Application of urease inhibitor improves protein composition and bread‐baking quality of urea fertilized winter wheat

Background: Nitrogen losses is an economic problem for wheat production and a high risk to the environment. Therefore, improved N fertilizer management is a key to increasing the N efficiency and minimizing N losses. To increase N efficiency, enhanced fertilizers such as urea combined with urease inhibitor can be used. Aims: The aim of present study was to evaluate the effects of different N forms on grain storage protein subunits in winter wheat and to examine whether the observed changes correlate with parameters of baking quality. Methods: The investigation was performed over two consecutive years at two locations in Germany. Protein subunits were analyzed by SDS‐PAGE. Results: Protein concentrations were similarly increased after fertilization with ammonium nitrate and urea + urease inhibitor. Analysis of the individual storage protein fractions indicated that both fertilizers specifically enhanced ω‐gliadins and HMW glutenins, but the effect was more pronounced in the ammonium nitrate treatment. Application of urea + urease inhibitor had greater influence on the protein composition and resulted in higher specific baking volume as well as the best fresh keeping ability, in comparison with urea treatment. Conclusion: Considering that the urea + urease inhibitor treatment resulted in almost comparable improvements of NUE and baking quality, with the additional benefit of reduced N losses in combination with easy handling, urea + urease inhibitor can be recommended as a viable alternative to both urea alone and ammonium nitrate treatments. This opens up an opportunity for the reduction of N loss in wheat production when use of urea is preferred.     

双季稻田添加脲酶抑制剂NBPT氮肥的最高减量潜力研究

【目的】添加脲酶抑制剂（Urease inhibitor, UI）是提高肥料利用率的有效途径,在尿素（Urea,U）中添加1%的脲酶抑制剂NBPT（N-丁基硫代磷酰三胺）是目前研究使用证明效果最可靠的添加比例。针对当前稻田氮肥施用水平过高的问题,本文采用田间小区试验研究了目前脲酶抑制剂添加比例下稻田氮肥的减施潜力以及脲酶抑制剂的节肥增效机理。【方法】本试验在我国长江中下游的双季稻田进行,脲酶抑制剂用量NBPT为尿素用量的1%。尿素用量设五个水平为N 90、 112.5、 135、 157.5 和180 kg/hm2,分别依次记为U1、 U2、 U3、 U4和U5, 7个处理为CK（不施氮肥）、 U1+UI、 U2+UI、 U3+UI、 U4+UI、 U5+UI、 U5（U5为传统施氮量, N 180 kg/hm2为农民习惯施氮量）,三次重复。U1~U5处理施氮量分别是在农民习惯施氮量的基础上降低50%、 37.5%、 25%、 12.5%、 0%。通过取样分析水稻分蘖期和孕穗期各处理对土壤脲酶活性、 硝酸还原酶活性、 土壤铵态氮含量、 硝态氮含量以及微生物量碳、 氮的含量,研究NBPT对水稻两个主要生育期土壤氮素供应的影响,比较各处理的产量以及氮肥利用率来得出氮肥的减施潜力,在此基础上通过逐步回归分析研究以上各指标对产量的影响,探明脲酶抑制剂（NBPT）在双季稻田的增效机理。【结果】 1) 在双季稻田,添加NBPT后,施氮量为N 135 kg/hm2的籽粒产量达到最高。与传统施氮（单施尿素N 180 kg/hm2）处理相比,早、 晚稻可分别增产8.54%和12.87%,氮肥当季利用率分别提高6.78%和9.46%,可节约氮肥25%; 2)与传统施氮相比,添加NBPT显著降低了水稻分蘖期的土壤脲酶活性和铵态氮含量,显著提高了孕穗期的铵态氮含量,而对此时期的脲酶活性无显著影响,NBPT对两个时期的硝酸还原酶活性、 硝态氮含量及微生物量碳、 氮含量均无明显影响,可见基施的NBPT主要是降低尿素水解速率方面效果显著,并且NBPT具有时效性,其主要是在水稻孕穗期之前起作用,在生态上较为安全; 3) 从各项土壤指标与水稻产量相关性的逐步回归分析结果来看,水稻分蘖期与孕穗期稻田土壤中铵态氮含量对水稻产量影响显著,而且孕穗期的影响大于分蘖期,其余指标则对产量无明显影响。【结论】由于脲酶抑制剂NBPT减缓了分蘖期尿素的水解作用,提高了孕穗期土壤中的铵态氮含量,为水稻后期生长提供充足的氮肥,在双季稻减肥方面具有显著的效果。在本试验土壤条件下,尿素中添加1% 的NBPT,可在提高产量的同时,将传统施氮肥量减少25%,是适于稻田应用的脲酶抑制剂。     

