Assessment of the Extent to Which Intensively-studied Lakes are Representative of the Adirondack Region and Response to Future Changes in Acidic Deposition

Many lakes in the Adirondack Mountains, New York, have acidified over the past century due to acidic atmospheric deposition. More recently, most monitored lakes have shown signs of chemical recovery (increase in acid neutralizing capacity) as sulfur deposition levels have declined in response to the Clean Air Act and other emissions control legislation. We used measured and modeled trends in past lakewater acidification and projections of future recovery from acidification to extrapolate results from judgment samples of intensively studied lakes to the population of acid-sensitive Adirondack lakes. Simulations were developed for 70 watersheds using the Model of Acidification of Groundwater in Catchments (MAGIC) to classify lakes according to their sensitivity to change in atmospheric S and N deposition. MAGIC simulations suggested that the modeled Adirondack Long-Term Monitoring Project (ALTM) and Adirondack Effects Assessment Project (AEAP) lakes were largely among the lakes in the population that had acidified most between 1850 and 1990. Most of the modeled ALTM/AEAP lakes were within the top 36% of acid sensitivity, based on model projections of past acidification and future chemical recovery, compared with the 1,829 Adirondack lakes in EPA’s Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (EMAP) statistical frame. Results of this research will allow fuller utilization of data from on-going chemical and biological monitoring and process-level studies by providing a basis for regionalization of findings and developing/refining relationships among watershed characteristics, chemical change, and biological responses to changing levels of acidic deposition.     

海水入侵-地下水位变化-土壤盐渍化自动监测实验研究

利用国家863课题支持研制的电阻率探杆自动监测系统,分别进行了海水入侵、地下水位升降、土壤盐渍化过程的动态监测室内模拟实验,旨在探讨该系统用于海水入侵、地下水位变化、土壤盐渍化等环境过程自动监测的可行性。结果表明,海水入侵形成的咸-淡水界面及海水弥散带,地下水位位置上下及包气带,及不同含盐量的土体,均具有显著的电阻率探杆测试结果特征差异。该系统可为海水入侵,地下水位变化,土壤盐渍化,土壤地下污染等环境过程的原位连续实时自动监测提供数据资料及技术支持。     

农药在土壤中迁移的区域差异研究

建立了一个基于三种农药在土壤中根区和中间渗流区迁移能力的模型,并采用不同类型土壤分布区域的土壤理化性质,区域气候与水文特以及农药理化性质等参数,进行了农药对区域地下水潜在污染能力的评价。     

Evaluation of On-site Wastewater Disposal Systems in Mississippi Coastal Areas

Groundwater and surface water contamination have been linked to inadequate or failing on-site residential wastewater treatment and disposal systems. The potential for groundwater contamination in coastal areas with shallow water tables is higher; subsequently the ability of soil, microorganisms, and vegetation to mitigate pollutants may be reduced. This study evaluated the performance of the four types of on-site wastewater treatment and disposal systems predominantly used on the Mississippi Gulf Coast. One type of system was deemed inappropriate for this region as none of the dozens of installations examined were functioning acceptably. Of the remaining three types, subsurface water samples were collected from representative sites using lysimeters and monitoring wells. Apart from general performance evaluation of these systems, seasonal changes translating into possible variation in disposal efficiencies and groundwater contamination were investigated. Statistical analysis of variations in organics (COD and BOD₅), nitrogen (TKN and NH ₄ ⁺ ?CN), and fecal coliform concentrations was used to identify probable deficiencies in systems tested and to recommend changes to governing standards.     

Physiochemical Processes Affecting the Geochemistry of Carbonate Aquifer of Southeastern Al-Ain Area, United Arab Emirates (UAE)

