15N Fertilizer recovery in different tillage–straw systems on a Vertisol in north‐west Mexico

Tillage and residue retention affect nitrogen (N) dynamics and nutrient losses and therefore nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and crop fertilizer use, however, there is little information about residual fertilizer effects on the subsequent crop. Micro‐plots with ¹⁵N‐labelled urea were established in 2014/2015 on a long‐term experiment on a Vertisol in north‐west Mexico. N fertilizer recovery (NFR) and the effects of residual fertilizer N for summer maize (Zea mays L.) and the subsequent wheat (Triticum durum L.) crop were studied in three tillage–straw management practices (CTB: conventionally tilled beds; PB‐straw: permanent raised beds with residue retention; PB‐burn: permanent raised beds with residue burning). Fertilizer ¹⁵N recovery rates for maize grain across all treatments were low with an average of 11%, but after wheat harvest total recovered ¹⁵N (¹⁵N in maize and wheat straw and grain, residual soil ¹⁵N) was over 50% for the PB‐burn treatment. NFR was lowest in CTB after two cropping cycles (32%). Unaccounted N from applied fertilizer for the maize crop averaged 120 kg ¹⁵N ha^?1 after wheat harvest. However, more than 20% of labelled ¹⁵N was found in the 0–90 cm soil profile in both PB treatments after wheat harvest, which highlights the need for long‐term studies and continuous monitoring of the soil nutrient status to avoid over‐application of mineral N fertilizer.     

Effect of addition of organic residues,farmyard manure and fertilizer nitrogen on soil fertility in rice‐wheat cropping system

A field experiment was conducted for 3 crop years (July‐June) at the Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi to study the effects of Sesbania and cowpea green manuring (GM) and incorporation of mungbean residues after harvesting grain, Leucaena loppings, FYM and wheat straw incorporation before planting rice and application of 0,40,80 and 120 kg N ha^?1 to rice on the soil organic carbon (SOC), alkaline permanganate oxidizable N (APO‐N), 0.5 M sodium bicarbonate extractable P (SBC‐P) and 1N ammonium acetate exchangeable K (AAE‐K) in surface 0–15 cm soil after the harvest of rice and wheat grown in sequence. Green manuring and addition of organic residues prevented the decline in SOC. On the other hand addition of N fertilizer tended to decrease SOC after rice harvest. On the contrary application of green manures, organic residues, FYM and fertilizer N increased APO‐N, which indicates the benefit of these treatments to a more labile soil organic N pool. Also application of green manures, organic residues, FYM and fertilizer N increased SBC‐P. Not much change was observed in AAE‐K by the treatments applied.     

Soil Phosphorus Management Based on the Agronomic Critical Value of Olsen P

Fertilizer phosphorus (P) is generally added to agricultural soils to meet the needs of crop production. In this study, the crop yield and soil Olsen P were measured every year (5–18 years) at 16 winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) –maize (Zea mays L.) crop rotation sites in cinnamon soil (Luvisols in FAO system). The mean agronomic critical value of Olsen P for maize was 14.2 mg kg^?1 and for winter wheat was 14.4 mg kg^?1 when using the Liner-plateau and Mitscherlich models. The change in soil Olsen P was positively linearly correlated with the P budget (P < 0.01), and an increase of 4.70 mg kg^?1 in soil Olsen P for each 100 kg ha^?1 of P budget in the 0–20 cm soil layer. A model of P fertilizer recommendation rate that integrated values of the change in soil Olsen P in response to P budget and the agronomic critical value of Olsen P was used, in order to adjust current levels of soil Olsen P to the agronomic critical value at the experimental sites over the next 5 years, P fertilizer application rate should be in the range of 0–87.5 kg P ha^?1.     