硝化和脲酶抑制剂对华北冬小麦-夏玉米轮作固碳减排效果评价

全面、准确分析重要农业管理措施对于农业固碳减排的影响特征,对于中国农业可持续发展具有重要意义。该文以华北平原冬小麦-夏玉米生产为对象,研究硝化/脲酶抑制剂对土壤温室气体(CO_2、N_2O和CH4)排放、土壤有机碳和作物产量的影响;在此基础上利用土壤碳库排放法(soil based approach,SBA)、生物量排放法(crop based approach,CBA)和土壤生物量排放法(soilcrop based approach,SCBA)3种方法对农田净温室气体效应(net greenhouse gas warming potential,NGWP)进行评价。研究发现,相比只施尿素(U)处理,尿素+硝化抑制剂(NI)、尿素+脲酶抑制剂(UI)和尿素+硝化抑制剂+脲酶抑制剂(NIUI)均能增加粮食产量和降低净温室气体排放。用SCBA方法计算得到的农田温室气体净排放的潜力最大(15 704~17 860 kg/hm~2),CBA法次之(4 195~7 107 kg/hm~2),SBA法最低(-7 304~-6 599 kg/hm2)。由于3种方法的固碳单元不一样,评估结果差异较大、一致性差。SCBA方法更适于评价强调粮食生产条件下的农田净温室气体效应。增加作物籽粒和秸秆产量,降低化肥使用和减少灌溉量是提高当前华北平原农田温室气体系统净排放潜力的主要措施。     

氮素与抑制剂双控释尿素的制备及其对土壤供氮能力和小麦产量的影响

  【目的】  包衣和添加抑制剂是常用的制备缓控释肥料的手段。尝试同时使用这两种方法,制备更加可控氮素释放与转化的新型肥料,并研究其在小麦上的应用效果。  【方法】  采用先在大颗粒尿素 (2.5～3.5 mm) 表面涂层,再用树脂包膜的方法制备含不同抑制剂的树脂包膜尿素。依据不同抑制剂,制备了无涂层 (CU)、脲酶抑制剂HQ涂层 (CRU1)、硝化抑制剂DCD涂层 (CRU2) 和HQ + DCD组合涂层 (CRU3) 4种新型树脂包膜尿素。通过扫描电镜观测了4种包膜尿素的微观结构,采用静水释放的方法测定了养分和抑制剂的缓释性能。在山东省潍坊和泰安两地布置冬小麦等氮磷钾施用量和相同施肥方法的田间试验,以普通大颗粒尿素为对照,在冬小麦苗期、拔节期、开花期、灌浆期和成熟期采集耕层土壤样品,测定速效氮含量,并于小麦成熟期测定产量及构成因素。  【结果】  1) 制备的4种包膜尿素成膜完整,包膜厚度均匀,表面光滑且膜层致密,树脂包膜材料能完整地覆盖在肥核的表面,膜表面有微孔,成为尿素和抑制剂向膜外释放的通道;尿素与抑制剂交接处结合严密,无间隙产生,抑制剂在包膜层的完全包围之中,可实现对尿素和抑制剂释放的同时控制。2) 包膜与抑制剂结合可有效控制尿素溶出。静水释放条件下,4种包膜尿素的氮素初期溶出率分别为7.59%、1.96%、2.12%、0.89%,尿素控释期依次是42、56、56、56天;CRU1的HQ释放期为28天,CRU2的DCD释放期为14天,CRU3中HQ和DCD的释放期分别为42和14天。相比较而言,CRU3的氮素释放期长于CRU1和CRU2,抑制剂的释放期也长于CRU1和CRU2,因此缓释效果大于CRU1和CRU2。3) 与大颗粒尿素对照 (U) 相比,4个包膜尿素处理在小麦苗期能维持土壤中NH₄+-N的适宜浓度,开花期后显著增加土壤NH₄+-N含量,保障了氮素的持续供应;而在小麦整个生育期内均显著降低土壤NO₃–-N含量,从而减少氮素淋溶损失。含HQ涂层的CRU1、CRU3处理能在小麦生育期内维持土壤脲酶活性处于较低水平;含DCD涂层的CRU2、CRU3处理能够抑制土壤NH₄+-N向NO₃–-N的转化,显著降低土壤NH₄+-N表观硝化率。与CU相比,CRU1、CRU2和CRU3处理的小麦产量在潍坊试验点分别显著增加23.38%、23.13%和38.79%,在泰安试验点分别增加6.36%、9.52%和28.57%。  【结论】  先在大颗粒尿素表面包裹抑制剂涂层,再包裹树脂,可在尿素表面形成完整且均匀的膜,而且在膜表面仍有一定量的微孔,实现尿素与抑制剂释放的同时控制。小麦整个生育期,与施用单一抑制剂的包膜尿素处理相比,施用含两种抑制剂 (CRU3) 的包膜尿素处理的土壤氮素持续供应能力更强,小麦产量最高;而且土壤硝态氮水平一直较低,也减少了氮素淋溶损失的可能。     