Detailed hydrogeochemical analyses were carried out in order to delineate the physiochemical processes and paleohydrogeological regime of groundwater flow of southeastern Al-Ain area and its surrounding desert fringes. Groundwater composition and salinization could be a result of integrated cycles of successive physiochemical processes of mixing of seawater, salt dissolution, and flushing by recharge water from the infiltration of rainfall in the interdune areas and gravel plains and also from Jabal Hafit lying to the southeast, and sewage effluent water from the residence areas to the northwest. In addition to that, ion exchange upon flushing, salt sieving from deep aquifers, and evaporation and accumulation along the wetland zones are factors affecting the groundwater of the area. Human and anthropogenic activities might have negative impact on the quality of groundwater in the region. Both Zn and Fe are the most detectable heavy metals in the analyzed samples, and they reach as maximum as 2,277 ??g/l and 2,902.6 ??g/l for Zn and Fe, respectively, along the north western localities. The source of these metals is most probably due to contamination threats by the sewage effluent or industrial wastes in these localities. Reducing environment releases the toxic and heavy metals in soluble compounds in case of high organic matters. A strong relationship appears between Fe and Zn ion concentrations in groundwater and the type of well construction materials (casings and screens). Also, a positive correlation is observed between the concentrations of Zn in water wells and in plants surrounding the wells. The increase of chromium concentrations is observed in the north of the study area, and this increase might be ascribed to the weathering of olivine and pyroxence of Oman Mountain in the northeast and might be possibly due to using the manure or animal wastes for agriculture activities.     

塔里木盆地南缘绿洲地下水时空变异与监测点位优化——以策勒绿洲为例

[目的]揭示塔里木盆地南缘绿洲地下水时空变异特征,优化监测点位,为实现水资源的合理利用与绿洲可持续发展提供依据。[方法]基于2008—2014年地下水监测数据,首先利用地统计学方法,通过对球状、指数、高斯3种模型的系统分析,确定适宜该地区的最优模型;其次利用该模型定量分析区域地下水时空变异特征,并进行地下水监测点位优化;最后利用Thiessen多边形法计算地下水平均埋深,对绿洲地下水平均埋深变化特征进行分析。[结果]高斯模型为最优模型,并且地下水的空间异质性和连通性增强;在不影响监测精度前提下,将原有23个监测点有效减至12个,降低监测成本;绿洲地下水平均埋深变化趋于稳定。[结论]绿洲地下水尽管受绿洲扩张影响显著,但因径流补给,目前总体处于安全状况。为保障绿洲健康可持续发展,需在目前绿洲规模基础上适当控制绿洲扩张。     

粤北某离子吸附型稀土矿地下水丰枯水期变化及污染评价

[目的]探究离子型稀土矿区地下水的污染状况及其在时空尺度下的变化特点,为区域地下水污染防控及居民健康生活的保障工作提供科学依据。[方法]以粤北某离子吸附型稀土矿及其周边为研究区,分别在丰、枯水期采集该区域地下水样品各10组,在检测水样6种常规指标和7种重金属指标的基础上,运用多元统计的方法和修正内梅罗综合污染指数法对地下水的污染现状进行分析与评价。[结果]地下水超标组分包括硫酸盐(10%)、硝酸盐氮(30%)、氨氮(35%)、氟化物(40%)、硫化物(40%)、Mn(55.5%)、Pb(20%)和Cd(10%),其中氨氮和Mn污染程度明显更严重,超标组分中仅硫化物和氟化物浓度具有明显的时期特征,均表现为：丰水期>枯水期。地下水受污染极不均匀且整体污染程度非常严重,丰水期地下水水质较枯水期更差,污染在样点DXS₀₄,DXS₀₆和DXS₀₇所在位置有较大程度的集中。[结论]各污染指标均与稀土矿使用的化学药剂存在运移转换关系,研究区地下水受稀土矿开采影响已不宜作为生活饮用水源。     

Monitoring and prognosis of regional water and salt

A system designed for monitoring and prognosis of regional water and salt (PWS), was developed to consist of a monitoring system, a group of models and an information system. PWS was developed and tested using a 253 km² portion of a monitored area of 487 km² established for observation of the surface water flow and quality, groundwater table and quality, soil water and salt regime in Quzhou county, Hebei Province. Predictive models for groundwater table location and quality were developed using basic principles of hydrodynamics and solved using finite element methods. A regional soil water model was developed based on a water balance approach, while a regional soil salinity models was developed by combining salt balance and expert identification methods. Submodels were integrated and applied seasonally, with satisfactory prediction results for the regional scale. The percentage of mean relative error for groundwater depth (m) and quality (g/l), water storage (mm) and salt storage (kg/m²) in the 0–1 m soil layer were 14.8, 13.1, 14.1 and 25.4%, respectively. The information system component of PWS, defined as PWSIS, was composed of four parts: the subsystems database, vector management, a system model, and information output. The predicted outputs were expressed as either tables or contour maps of groundwater table or depth and quality, grade maps of soil water and salt storage or drought/waterlogging and salinity status. Some key problems, such as how to expand the point data to a plane and how to determine the boundary of each grade on the map, were solved using “the point-to-plane expanding algorithm” and GIS techniques of digitizing and overlaying the grid maps concerned.     