Analysis of soil fertility and optimal nitrogen application of brown earth (luvisols) in China

The excessive application of nitrogen (N) has caused a series of environmental problems. Brown earth (BE) is one of the main soil types in China, and the specific soil-forming conditions make it high risk of nutrient leaching. Determining the soil fertility of BE and optimal N application rates for main crops’ production is important to reduce nitrogen leaching. Based on China's second national soil survey, the basic fertility level of BE was defined, and the effects of four N management methods [one-time base fertilizer (BF), topdressing (TF), combined organic fertilizer (OF) and controlled-release fertilizer (CF)] on maize and wheat yield and N efficiency were analysed. The study found that except for lower phosphorus content (level 4), the soil fertility of BE was at a moderate level (level 3). Compared with no N application, these four N management methods significantly increased the maize and wheat yield and showed the trend of OF > CF > TF > BF; TF, CF and OF significantly increased the N efficiency comparison with BF. The optimal N application rates for wheat and maize were 129–174 kg ha⁻¹ and 170–235 kg ha⁻¹, respectively, when considering the win–win of yield and N efficiency. N fertilizer reduction in BE needs to be further strengthened, and the specific N application rates to achieve profit maximization should be adjusted depending on environmental factors.     

小麦苗期施入氮肥在土壤不同氮库的分配和去向

应用盆栽试验和15N标记技术研究了小麦苗期施入N肥后土壤不同N库的动态。结果表明 ,施肥后 28d ,作物所吸收的土壤N占总吸N量的 58.1% ,吸收的肥料N占 41.9%。作物对肥料N的利用率达到 55.3% ,N肥在土壤中的残留率为 24.3% ,损失率为 20.4%。施肥后短期以NH4+-4 N存在的肥料N占施N量的 50.5% ,随着硝化作用的进行和作物的吸收 ,土壤中的NH4+-N显著下降。NO3--N在第 7d达到高峰 ,表现为先升高后降低的趋势 ,说明施肥后在 7d以前有强烈的硝化作用发生。施肥后 2d ,以固定态铵存在的肥料N占 33.7% ,至 28d ,仅占施入N量的 2.4% ,说明前期固定的铵在作物生长后期又重新释放出来供作物吸收。在施肥后第 7d ,肥料N以微生物N存在的量占施肥量的 15.2% ;至 28d来自肥料N的微生物N也几乎被耗竭 ,仅占施N量的 2.4%。随作物生长 ,肥料N在各个土壤N库中的数量均显著下降。在其它N库几乎被耗竭的情况下 ,至施肥后 28d主要以有机N的形式残留。在不种作物的条件下 ,土壤N素的矿化量很低 ,作物的吸收作用导致土壤有机N库不断矿化 ,施入N肥后 ,土壤N素的矿化量增加 ,表现为明显的正激发效应     

Influence of Sesbania Brown Manuring and Rice Residue Mulch on Soil Health,Weeds and System Productivity of Conservation Rice–Wheat Systems

The sustainability of rice–wheat cropping system (RWCS) is threatened by increasing labor, water, and energy crises in the region. Conservation RWCSs offers an ecofriendly alternate option. This study was aimed to evaluate the impact of sesbania brown manuring in direct‐seeded aerobic rice (DSAR) and of rice residue mulch in no‐tilled wheat (NTW) on soil health, weed dynamics and system productivity. The experiment was composed of five RWCS systems: (i) DSAR‐NTW; (ii) DSAR + sesbania brown manuring‐NTW; (iii) DSAR‐NTW + rice residue mulch; (iv) puddled transplanted flooded rice (PudTR)‐NTW; and (v) PudTR‐plow‐tilled wheat. Sesbania brown manuring in direct‐seeded rice decreased the weed density and dry biomass 41–56% and 62–75%, respectively, than the sole direct‐seeded rice crop. At rice harvest, better soil health, in terms of total nitrogen (N), soil organic carbon, soil microbial biomass carbon, and soil microbial biomass nitrogen, was noted with DSAR + sesbania brown manuring‐NTW. Rice residue mulch retention in NTW decreased weed density and dry weight by 60 and 69%, respectively, than those under NTW with no mulch. At wheat harvest, highest total N, soil organic carbon, and soil microbial biomass carbon were recorded with DSAR‐NTW + rice residue mulch, followed by DSAR + sesbania brown manuring‐NTW. Overall, NTW grown after DSAR + sesbania brown manuring produced more grain yield than PudTR‐NTW and PudTR‐plow‐tilled wheat systems. In conclusion, sesbania brown manuring in DSAR and residue mulch retention in NTW may be opted to improve soil properties, suppress weeds, and to harvest better grain yield and achieve higher system productivity in conservation RWCSs. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