不同缓/控释尿素对小麦生长及氮素利用的影响

[目的]通过大田试验筛选山东省适宜于小麦生长的缓/控释尿素,并初步研究其氮素高效利用的机制.[方法]选用的肥料产品有4种,包括树脂包膜尿素(PCU)、多肽尿素(PPU)、脲甲醛尿素(UF)和本实验室制备的树脂包膜与脲酶抑制剂结合型控释尿素(CHQ),以普通尿素和不施氮肥为对照,分别在山东潍坊和泰安进行田间试验,供试小麦...     

Effects of Soil pH on Wheat Grain Yield and Quality

The effects of planting wheat in permanent beds with fertilization on grain yield and quality need to be better understood. An experiment was conducted at five sites during 2008 and 2009. The objective was to estimate the effects on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grain yield and quality of two granular forms of nitrogen (N) (urea and ammonium sulfate, AS) split applied at planting and tillering, and three sprays (urea, AS, and a fungicide) at anthesis. The granular N source affected yield, spike number, and rheological parameters depending upon the soil reaction. Dough resistance/extensibility ratio (P/L) was associated with the normalized difference vegetative index (NDVI) readings collected during tillering before the granular N application. Fungicide spray at anthesis improved yield and grain physical quality evaluated as thousand-grain weight (TGW), test weight, and hardness. Grain protein concentration (GPC) appeared to be mainly affected by environmental factors rather than fertilization practices.     

Can We Reduce Rainfed Maize (Zea mays L.) Nitrogenous Fertilizer Application Rate with Addition of Nitrapyrin?

Application of nitrification inhibitor has potential to increase soil nitrogen (N) retention throughout the growing season and finally increase corn (Zea mays L.) yield. During the 2012–2014 growing seasons, on-farm field trials were conducted to determine the effects of nitrapyrin (Instinct) with two N sources, urea and urea ammonium nitrate, at two rates, 85% and 100% of recommended N, and side-dress on grain yield and soil inorganic N availability in the Red River Valley of the North Dakota. Preplant urea N at 100% recorded the greatest yield in 2 out of 3 years. At late sampling, the greatest soil inorganic N was observed with side-dress urea ammonium nitrate at 100% within 0–30 cm (last 2 years). For spring fertilizer N management, addition of nitrapyrin had no effect on yield and inconsistent effect on soil N availability. Our results suggest that fertilizer N management should be evaluated on a local scale and consider annual variability in weather.     

