Abrasions and lameness in piglets born in different farrowing systems with different types of floor

Background

The quality of the floor is essential to the welfare of piglets as abrasions often are recorded in newborn piglets, and such lesions may lead to lameness. Apart from animal suffering, lameness contributes to losses in form of dead piglets, decreased growth, and increased use of antibiotics and manual labour.

Methods

In a herd with three different farrowing systems, 37 litters (390 piglets) were studied until the age of 3 weeks with respect to presence of skin wounds and abrasions. Lameness was registered until the age of 7 weeks. Eight lame piglets were sacrificed before medical treatment and subjected to necropsy including histopathological and microbiological examinations. Isolates of streptococci, staphylococci and E. coli were tested with respect to antimicrobial resistance. Mastitis was observed in ten sows.

Results

The most severe abrasions at carpus and soles were seen in the system with a new solid concrete floor with a slatted floor over the dunging area. The lowest magnitude was observed in the deep litter system with peat. Sole bruising was more common in the systems with concrete floor compared to the deep litter system with peat, and the differce in prevalence was significant at all examination days. The lesions decreased with time and about 75% of the treatments for lameness were performed during the first three weeks of life. The overall prevalence of lameness was highest in the system with new solid concrete floor with a slatted floor over the dunging area (9.4%) followed by the old solid concrete floor (7.5%). A lower (p < 0.05) prevalence was seen in the deep litters system with peat (3.3%). No significant relationship between mastitis and abrasions or lameness in the offspring was observed.

Conclusion

There were large differences in the prevalence of abrasions and lameness between the floor types. The deep litter system with peat provided a soft and good floor for piglets. The overall prevalence of lameness was only diagnosed in every fourth litter in that system compared to in every second litter in the systems with concrete floor. In contrast, the incidence of mastitis in the sows during the first week after farrowing was higher than in the systems with concrete floor.     

不同方式处理稻草和不同日粮组成育肥黄牛的饲养效果

试验用15头贵州当地黄牛，进行了3种不同方式处理稻草日粮的交叉饲养试验。通过90d试验，结果表明：日粮2育肥效果明显优于日粮l和日粮3，黄牛的平均日增重分别为l033，798，5938，P＜0．01；饲料(干质量)报酬分别为4．54：1，7．08：1和6．03：1。从而认为，用发酵稻草与适当的精料补充料配合育肥黄牛可以得到良好的生产效果。     

不同紫花苜蓿品种在不同生育期营养品质特性的比较

采用随机区组设计,以20个紫花苜蓿品种作为研究对象,对头茬草在现蕾期、初花期、盛花期取样,分别测定了各生育期的粗蛋白、酸性洗涤纤维、中性洗涤纤维、粗脂肪、粗灰分含量。结果表明:同一紫花苜蓿材料的营养成分含量在不同生育期差异显著(P0.05),在现蕾期、初花期、盛花期等不同生育期,粗蛋白含量最高的品种分别为:北极星(22.06%),哥萨克(18.81%),陇东苜蓿(16.41%);酸性洗涤纤维含量最低的品种分别为:甘农1号(22.18%),陇中苜蓿(31.16%),苜蓿王(36.97%);各生育期中性洗涤纤维含量最低的品种分别为:甘农7号(27.59%),苜蓿王(38.10%),苜蓿王(44.35%);粗灰分含量最低的品种分别为:陇东苜蓿(9.40%),皇后(9.00%),甘农8号(6.02%);粗脂肪含量最高的品种分别为:中苜1号(2.91%),哥萨克(2.78%),甘农7号(3.04%)。粗蛋白含量和粗灰分含量随着生育期的推进明显下降;中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维含量随着生育期的推进呈明显上升趋势;粗脂肪含量随着生育期的推进出现小幅上升。苜蓿王各营养指标在不同的生育期表现最好,在武威地区的黄羊镇有较高的推广利用价值。     

不同季节对爱犬的护理侧重

<正>气候能通过直接或间接的作用而影响犬的生长、繁殖和精神等。直接作用是影响犬的体温调节机能,出现热应激或冷应激;间接作用是通过植物性饲料的生长、化学组成、季节性供应以及各种季节性疾病的发生和传播,     