小麦–玉米轮作体系长期施肥对塿土微生物量碳、氮及酶活性的影响

以20年塿土小麦玉米轮作体系长期肥料定位试验为平台,探讨不同施肥模式下土壤化学肥力要素、微生物量碳氮及酶活性的响应。试验包括不施肥（CK）、单施氮肥（N）、氮磷（NP）、磷钾（PK）、氮磷钾（NPK）、NPK+秸秆（SNPK）以及不同量有机肥+NPK（M1NPK、M2NPK）等8种施肥模式。结果表明,与CK相比,长期施用NP提高土壤有机碳含量达34.0%、全氮34.0%、全磷58.5%、速效磷608.9%、微生物量碳23.3%、微生物量氮54.0%、蔗糖酶53.9%、脲酶132.6%、碱性磷酸酶29.9%以及脱氢酶40.9%。长期施用NPK与NP效果相似,钾素效果甚微。作物秸秆还田配合氮磷钾化肥与氮磷钾相比没有明显影响土壤有机碳、氮和磷水平,但是显著提高微生物量碳的含量（29.5%）、碱性磷酸酶（23.0%）和脱氢酶（26.9%）的活性。有机肥配合氮磷钾与其它施肥处理相比,显著提升土壤化学肥力要素、微生物量碳氮和酶活性,特别是引起了磷素的大量富集（速效磷含量大于150 mg/kg）。因此,塿土不施有机物情况下,氮磷配合可以提高土壤化学和生物肥力,作物秸秆还田配合氮磷钾化肥的培肥效果优于氮磷钾化肥配合,而合理的有机无机肥配合是塿土提升化学肥力和保证生物健康的最佳施肥模式。     

土壤微生物对施入肥料氮的固持及其动态研究

采集长期定位试验（１４年）土壤（棕壤）进行盆栽试验,并应用同位素＾１５Ｎ示踪技术研究了土壤中微生物对肥料氮的固持及其动态,结果表明,施肥后５天土壤微生物对施入人肥氮的固持达达到最高,除单施氮肥处理的固持量占施入人肥氮量的５．４％外,其余各处理均天１３．３％－１５．４％间,施肥后土壤微生物量氮的增加主要来自化肥氮,后者占微生物体总氮量的６４．１％－８７．３％,在作物生长期间微生物固持的化肥氮逐渐释入     

施氮模式对玉-麦周年轮作系统产量和氮吸收利用的影响

为明确适宜豫北平原夏玉米-冬小麦一体化种植的高效施氮管理模式,2016—2017年分别在豫北典型高产田区河南省鹤壁市和中产田区河南省原阳县开展了夏玉米-冬小麦周年轮作不同施氮模式对夏玉米与冬小麦产量、氮素吸收和利用效率影响的田间试验。共设5种处理:不施氮肥(T1)、普通尿素按210 kg(N)?hm?2一次性基施(T2)、普通尿素分次施用且总施氮量同T2(T3)、控释尿素与普通尿素配比氮素减量施用(T4)和控释尿素与普通尿素配比氮素足量施用(T5)。分别于夏玉米和冬小麦关键生育期测试叶片SPAD值、植株与籽粒氮含量及生物量等氮营养指标,并于成熟期测定产量和产量构成因子,分析计算植株氮积累量与吸收利用特征。结果表明,处理间,高、中产区夏玉米与冬小麦产量、产量构成因子及氮素营养指标整体变化趋势均为T5T4T3T2T1。产区间,各处理夏玉米和冬小麦产量性状及氮营养指标均表现为高产区显著优于中产区。综合各处理平均值,高产区夏玉米产量、植株氮含量和氮素积累量相比于中产区分别平均提高58.0%、19.2%和47.1%,冬小麦增幅则分别为34.7%、33.3%和85.9%。氮利用效率方面,高、中产田在氮肥表观利用率、氮肥农学效率和100kg籽粒需氮量变化趋势均表现为T5T4T3T2T1,处理间差异显著;氮素收获指数则与此相反。豫北平原夏玉米-冬小麦周年轮作制在作物稳产甚至增产条件下,采用尿素与缓释氮肥掺混配施的氮肥优化施用模式不仅可有效减少肥料用量,还能显著提升肥料利用率,降低氮肥损失。     