氮肥配施增效剂实现寒地水稻增产、提质与增效

研究氮肥增效剂对寒地水稻产量、品质及氮素利用的影响,旨在为制定合理的稻田氮素管理措施及增产、提质和增效策略提供科学依据。2017年和2018年在黑龙江省方正县设置田间试验,研究氮肥配施硝化抑制剂和脲酶抑制剂对水稻产量、品质、氮素利用和转化及经济收益的影响。结果表明:尿素配施硝化抑制剂CP和脲酶抑制剂NBPT(N+NI+UI)显著提高水稻产量,2017年较氮肥处理(N)水稻籽粒、秸秆和总生物量分别增产6.4%,4.9%和5.8%,2018年分别增产8.8%,7.2%和8.2%。施用氮肥增效剂可以提高寒地水稻碾磨品质、外观品质和营养品质,并促进水稻氮素吸收,提高氮肥利用效率。与N处理相比,N+NI+UI处理水稻氮肥表观利用率、氮肥农学效率和氮肥偏生产力分别提高15.6%,19.1%和7.6%。CP和NBPT配施对氮素转化表现出明显的协同抑制效果,延迟和降低土壤NH4^+—N含量峰值,保持水稻生育期较高的NH4^+—N含量,延长了氮素供应时间。施用氮肥增效剂可使寒地水稻增收2499.08元/hm^2。可见,寒地水稻氮肥配施硝化抑制剂CP与脲酶抑制剂NBPT能够延长氮素释放周期,促进水稻氮素吸收,增加水稻产量,改善水稻品质,提高氮肥利用效率,增加经济效益。     

脲酶抑制剂NBPT对油菜生长及品质的影响

在盆栽条件下研究尿素中添加脲酶抑制剂NBPT为纯氮施入量的0.5%,1.0%,1.5%,2.0%,2.5%时对油菜(Brassica campestris L.)生长和品质的影响。结果表明,添加NBPT能显著提高油菜生物产量28.3%～33.7%,降低植株体内硝酸盐累积量4.2%～32.6%,同时可不同程度提高植株全氮含量、吸氮量以及氮肥利用率。油菜Vc含量在NBPT1.0%用量时达到最高,吸氮量和氮肥利用率均在NBPT0.5%水平达到最佳,同时又未显著降低Vc和可溶性糖含量。因此,从经济效益考虑,推荐NBPT0.5%用量为本试验条件下的最佳用量。     

Efficiency of Coated Urea on Nutrient Uptake and Maize Production

A field experiment was conducted to study the effects of coated urea with urease inhibitor [copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn)], nitrification inhibitor (DMPP), biochar and geopolymer on ammonium, nitrate, Cu, Zn content and crop yield of maize. The treatments were composed of urea alone (control), urea coated Cu and Zn (UCuZn), urea coated with Cu, Zn, and DMPP (UCuZnDMPP), urea impregnated with biochar (Ubio) and urea coated with geopolymer (Ug2). Data showed that treatments with Cu, Zn, and DMPP produced lower ammonium (NH₄) and nitrate (NO₃) in UCuZn and UCuZnDMPP while they had the highest concentration of Cu and Zn in soil and plant tissues. Plots treated with UCuZn and UCuZnDMPP produced maximum N concentrations in grains and yield, with increases by 79.5% and 74.1%, respectively, as compared with urea (control). This finding demonstrates that by slow down the hydrolysis and nitrification process using urease and nitrification inhibitor were beneficial to increased N uptake, ultimately produced higher yield.     

设施大棚黄瓜–紫甘蓝轮作体系产量和土壤氮平衡对氮素调控剂的响应

[目的]研究脲酶抑制剂和硝化抑制剂对设施大棚蔬菜产量、土壤氮分布及土壤–蔬菜系统氮平衡的影响,为调控优化设施蔬菜生产中的氮素养分管理技术、减少氮素损失提供科学依据.[方法]供试蔬菜大棚位于河北省涿州市,种植年限8年,种植模式为黄瓜(Cucumis sativus L.)–紫甘蓝(Brassica oleracea L....     