不同存放时间和温度对泔水质量影响的研究

试验深入分析了不同处理方法对泔水质量的影响,并对泔水营养成分、菌落总数、大肠杆菌数、有害成分进行了测定和比较。目前,国内外关于泔水不同处理方法的研究并不多见,对泔水中营养成分、菌落总数等的测定更是少有。本课题把餐饮泔水的存放温度设定为4、17和30℃的环境条件下,测定泔水在0、12、24、48和96h的菌落总数与大肠杆菌数量变化,同时测定泔水的常规营养成分等。结果表明,菌落总数在不同的存放温度条件下随着存放时间的延长而增加,与4℃相比,17和30℃的菌落总数较高(P>0.05);在不同的存放温度下,随着存放时间的延长各组的大肠杆菌总数呈下降趋势,12h后4℃处理急剧上升,24h后显著高于17和30℃处理(P<0.05);在不同存放时间和温度下,泔水中粗蛋白质和粗脂肪含量均较高,但差异不显著;泔水中钙磷含量较高,但两者比例不合理;随着存放时间的延长和存放温度的升高,泔水中亚硝酸盐含量显著升高(P<0.05)。     

不同氮磷水平下不同土层中紫花苜蓿细根周转特征

为探讨不同氮磷配施条件下紫花苜蓿细根周转及不同土层分布动态特征,分析苜蓿细根周转各指标之间的关系。采用双因素随机区组设计进行田间试验,设置4个施磷水平[0(P₀)、50(P₁)、100(P₂)和150 kg·hm^-2(P₃)]和两个氮水平[0(N₀)和120 kg·hm^-2(N₁)],共计8个处理,通过微根管根系监测0～60 cm的土层细根周转特征。结果表明:在相同施氮条件下,随着施磷量的增加,紫花苜蓿细根总现存量、细根表面积密度、细根生产量和死亡量呈先增加后降低的趋势,在P₂条件下达到最大值,且P₁、P₂处理显著大于P₀处理(P<0.05),在相同施磷条件下,N₁处理显著大于N₀处理。在不同土层中,在相同施氮条件下,随着施磷量的增加,苜蓿细根现存量在0～30 cm土层中呈先增...     

湘岭猪不同世代、不同屠宰体重胴体性状和肌肉品质测定分析

试验旨在探讨不同世代、不同屠宰体重湘岭猪胴体性状和肌肉品质的差异.试验选择体重140 kg左右的湘岭猪Ⅰ世代阉公猪4头(组4),进行屠宰测定和肉质评定.另选择前期屠宰的零世代14头湘岭猪的屠宰测定数据作为对照,按宰前活重分为3组,分别为90 kg组(组1)、100 kg组(组2)、125 kg组(组3).结果表明:1)...     

不同生长年限紫花苜蓿磷的积累与分配规律

以2龄、3龄、4龄、5龄和7龄紫花苜蓿Medicago sativa为试验对象,研究了紫花苜蓿磷的积累与分配规律。结果表明,紫花苜蓿地上部分的磷含量,随着生育期的推移先降低后略有升高,随着生长年限的增加而持续降低,成熟期的磷含量总体上表现为:叶生殖器官茎。随着生育期的推移,紫花苜蓿地上部分磷的积累量持续增加,积累速率先升后降。不同生长年限紫花苜蓿成熟期各器官磷的分配比例平均为:茎(64.7%)生殖器官(23.7%)叶(11.6%)。紫花苜蓿茎中磷的分配比例随生长年限的增加而升高;叶中磷的分配比例则随生长年限的增加而降低;生殖器官中磷的分配比例以2龄紫花苜蓿最高,7龄紫花苜蓿最低。     