尼日利亚两个农业生态区施用氮肥和杂草干扰对热带玉米基因型的影响

Low soil nitrogen (N) and weed infestations are some of the major constraints to maize production in Nigeria.A split-split plot experiment in a randomized complete block design with three replicates was established at two sites with different agroecological zones,Ikenne (Typic Paleudalf) and Shika (Typic Tropaquept),in Nigeria in 2002 and 2003 rainy seasons to investigate the responses of four maize genotypes (Oba super II,Low N pool C2,TZB-SR,and ACR 8328 BN C7) to N fertilizer applied at four rates,0,30,60,and 90 kg N ha^-1,and three weed pressure treatments,no weed pressure (weekly weeding),low weed pressure (inter-row weekly weeding),and high weed pressure (no weeding throughout the growing season).Growth and yield parameters of maize and weeds were taken at flwering and harvest.The results indicated that there was a significant reduction in maize leaf area,leaf area index,and photosynthetically active radiation due to weed interference at both sites.The application of nitrogen at 90 kg N ha^-1 significantly increased maize leaf area.Reductions in maize growth and yield at flowering and harvest were significant due to weed interference at both Ikenne and Shika,thus showing that the reductions in maize growth and yield due to weed interference were not ecological zone specific even though weed species and their seed banks may differ.Ameliorative management options could thus be the same in the two agroecological zones.Application of 90 kg N ha^-1 led to a significant increase in maize grain yield at Shika while there was no fertilizer effect at Ikenne on grain yield.There was no significant difference between 60 and 90 kg N ha^-1,suggesting that 60 kg N ha^-1 could be a possible replacement for the higher fertilizer rate at least for the identified maize genotypes.Low weed pressure treatment led to 26% and 35% reductions in maize grain yield at Ikenne and Shika,respectively,while 22% and 51 % reductions,respectively,were observed due to high weed pressure.Generally,maize grain yield was higher at Ikenne than Shika.The maize genotypes Low N pool C2 and ACR 8328 BN C7 performed better than the other genotypes at Ikenne while the maize genotype Oba super II had the best performance at harvest at Shika.Application of nitrogen increased weed biomass at flowering at Ikenne.The maize grain yield was highest in the N-efficient genotypes,Oba super II and Low N pool C2;the susceptible genotype TZB-SR had the least yield at Shika.There existed a negative and significant correlation between maize grain yield and weed biomass at both sites.     

华北平原冬小麦/夏玉米轮作体系对氮素环境承受力分析

通过田间试验研究了华北地区冬小麦/夏玉米轮作体系对氮素的环境承受力。结果表明,冬小麦和夏玉米达到最高产量时的施氮量分别是112和180.kg/hm2。氮肥利用率和农学利用率随施氮量的增加而降低,生理利用率表现出抛物线的趋势。在农户习惯施氮条件下,冬小麦和夏玉米的氮肥利用率分别是10%和6%,每千克氮肥分别增产2和3千克。灌水和集中降雨是引起土壤硝态氮明显下移的主要因素。氮素平衡计算的结果表明,低施氮量时,氮素盈余以残留Nmin为主,高量施氮则以表观损失为主。将收获后090.cm土壤中的硝态氮的量控制到150kg/hm2,可以在兼顾环境的前提下获得较高的产量;此时冬小麦季的施氮量是122.kg/hm2,产量(干物重)达到最高产量4331.kg/hm2;夏玉米季的施氮量是145.kg/hm2,产量(干物重)是7965.kg/hm2,达到最高产量的97%。     

Increased plant nitrogen loss with increasing nitrogen applied in winter wheat observed with 15nitrogen

