0 g/kg为碳酸钙的最佳施用量,能使大豆籽粒增产47.5%.籽粒中Pb含量降低73.0%,Cd含量降低53.8%,但在这个重金属污染矿区土壤中施用碳酸钙仍无法使籽粒中的重金属含量达到国家粮食卫生标准中Pb、Cd低于0.2 mg/kg的标准.     

Toxicity of heavy metals (Zn,Cu, Cd,Pb) to vascular plants

The literature on heavy metal toxicity to vascular plants is reviewed. Special attention is given to forest plant species, especially trees, and effects at low metal concentrations, including growth, physiological, biochemical and cytological responses. Interactions between the metals in toxicity are considered and the role of mycorrhizal infection as well. Of the metals reviewed, Zn is the least toxic. Generally plant growth is affected at 1000 μg Zn L^?1 or more in a nutrient solution, though 100 to 200 µg L^?1 may give cytological disorders. At concentrations of 100 to 200 μg L^?1, Cu and Cd disturb metabolic processes and growth, whereas the phytotoxicity of Pb generally is lower. Although a great variation between plant species, critical leaf tissue concentrations affecting growth in most species being 200 to 300 μg Zn g^?1 dry weight, 15 to 20 μg Cu g^?1 and 8–12 μg Cd g^?1. With our present knowledge it is difficult to propose a limit for toxic concentrations of Zn, Cu, Cd and Pb in soils. Besides time of exposure, the degree of toxicity is influenced by biological availability of the metals and interactions with other metals in the soil, nutritional status, age and mycorrhizal infection of the plant.     

5种草本植物对土壤重金属铅的吸收、富集及转运

以临汾西山煤矿周边的5种优势种植物苍耳（Xanthium sibiricum）、夏至草（Lagopsis supina）、蒲公英（Taraxacum mongolicum）、灰绿藜（Chenopodium glaucum）、早熟禾（Poa annua）为试验材料,研究植物修复土壤重金属铅的污染,分析比较其对铅的吸收、转运和富集的能力。结果表明:在铅处理下早熟禾的生物量最大;5种植物地上部分对铅的吸收量在10 000 mg时均达到1 000 mg/kg以上,其中夏至草的吸收量最高,达5 447.25 mg/kg;地下部分对铅的吸收量在10 000 mg时也达到1 000 mg/kg以上,以苍耳最高,达13 448.5 mg/kg。夏至草的转运系数和富集系数最高,为铅超富集植物,其余4种植物对重金属铅也有很好的吸收富集作用。     

城市污泥与湖泊底泥土地利用对土壤-植物系统中养分及重金属Cd、Pb的影响

采用田间小区试验,探讨了城市污泥与湖泊底泥土地利用对土壤-植物系统中养分及重金属Cd、Pb的影响。结果表明,城市污泥与湖泊底泥能有效增加土壤养分含量;重金属Cd、Pb仅累积在土壤耕层,难以向下迁移;随施用量的增加,小麦籽粒产量及其对养分的吸收量均随之增加,但仍有大量养分存留在土壤中;植株对重金属的富集顺序表现为根系〉茎叶〉籽粒,Cd〉Pb,其中,籽粒中重金属Cd、Pb含量均未超出我国食品中重金属限量的卫生标准;如果该污泥、底泥分别以100,200t／hm^2的施用量施入土壤,可以连续施月5a和6a     

Influence of Vermicompost on Dry Matter Yield and Uptake of Ni and Cd by Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla) in Ni- and Cd-Polluted Soil

An experiment was conducted under simulated condition to study the influence of vermicompost on growth, yield and heavy metal accumulation by chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla), an important essential oil bearing crop grown under simulated condition. Nickel and Cadmium applied at 20?mg?kg^?1 soil significantly enhanced the dry matter yield of the crop as compared to the control (no heavy metal). The results also revealed that addition of vermicompost (at 2.5?g?kg^?1 soil) enhanced the heavy metal accumulation by chamomile in metal-treated soil. Although a sizeable amount of metals were being translocated to flowers, the essential oil extracted by hydrodistillation of flowers did not contain any heavy metal. Similarly, chemical constituents of the oil of chamomile were within the range of those obtained from chamomile grown under normal soil condition.