不同植物饲料磷消化率及可加性研究

试验以含磷量为0 .3 %的豆粕-玉米淀粉型半纯合日粮为基础日粮,分别用玉米、燕麦、碎米、糙米、荞麦、高粱、蚕豆和豌豆替代部分豆粕和玉米淀粉配成8种单一试验日粮,用玉米、燕麦、碎米、糙米共同替代部分豆粕和玉米淀粉配成混合日粮A ,用荞麦、高粱、蚕豆和豌豆共同替代部分豆粕和玉米淀粉配成混合日粮B ,以1 2头初始平均体质量为(2 0 .5±2 .0 )kg的健康杜×长×大杂交去势公猪为试验动物,采用2个6×6拉丁方设计(2拉丁方基础日粮相同) ,对8种植物饲料磷的表观消化率及真消化率进行了评定,并对不同植物饲料可消化磷在日粮A和B中的可加性进行了研究。试验结果表明:生长猪对玉米、燕麦、碎米、糙米、荞麦、高粱、蚕豆和豌豆中磷的表观消化率分别为1 7.1 6 %、5.98%、31 .91 %、2 8.61 %、30 .36 %、31 .0 2 %、31 .60 %和2 6 .33 %,真消化率分别为40 .33 %、2 7.45 %、44.62 %、41 .89%、49.72 %、42 .34 %、50 .76 %和36 .56 %。不同植物饲料表观可消化磷在混合日粮A和B中的可加性较差,而真可消化磷在2混合日粮中表现出较好的可加性,其中混合日粮A中各饲料的真可消化磷可加性优于混合日粮B中各饲料的真可消化磷可加性。     

Total serum IgE and IgA antibody levels in healthy dogs of different breeds and exposed to different environments

Total serum immunoglobulin (Ig) E and A levels were analysed in 233 healthy dogs as basis for comparison with atopic dogs in future studies. They were measured by ELISA in a group of non- colonised dogs of various breeds (group A) and three groups of colonised dogs including one German Shepherd and two Beagle kennels (groups B-D). IgE levels from non-colonised dogs were significantly higher than the ones of German Shepherds and Beagles C (P<0.05). IgA levels were alike in all groups except for the German Shepherds which displayed the lowest levels. Age and sex were not identified as common significant cofactors for IgE and IgA levels in all groups and IgE levels correlated negatively with IgA only in non-colonised dogs. In conclusion, IgE and IgA levels seem to be mainly influenced by genetic background. Thus use of total serum IgE as a diagnostic tool in the atopic dogs required extensive family data and therefore appears most suitable for research purposes within specific, well defined dog populations.     

不同密度下近天然落叶松云冷杉林各土层土壤理化特征

本研究以8块不同林分密度近天然落叶松云冷杉林为对象, 研究不同林分下密度对不同土层土壤的理化特征。结果表明, 相同林分密度条件下, 土壤物理性质随土层深度增加呈显著变化(P0.05);除全氮外, 其他养分元素浓度差异不显著(P0.05)。不同密度条件下的土壤养分浓度并未表现出明显的变化规律, 也没有在某一密度之后出现明显的下降现象。林分密度为1 058株·hm-2时, 虽然土壤养分浓度有所降低, 但总体差异并不显著。这说明在试验区目前林分密度下, 土壤养分状况并未受影响, 可适当补植, 增加林地的利用效率。     

不同发酵剂对不同配比精料发酵的研究

本试验采取奶牛体外精料发酵,通过不同发酵剂在不同温度下对不同配比精料及玉米面发酵的研究,筛选出了简便、可行、成本低、能提高饲料乙酸的好方法,为生产实践提供了理论依据。试验综合评价以自然酵母发酵最好,3号料发酵效果最佳。     

Glutathione peroxidase activity in whole blood and plasma of horses of different ages, sexes and different use]

GSH-Px activity in blood and plasma of 269 horses was determined and interrelated to age, sex, and type of use or breed. Furthermore values in blood were related to hematocrit and hemoglobin contents. Trotters and riding horses had higher GSH-Px activities in plasma as well as in blood (0.83 +/- 0.22 and 0.79 +/- 0.23 U/ml plasma or 27.2 +/- 4.3 and 24.0 +/- 7.0 U/ml blood) than Thoroughbreds in training and yearlings (0.61 +/- 0.,14 and 0.56 +/- 0.16 U/ml plasma or 20.6 2 +/- 6.9 and 24.6 +/- 4.3 U/ml blood). 3 to 6 years old Thoroughbreds had higher GSH-Px-activities than 1 to 2 years old ones. Colts and fillies did not have differing values.     