Nitrogen (N) fertilizer is generally the most costly input for winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production. Therefore, it was important to maximize fertilizer use efficiency and minimize N losses to the environment. One of the mechanisms responsible for decreased N use efficiency (NUE) was plant N loss. The objectives of this experiment were to determine fertilizer N recovery in winter wheat when produced for forage and grain, and to quantify potential plant N losses from flowering to maturity in winter wheat. Two long‐term (>25 years) winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) N rate fertility experiments (Experiment 222 and Experiment 502) were selected to evaluate ¹⁵N fertilizer recovery. Percent ¹⁵N recovery was determined from all microplots in plant tissue at flowering, in the grain, and straw at harvest and in the soil. Fertilizer N(¹⁵NH₄ ¹⁵NO₃) was applied atratesof 0, 45, 90, and 135kg N ha^‐1 in Experiment 222, and 0, 22, 45, 67, 90, and 112 kg N ha^‐1 in Experiment 502. The ratio ofNO₃ ^‐to NH₄ ⁺ in wheat forage at flowering was positively correlated with estimated plant N loss. Estimated plant N loss (total N uptake in wheat at flowering minus N uptake in the grain and straw at maturity) ranged from a net gain of 12 kg N ha^‐1 to a loss of 42 kg N ha^‐1, and losses increased with increasing N applied.     

Effect of crop‐residue management on the production and agronomic nitrogen efficiency in a rice–wheat cropping system

The rice–wheat cropping system (RWCS), producing about 5–10 Mg ha^–1 y^–1 of grain, is the backbone of food‐crop production in South‐East Asia. However, this system shows signs of fatigue as indicated by declining yields, negative nitrogen (N) balances, and reduced responses to applied fertilizer at some research centers. The return of rice and wheat residues can recycle up to 20%–30% of the N absorbed by the crops. However, their wide C : N ratio can temporarily immobilize native and applied N. To overcome this immobilization, wheat‐straw application was supplemented with the incorporation of Sesbania green manure and mungbean residues, and their effects on productivity, agronomic N efficiency, and system's apparent N balances were studied. Combining the application of wheat straw with Sesbania green manure or mungbean residues increased cereal grain yield and agronomic N efficiency and improved the generally negative apparent N balances. The combined use of wheat straw and mungbean produced an additional 0.5–0.6 t ha^–1 protein‐rich grain and thus appears to be the most promising residue‐management option for rice–wheat cropping systems in South Asia, provided that the transition cropping season between wheat harvest and rice transplanting is long enough.     

Wirkungen organischer Substanzen auf Boden- und Düngerphosphat. Teil 2: Einfluß verschiedener organischer Stoffe auf die Mobilität von Dünger-P

Effekt of various organic substances on the mobility of fertilizer P Using model trials, studies were carried out on the influence of long-term organic manuring as well as incubation with rotted straw, maize roots, and slurry, on both the diffusion of ³²P from added (NH₄)₂H³²PO₄ in a ‘soil block’and the fixation rate of fertilizer phosphate in the soil. 1. In the “soil block experiment”, preincubation for 7 days with slurry (added to a low-P brown earth soil at a rate of 5% D. M.) increased diffusion of P as compared to an equivalent amount of added inorganic P. Preincubation with rotted straw resp. maize roots had only insignificant effects. 2. Long-term organic manuring with farmyard manure (P-long-term field trials Weihenstephan) had a significant positive effect on the diffusion of P in the soil block in contrast to annual application of mineral P. Effects of straw manuring were markedly less. 3. Addition of maize roots (5% D. M. to a non P-treated or P-enriched brown earth soil) resulted in a reduced fixation of labelled fertilizer phosphate (by 2–8%), longer preincubation periods, however, increased fixation. Preincubation with rotted straw increased P fixation by 2 to 4% as compared to an equivalent addition of inorganic P (diammonium phosphate).     