The Impact of a Lignite Seam on Contaminated Groundwater in the Aquifer System of the Bitterfeld Region

Until 1990 the Bitterfeld region was heavily polluted by mining,an obsolete chemical industry and the uncontrolled deposition ofchemical wastes. The groundwater is extensivly contaminated inthe area of a disused chemical factory which once produced andapplied halogenated compounds on a large scale. At the researcharea in Bitterfeld, highly mobile chlorinated aliphatics andaromatics have been detected in both groundwater and sediments,especially in a lignite seam. The modern analytical method ofsolid-phase micro extraction (SPME) was successfully used toanalyse the pollution level of groundwater and sediments. Thelignite seam was found to have accumulated large quantities ofhalogenated hydrocarbons functioning as a giant adsorptionfilter, and hence recording past groundwater contamination.The vertical and lateral pollution profiles of sediments and thedistribution coefficients between lignite and groundwater atequilibrium conditions were determined for the key components.The consequences of the present situation for the progressivegroundwater quality of the quaternary aquifer are assessed in aforthcoming article.     

Assessing the Effect of Saltwater Intrusion on Petroleum Hydrocarbons Plumes Via Numerical Modelling

A contamination by petroleum hydrocarbons was detected in a sandy aquifer below a petrochemical plant in Southern Italy. The site is located near the coastline and bordered by canals which, together with pumping wells, control submarine groundwater discharge toward the sea and seawater intrusion (SWI) inland. In this study, a three-dimensional flow and transport model was developed using SEAWAT-4.0 to simulate the density-dependent groundwater flow system. Equivalent freshwater heads from 246 piezometers were employed to calibrate the flow simulation, while salinity in 193 piezometers was used to calibrate the conservative transport. A second dissolved species, total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH), was included in the numerical model to simulate the plumes originating from light non-aqueous-phase liquid. A detailed field investigation was performed in order to determine the fate of dissolved hydrocarbons. Fifteen depth profiles obtained from multilevel samplers (MLS) were used to improve the conceptual model, originally built using a standard monitoring technique with integrated depth sampling (IDS) of salinity and TPH concentrations. The calibrated simulation emphasises that density-dependent flow has a great influence on the migration pattern of the hydrocarbons plume. This study confirms that calibration of density-dependent models in sites affected by SWI can be successfully reached only with MLS data, while standard IDS data can lead to misleading results. Thus, it is recommended to include MLS in the characterization protocols of contaminated sites affected by SWI, in order to properly manage environmental pollution problems of coastal zones.     

PAH and PCB removal efficiencies in Umeå (Sweden) and Šiauliai (Lithuania) municipal wastewater treatment plants

Dissolved concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the influents and effluents of two municipal sewage treatment plants (STPs) were monitored over 16- (Umeå, Sweden) and 22- (?iauliai, Lithuania) day sampling periods. Sampling was performed using a passive sampling technique (semipermeable membrane devices; SPMDs) for sequestration of the dissolved (readily bioavailable) fraction of persistent organic pollutants (POPs). Removal efficiencies for individual low molecular weight (LMW) PAH compounds varied from 84% to levels at which the compounds were not detected in effluents from Umeå. The corresponding efficiencies of the ?iauliai plant were 33–95%. Measurements revealed that dissolved concentrations of most of the PCBs and some of the high molecular weight (HMW) PAHs increased during the conventional wastewater treatment at both plants. The release of dissolved PAHs and PCBs in the effluents from municipal wastewater treatment plants might increase the environmental contamination by readily bioavailable pollutants in the recipient waters; the rivers Umeälven and Kulpè. SPMDs were found to be suitable sampling tools for long-term (weeks-month) integrative monitoring of trace concentrations of the dissolved fraction of hydrophobic pollutants in the wastewater process, since the sampling and clean-up steps were easy to perform.     