Survival and developmental competence of bovine embryos at different developmental stages and separated blastomeres after vitrification in different solutions

Generating techniques to enhance the success of blastomere separation is important for bovine economy, because it increases the number of transferable embryos. This study aimed to identify the optimum cryoprotectants for the vitrification of bovine embryos and the separation of blastomeres at different stages. In experiment 1, expanded blastocysts were vitrified in two different vitrification solutions, either (1) ethylene glycol (EG) + propylene glycol (PG) or (2) EG. The survival rate of blastocysts in the EG + PG was higher than that of the EG. In experiment 2, intact two‐cell and eight‐cell stage embryos were vitrified in the same solutions used in experiment 1. The EG + PG produced more dead embryos than the EG (P < 0.05). In the EG, the rate of blastocyst formation was similar for the vitrified two‐ and eight‐cell embryos and the non‐vitrified ywo‐cell embryos. In experiment 3, separated blastomeres of two‐ and eight‐cell embryos were vitrified in EG. There was no difference in the rate of blastocyst formation and total number of cells between the two vitrified groups. In summary, at the blastocyst stage, EG + PG was superior, based on both survival rates and cell numbers; however, at the 2–8 cell stage, the use of EG alone was better than the other groups.     

Endoparasites in swine in different age groups and management systems

In different age groups endoparasites are of varying importance. Sows are predominantly infected with gastrointestinal strongyles (mainly Oesophagostomum spp.), Ascaris suum and Eimeriae, to a lesset extent with Trichuris suis, Hyostrongylus rubidus, Strongyloides ransomi or Isospora suis, while in suckling piglets I. suis and occasionally S. ransomi frequently occur. Weaners and fatteners are infected with coccidia and gastrointestinal strongyles, later with A. suum. Whipworms are also found occasionally. I suis causes diarrhoea in suckling piglets, while in older animals the infection is not correlated with disease. Damage induced by helminths is mainly due to reduced performance, in the case of ascarosis to reduced carcass value. Therefore planned antiparasitic measures should be taken at all stages of pig keeping. Hygienic measures can reduce infection pressure; however parasite elimination is difficult to obtain under conventional management conditions. Consequently the control of parasitic infection at the early stage of piglet production is desirable.     

应用不同剂量PMSG对CIDRS处理的不同年龄母羊春季同期发情效果初探

春季应用330和500单位两种剂量PMSG对经CIDRS处理过的小尾寒羊同期发情效果进行探研。结果表明,在年龄相同时,后者比前者同期发情率可提高35．8个百分点;相同剂量的PMSG而不同年龄的小尾寒羊应用效果也有所不同,在1～4岁之间,随羊年龄增加,同期发情率有明显的增高趋势,3～4岁的母羊比1～3岁母羊提高了21．5个百分点。     

施氮对紫花苜蓿生长特性的影响

通过随机区组试验,研究了不施氮(N0)、施氮51.75kg/hm2(N1)和103.5kg/hm2(N2)3个氮水平对"甘农3号"紫花苜蓿生长第1年及第2年产量和再生性能的影响。结果表明:"甘农3号"紫花苜蓿生长第2年产量显著高于第1年,在N2处理下两年干草产量均最高,第1年为14 717kg/hm2,第2年为31 092kg/hm2;从株高和再生速度看,两年均以处理N2下紫花苜蓿的再生性能最强,并且第2年的明显优于第1年。综上,试验区"甘农3号"紫花苜蓿在N2处理下再生性能最好,株高和产量达最高,且两年均能进行4次刈割。     