Availability of soil and fertilizer nitrogen to wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) following rice-straw amendment

Summary A pot experiment was conducted to study the N availability to wheat and the loss of ¹⁵N-labelled fertilizer N as affected by the rate of rice-straw applied. The availability of soil N was also studied. The straw was incorporated in the soil 2 or 4 weeks before a sowing of wheat and allowed to decompose at a moisture content of 60% or 200% of the water-holding capacity. The wheat plants were harvested at maturity and the roots, straw, and grains were analysed for total N and ¹⁵N. The soil was analysed for total N and ¹⁵N after the harvest to determine the recovery of fertilizer N in the soil-plant system and assess its loss. The dry matter and N yields of wheat were significantly retarded in the soil amended with rice straw. The availability of soil N to wheat was significantly reduced due to the straw application, particularly at high moisture levels during pre-incubation, and was assumed to cause a reduction in the dry matter and N yields of wheat. A significant correlation (r=0.89) was observed between the uptake of soil N and the dry matter yield of wheat with different treatments. In unamended soil 31.44% of the fertilizer N was taken up by the wheat plants while 41.08% of fertilizer N was lost. The plant recovery of fertilizer N from the amended soil averaged 30.78% and the losses averaged 45.55%     

施氮量对滴灌冬小麦–夏玉米周年产量及氮素利用效率的影响

  【目的】  当前华北平原冬小麦–夏玉米生产中,存在氮肥投入量大、氮肥利用效率低等问题,在滴灌水肥一体化条件下研究施氮量对冬小麦–夏玉米周年产量、氮素利用效率和土壤全氮含量、硝态氮残留的影响,以期为该地区小麦–玉米节肥、高产高效的栽培模式提供理论依据。  【方法】  于2018—2020年在青岛农业大学胶州现代农业示范园开展小麦、玉米滴灌施肥田间试验。设冬小麦/夏玉米生长季不施氮(N0)和施氮 150/150 kg/hm2 (N1)、210/225 kg/hm2 (N2) 和270/300 kg/hm2 (N3) 4个水平,以传统施肥方式和常规施氮量240/240 kg/hm2为对照(CK)。分析冬小麦和夏玉米产量、氮素吸收量和土壤氮素残留量。  【结果】  N2处理冬小麦、夏玉米产量最高,与N3处理无显著差异,但显著高于N0、N1和CK处理;N3处理冬小麦、夏玉米的干物质积累量、氮素吸收量最高,与N2处理差异较小,而显著高于N0、N1和CK处理。冬小麦、夏玉米氮肥偏生产力随着施氮量的提高而降低;冬小麦季氮素利用效率随着施氮量的提高而降低;夏玉米季,N2、N1和N0处理的氮素利用效率显著高于N3和CK处理,且N0、N1和N2处理间无显著差异;冬小麦、夏玉米氮肥农学利用率均随着施氮量的提高而降低,N2施氮水平下,氮素利用效率和氮肥农学利用率均表现较优。随着施氮量的增加,0—100 cm土层土壤全氮含量和硝态氮含量呈增加的趋势,全氮积累主要集中在0—40 cm土层,N3、N2和CK处理0—100 cm土层土壤全氮含量与N0和N1处理之间的差异随着轮作年数的增加而逐渐增大,N2处理较N3和CK处理有效抑制了硝态氮在表层土壤的积累和向深层土壤的迁移,降低了硝态氮淋失风险。  【结论】  冬小麦季施氮210 kg/hm2和夏玉米季施氮225 kg/hm2 (N2)可实现周年作物增产高效,提高氮素利用效率,显著降低硝态氮向深层土壤迁移,降低硝态氮淋失风险,是滴灌水肥一体化下华北平原麦玉周年轮作适宜的施氮量。     

Influence of crop residue management, cropping system and N fertilizer on soil N and C dynamics and sustainable wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production