苏北典型滩涂区土壤盐分动态与水平衡要素之间的关系

为获知苏北滩涂区土壤水盐动态行为,从而为后续的节水灌溉和滩涂区农田水管理策略提供理论依据,该文选取典型滩涂区,进行土壤水、盐和地下水埋深的长期连续监测,并根据大丰市气象站提供的降水、地表蒸散数据,对土壤盐分变化和水平衡要素之间的关系进行探讨。结果表明：土壤表层盐分最高,波动最为剧烈,随深度不断增加,盐分逐渐降低,且波动趋缓。试验区夏季降水丰富,蒸散量相对较低,土壤含水率高,地下水埋深浅;冬季降水少,蒸散量较高,土壤含水率下降,地下水埋深较深。地下水埋深和水补充量是0～40 cm土层土壤盐分的主要影响因子;地下水埋深和蒸散量是60～80 cm土层土壤盐分的主要影响因子。地下水盐分是土壤盐分累积的主要来源,降水脱盐作用仅对0～40 cm表土作用显著,蒸发积盐作用则在整个土壤剖面上具有影响。该研究为消减苏北滩涂区土壤盐渍化灾害提供了科学依据,对指导农业生产具有重要意义。     

北京平原农区地下水硝态氮污染状况及其影响因素研究

研究了北京市平原农区4种埋深地下水的硝态氮污染状况及影响因素.结果表明,北京市平原农区深层地下水硝态氮污染已不容乐观,浅层地下水污染尤为严重.145眼深度在120～200 m的饮用井硝态氮含量最低,平均为5.16 mg L^-1,超标率（NO3-N≥10 mg L^-1）和严重超标率（NO3^--N≥20mg L^-1）分别为13.8%和6.9%;336眼深度在70～100 m的农灌井硝态氮平均含量为5.98 mg L^-1,超标率和严重超标率分别为24.1%和8.6%;而41眼深度在6～20 m的手压井硝态氮平均含量达14.01 mg L^-1,超标率和严重超标率分别高达46.3%和31.7%;77眼深度在3～6 m的浅层地下水质量最差,硝态氮含量平均为47.53 mg L^-1,超标率和严重超标率分别达80.5%和66.2%.远郊地下水质量明显优于近郊,其中饮用水超标率近郊为38.7%,远郊为3.0%;农灌水超标率近郊为52.6%,远郊为15.3%.地下水硝态氮污染在很大程度上受机井所处周边环境的影响,菜区特别是老菜区的地下水污染程度远远重于其他地区.140眼粮田农灌井硝态氮平均含量为2.45 mg L^-1,超标率仅为8.5%;而189眼菜田农灌井平均含量为8.66 mg L^-1,超标率高达36.0%;26个冬小麦夏玉米轮作粮田浅层地下水平均含量为18.02 mg L^-1,超标率为55.4%,43个保护地菜田浅层地下水样本平均含量为72.42 mg L^-1,超标率达100%.综合本研究结果,北京市平原农区地下水中的硝态氮主要来源于地表淋溶,过量施用氮肥是地下水硝态氮污染的主要原因.     

三江平原地下水埋深灰色自记忆预测模型

地下水资源是支撑区域粮食生产的重要基础资源。针对三江平原水田面积迅速增加、地下水水位持续下降问题,以建三江分局七星农场为例,依据1997-2007年地下水埋深监测资料,运用灰色微分方程与自记忆原理构建地下水埋深灰色自记忆预测模型。结果表明：该模型简洁实用,精度较高,当地未来地下水水位具有持续下降趋势。研究成果揭示了当地地下水埋深的时间变化规律,为七星农场乃至三江平原地下水资源可持续开发利用提供依据。     

An integrative method to quantify contaminant fluxes in the groundwater of urban areas