不同基因型狗牙根耐镉及镉富集特性

狗牙根(Cynodon dactylon)作为我国南方重金属污染区的优势种,在污染土壤的修复过程中有巨大的应用潜力。本研究利用水培试验,分析了10个狗牙根基因型生长指标的变化、耐镉能力及镉吸收转运特征。结果表明,1.5mmol·L~(-1)镉胁迫条件下,狗牙根各基因型均表现出生长缓慢、叶片失绿、根系生长不良等受害症状。不同基因型的受害程度差异较大,其中,基因型WBD242、WBD245和WBD193的受害程度较轻。综合评价结果表明,这3个基因型对镉具有很强的耐受性,且其地上部积累的镉离子浓度分别高达119.0、177.0和124.2mg·kg~(-1),均高于超富集植物的标准(地上部分富集镉超过100mg·kg~(-1)),可用于高浓度镉污染土壤的植物修复;基因型WBD144和WBD147具有最高的转移系数,但是耐镉能力较弱,可用于轻度镉污染土壤的植物修复。研究结果为镉污染土壤的植物修复与植被重建提供了新的材料和理论基础。     

Functional and structural comparison of cytokines in different species

As the number of recombinant cytokines increases, so does our knowledge of their structure and function in different species. The biological cross-reactivity of cytokines from one species on cells from a different species has been reported on in the literature but this information is scattered over many publications and some of it has not yet been published. Comparing sequence information combined with three-dimensional and receptor-binding information (i.e. biological cross-reactivity) in different species provides insight into the underlying rules governing cross-reactivity and conservation. It was observed that there is quite a strict threshold of 60% amino acid identity above which cytokines tend to cross-react. Below this threshold few cytokines cross-react on cells from a different species. When comparing frequencies of reported species cross-reactivities between cytokines belonging to different cytokine-folding families it is obvious that not all cytokines within these folding families are equally cross-reactive. The underlying reason for these differences may lay in the ability of certain folding families to accumulate more mutations and still produce a protein, which is able to fold in the desired tridimensional structure. For example, cytokines belonging to the short 4-alpha-helix bundle can accumulate mutations in the 4-alpha-helices and large loops connecting the 4-alpha-helices and are the least cross-reactive. In contrast, cytokines belonging to the beta-sheet based folds (beta-trefoil and beta-sandwich) are the most cross-reactive and also the most conserved cytokines amongst the different species studied.     

Follicular and oocyte development in gilts of different age

The aim of the present study was to estimate follicular and oocyte development of the same gilts in three phases of their reproductive life--prepuberal gilt (6 months old), cycling gilt (9.5 months old) and primiparous sow. Follicular development was induced by injections of 1000 IU PMSG followed by 500 IU hCG 72 h later. Cumulus-oocyte-complexes (COCs) were recovered from preovulatory follicles of the left ovary, and follicular fluid (FF) from the right ovary always 34 h after hCG by endoscopy. Altogether, 19 gilts were used in the prepuberal (P) and cycling (C) trials and 12 of them in the primiparous trial (S). Altogether 168, 190 and 82 follicles were aspirated from the left ovary and 106, 125 and 42 COCs recovered (recovery rate 60.5 +/- 26.9, 62.7 +/- 20.9 and 52.9 +/- 21.8%). The average number of follicles was higher in C compared to P (19.7 +/- 6.8 vs. 15.7 +/- 6.8, p = 0.06) and to S (14.2 +/- 4.0, p < 0.05), respectively. More uniform expanded COCs were aspirated from prepuberal and cycling gilts as compared to sows (89.7 and 78.4% vs. 46.3%, p < 0.05). Furthermore, the meiotic configuration in oocytes differed (p < 0.05) between these groups (55.5 and 61.7% vs. 0% Telo 1/Meta 2). Concentrations of progesterone in FF decreased (p < 0.05) from 590.0 +/- 333.6 (P) to 249.1 +/- 72.6 (C) and 161.4 +/- 75.2 ng/ml (S). FF concentrations of oestradiol-17 beta were different between gilts and sows (9.3 +/- 2.9, 21.9 +/- 10.6 and 94.0 +/- 15.9 pg/ml, p < 0.05). The progesterone/oestradiol ratio was 72.1, 15.2 and 4.7. Results indicate a different follicular and oocyte development during the investigated lifetime periods. Cycling gilts should preferably be used in IVF and breeding programs. The lower reproductive potential of primiparous sows is taken into consideration at breeding. Prediction of lifetime performance based on individual ovarian reaction of prepuberal gilts is unsuitable.