Management of N is the key for sustainable and profitable wheat production in a low N soil. We report results of irrigated crop rotation experiment, conducted in the North West Frontier Province (NWFP), Pakistan, during 1999–2002 to evaluate effects of residue retention, fertilizer N application and mung bean (Vigna radiata) on crop and N yields of wheat and soil organic fertility in a mung bean–wheat sequence. Treatments were (a) crop residue retained (+residue) or (b) removed (−residue), (c) 120 kg N ha⁻¹ applied to wheat, (d) 160 kg N ha⁻¹ to maize or (e) no nitrogen applied. The cropping system was rotation of wheat with maize or wheat with mung bean. The experiment was laid out in a spit plot design. Postharvest incorporation of crop residues significantly (p < 0.05) increased the grain and straw yields of wheat during both years. On average, crop residues incorporation increased the wheat grain yield by 1.31 times and straw yield by 1.39 times. The wheat crop also responded strongly to the previous legume (mung bean) in terms of enhanced grain yield by 2.09 times and straw yield by 2.16 times over the previous cereal (maize) treatment. Application of fertilizer N to previous maize exerted strong carry over effect on grain (1.32 times) and straw yield (1.38 times) of the following wheat. Application of N fertilizer to current wheat produced on average 1.59 times more grain and 1.77 times more straw yield over the 0 N kg ha⁻¹ treatment. The N uptake in wheat grain and straw was increased 1.31 and 1.64 times by residues treatment, 2.08 and 2.49 times by mung bean and 1.71 and 1.86 times by fertilizer N applied to wheat, respectively. The soil mineral N was increased 1.23 times by residues, 1.34 times by mung bean and 2.49 times by the application of fertilizer N to wheat. Similarly, the soil organic C was increased 1.04-fold by residues, 1.08 times by mung bean and 1.00 times by the application of fertilizer N. We concluded that retention of residues, application of fertilizer N and involvement of legumes in crop rotation greatly improves the N economy of the cropping system and enhances crop productivity in low N soils.     

RZWQM模拟小麦 玉米轮作系统氮素运移及损失特征

本文以位于华北平原的河北省农林科学院大河试验站冬小麦-夏玉米轮作系统为研究对象,应用RZWQM(Root Zone Water Quality Model)模型对华北地区2010年冬小麦-夏玉米的1个轮作周期内土壤剖面水分和剖面硝态氮累积、作物产量、硝态氮淋失以及氨挥发进行模型模拟。本文利用并通过RZWQM模型在不同梯度施肥情况下讨论了施肥量对小麦-玉米轮作体系中硝态氮淋溶和氨挥发特性,并尝试通过拟合出的回归曲线来确定施氮量和硝态氮淋失和氨挥发之间的关系。设置冬小麦-夏玉米轮作周期施纯氮量分别为575 kg-hm-2(N3)、400 kg-hm-2(N2)、215 kg-hm-2(N1)和0 kg-hm-2(N0)4个处理,应用轮作周期中玉米数据进行模型参数率定,应用小麦进行模型参数的验证。结果表明:模型的玉米率定以及小麦验证的过程中结果偏差均在可接受范围内,剖面水分率定均方误差(RMSE)最高为0.019 cm3-cm-3,平均相对误差(MRE)最高为15.98%;剖面硝态氮累积验证结果 RMSE平均值为4.580 mg-kg-1,MRE平均值为52.63%。在模型验证的小麦-玉米季土壤基础上,硝态氮淋溶和氮挥发都与施氮量呈一定线性相关关系。综上结论,本试验结果能较好地模拟华北地区土壤剖面水分、硝态氮积累,以及施氮量对土壤硝态氮淋失和氨挥发的影响,为预测和估算土壤适宜施氮量提供了便捷可靠的方法。但RZWQM模型验证参数过程还需要进一步的校正与完善。     

基于土壤硝态氮测试的春玉米氮肥实时监控技术

为了实现作物产量和氮肥效率的协同提高,通过三年田间试验,建立了基于土壤硝态氮测试的春玉米氮肥实时监控技术。结果表明,与传统的习惯施肥相比,应用氮肥实时监控技术推荐的氮肥用量大幅减少,每年节约氮肥约60 kg/hm2。 由于氮肥供应与春玉米氮肥需求在时间和空间上的匹配,籽粒产量较习惯施肥增加了6.43%,氮肥利用率、氮肥农学效率、氮肥生理利用率和氮肥偏生产力均显著提高。可见,本研究建立的氮肥实时监控技术是合理的,且在春玉米上应用该技术可以实现氮肥用量降低、产量增加、氮肥效率提高及生态环境保护的协调一致。