Background, Aims, and Scope  Groundwater in urban areas is often contaminated and emission sources can be located close to groundwater wells. The delineation of contaminant plumes is difficult because of the various potential emission sources. Thus, detection, quantification and remediation of contaminated sites in a city need more integrative approaches. Methods  A method has been developed which allows quantification of mass fluxes of contaminants in groundwater between control planes. Budget zones along the flow path are defined to calculate a contaminant balance and to quantitatively reveal input areas. Concentrations and water budgets are used to calculate mass balances for each contaminant. The city of Darmstadt (Germany) was chosen to evaluate the method. Results  The groundwater monitoring wells (GMWs) upstream of the city showed anthropogenically superposed background values for all naturally occurring inorganic species. The contaminant concentrations increased in the city (probably influenced by road traffic, gas stations, leaking sewers, etc.). Downstream from the city, concentrations usually decreased. Organic compounds typical for urban environments, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), locally exceeded drinking water regulations. In GMWs with high concentrations of organic contaminants in the city or downstream from industrial areas, a significant increase in Fe²⁺ and Mn²⁺ could be observed, in some cases coinciding with a decrease in NO₃, SO₄ and an increase in NH₄. Discussion  For typical urban contaminants, a positive budget was calculated in several zones, which shows that emissions from urban sources are reaching the groundwater. Negative budgets can be mainly explained with diving plumes and degradation. The input calculated from the individual budget zones is usually higher than the input estimated from urban emissions. Differences between the calculated and the estimated input can be explained with additional sources or (bio)degradation processes. Conclusions  It was confirmed that high concentrations of contaminants do not necessarily correlate with high fluxes. Integrative approaches can reveal areas of high contaminant mass input. The results obtained with the new method are plausible compared to the land use and the estimated urban input. The concentration pattern of Fe²⁺, Mn²⁺, SO₄ and NO₃ is partly due to natural processes, triggered by the degradation of organic matter and organic contaminants. Recommendations  Since this method includes mass balances and flux calculations, avoiding an overestimation of single point contaminant concentration, it is recommended to use this approach to quantify groundwater contamination in cities. Further research is focusing on the role of urban soils as natural reservoirs for the input of contaminants.     

Longtime effects of deep groundwater extraction management on water table levels in surface aquifers

Purpose

A longtime monitoring (2003–2013) of groundwater levels and soil moisture was done in a plain tract surrounded by deposits from the Saale glacial stage in northern Germany. The purpose was to document the changes in the soil water regime over time in relation to changes in management of groundwater extraction and to evaluate if the hitherto management has been suitable for plant water supply for the local grassland production.

Materials and methods

Groundwater wells in the surface aquifer were monitored at 11 survey sites, and soil matric potentials were measured with tensiometers at five depths per site. Soil analyses also were done. This report contains the results from three of the 11 survey sites, which best represent the variability of the soils in the area.

Results and discussion

The monitoring showed that groundwater extraction from deep aquifers via individual wells altered the groundwater levels in the surface aquifer, even though there was a distance of several meters depth and a geological parting between the two aquifers. The impact of the groundwater extraction was shown by significant correlations between groundwater levels in the surveyed soils and groundwater extraction rates of individual wells. Climatic factors only affected groundwater levels in individual years. The management of the groundwater extraction from 1977 to 2006 severely lowered the groundwater level in the surface aquifer. Due to a limitation of the groundwater extraction rates and a shift in the degree of capacity utilization of the individual wells from 2006 onward, groundwater levels in the area are recovering. Correspondingly, the contribution of capillary rise to plant water supply has increased within the monitoring period.

Conclusions

The monitoring proves that the present management of groundwater extraction is more suitable for the groundwater situation than past management. However, groundwater levels have not yet obtained a new equilibrium, so continual monitoring is needed.

     

Spatial and Temporal Changes of Jet Fuel Contamination in an Unconfined Sandy Aquifer

Leakage of jet fuel from an oil skimmer has resulted in soil and groundwater contamination at the fire fighting training site of the Oslo international airport. The site is located on an unconfined sandy aquifer formed by the Gardermoen ice contact delta. A strong relationship between hydrogeological settings and spatial distribution of the hydrocarbons has been observed. Leaching hydrocarbons constitute a source of dissolved BTEX and naphthalene. Concentration of the dissolved hydrocarbons, electron acceptors and metabolic by-products has revealed concomitant changes in space and in time, in response to groundwater fluctuations. Correlation between high concentrations of hydrocarbons, elevated alkalinity and depleted electron acceptors supports the hypothesis that intrinsic bioremediation has been taking place at the site. Naphthalene, however, has been found persistent under anoxic conditions. Calculations of biodegradation potential indicates that Fe(III) reduction, methanogenesis, nitrate and sulphate reduction are the main factors controlling biodegradation.     

Changes of the volatile profile and artifact formation in Daidai (Citrus aurantium) cold-pressed peel oil on storage

The chemical changes and artifact formation in daidai (Citrus aurantium L. var. Cyathifera Y. Tanaka) cold-pressed peel oil upon storage at 20, 5, and -21 degrees C for 3, 6, and 12 months were investigated using capillary gas chromatography (GC) and GC-MS. Major changes occurred in the oil stored at 20 and 5 degrees C. No changes were found at -21 degrees C. Monoterpene hydrocarbons decreased from 98.0 to 66.4% upon 12 months at 20 degrees C, while sesquiterpene hydrocarbons and alcohols increased from 0.1 to 2.4% and from 0.3 to 7.9%, respectively. Notable decreases of germacrene D, myrcene, linalyl acetate, and limonene occurred. Prominent increases of cis-carveol, trans-beta-farnesene, trans-p-2,8-menthadien-1-ol, linalool, and beta-caryophyllene were found. Thirty-four artifact compounds constituting 17.0% of the total volatile compounds were formed upon 12 months at 20 degrees C. The artifacts consisted of 13 alcohols (6.0%), five carbonyl compounds (5.3%), seven esters (4.9%), three epoxides (0.4%), four hydrocarbons (0.3%), and two unidentified. The prominent artifact compounds were (+)-carvone, trans,trans-farnesyl acetate, sabinene hydrate, 1-octen-3-ol, cis,cis-farnesyl acetate, and dihydrocarveol acetate. The results could be applied for monitoring and control of the flavor quality of daidai essential oil and related products.     

不同养分管理对东北东部半山区地下饮用水硝态氮的影响

为了探讨不同养分管理方式对东北东部半山区村镇地下饮用水水质的影响,该文在辽宁省清原满族自治县选择典型地下饮用水源区域,通过近2 a的田间试验,研究结果表明：常规养分管理和农田养分管理施氮量分别为240 kg/hm2和192 kg/hm2,与常规养分管理相比,农田养分管理处理氮肥农学生产力显著高于常规养分管理处理,提高了22.47%;浅地下水埋深区,地下水硝态氮质量浓度增幅为深地下水埋深区1.6倍;减N 20%农田养分管理措施实施后,区域地下水硝态氮质量浓度较常规养分管理措施削减了51.19%。因此,采取农田养分管理措施降低了农田施肥对浅层地下饮用水源地污染风险,这对于村镇地下饮用水水源地的保护及村镇居民安全饮水具有重要意义。     

The Potential for Bioremediation of Soils Containing PAHs by Composting

? Environmental contamination by synthetic polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) has become a major pollution problem. Plant tissues, lignin, soil humus constituents, some pesticides, and numerous commercial organic chemicals are also based upon aromatic building blocks. Many of these molecules are potentially toxic and carcinogenic. Some PAH compounds occur naturally at a low concentration in soils. Long exposure to naturally occurring hydrocarbons has enabled bacteria to evolve enzymes that degrade them.

Landfarming and incineration are the primary technologies used for removing PAH compounds from soils and groundwater. Recent data suggest that bioremediation by PAH composting can offer significant advantages to other treatment alternatives. Landfarming is a relatively uncontrolled method of reducing PAHs in residues. Composting is quicker, more controlled, and requires less space than landfarming. Although composting is slower and less complete than incineration, it is significantly more cost-effective.

This presentation deals with the feasibility of composting PAH contaminated soils and residues. Included will be methods for process evaluation and control, degradation potential of specific PAHs, and determining the application of composting to specific situations.