脲酶抑制剂不同用量对土壤氮素供应的影响

为研究在红壤双季稻田脲酶抑制剂适宜的添加比例,采用田间小区试验研究不同水平的脲酶抑制剂N-丁基硫代磷酰三胺(NBPT)对双季稻田土壤氮素转化的影响。本文设置NBPT的施用量为尿素的0. 5%、0. 75%、1. 0%、1. 25%、1. 5%5个水平。结果表明:与农民习惯施氮(单施尿素N 135 kg/hm~2)处理相比,NBPT与尿素的比例1. 0%时,对早、晚稻的产量与氮素回收率均无显著影响,当NBPT添加比例为1. 0%、1. 25%、1. 5%时,早、晚稻的产量以及氮素回收率均显著提高,且添加量在1. 0%与1. 5%的两个处理之间无显著差异;与单施尿素相比,添加NBPT大于1. 0%时,土壤脲酶活性和铵态氮含量在分蘖期显著降低,铵态氮含量在孕穗期显著升高,而硝酸还原酶活性、硝态氮含量及微生物量碳、氮含量始终无明显差异,孕穗期的脲酶活性也无显著差异;通过逐步回归分析发现,水稻分蘖期与孕穗期土壤中铵态氮含量对水稻产量影响显著,而且孕穗期的影响大于分蘖期,其余指标则对产量无明显影响,由此可知,添加NBPT可保持孕穗期较高的土壤铵态氮含量可能是其增产与提高氮肥利用率的主要原因,NBPT在稻田的适宜添加量为尿素用量的1. 0%以上。     

Interaction of 15N-labelled ammonium nitrate,urea and ammonium sulphate with soil N during growth of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under field conditions

The effects of ¹⁵N-labelled ammonium nitrate, urea and ammonium sulphate on yield and uptake of labelled and unlabelled N by wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Mexi-Pak-65) were studied in a field experiment. The dry matter and N yields were significantly increased with fertilizer N application compared to those from unfertilized soil. The wheat crop used 64.0–74.8%, 61.5–64.7% and 61.7–63.4% of the N from ammonium nitrate, urea and ammonium sulphate, respectively. The fertilizer N uptake showed that ammonium nitrate was a more available source of N for wheat than urea and ammonium sulphate. The effective use of fertilizer N (ratio of fertilizer N in grain to fertilizer N in whole plant) was statistically similar for the three N fertilizers. The application of fertilizer N increased the uptake of unlabelled soil N by wheat, a result attributed to a positive added N interaction, which varied with the method of application of fertilizer N. Ammonium nitrate, urea and ammonium sulphate gave 59.3%, 42.8% and 26.3% more added N interaction, respectively, when applied by the broadcast/worked-in method than with band placement. A highly significant correlation between soil N and grain yield, dry matter and added N interaction showed that soil N was more important than fertilizer N in wheat production. A values were not significantly correlated with added N interaction (r=0.719). The observed added N interaction may have been the result of pool substitution, whereby added labelled fertilizer N stood proxy for unlabelled soil N.     

Zinc bioavailability and nitrogen concentration in grains of wheat crop sprayed with zinc sulfate,ammonium sulfate,ammonium chloride,and urea

Abstract

It is still unclear if different sources of nitrogen (N) can variably influence grain accumulation of zinc (Zn), N, and phytate. We tested foliar treatments of 0 or 0.25% Zn as zinc sulfate in combination with 0 or 1% N as ammonium chloride, ammonium sulfate or urea sprayed on field-grown-wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) foliage at anthesis and 10 days later. Leaf burning caused by ammonium chloride significantly decreased grain yield. Grain N concentration was the highest in the urea +0.25% Zn treatment. Foliar N application influenced grain Zn concentration only if Zn was included in the spray. Grain phytate concentration was significantly decreased by both N and Zn sprays. Estimated Zn bioavailability in grains was the highest at 0.25% Zn and was not influenced by the N sources. Based on grain yield, grain N concentration, and Zn bioavailability in grains, foliar application of Zn?+?urea is an optimal strategy.     

Can the agronomic performance of urea equal calcium ammonium nitrate across nitrogen rates in temperate grassland?

In temperate grassland, urea has been shown to have lower nitrous oxide emissions compared to ammonium nitrate‐based fertilizer and is less expensive. However, nitrogen (N) loss via ammonia volatilization from urea raises questions regarding yield performance and efficiency. This study compares the yield and N offtake of grass fertilized with urea, calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN) and urea treated with the urease inhibitor N‐(n ‐ butyl) thiophosphoric triamide (NBPT) at six site‐years. Five annual fertilizer N rates (100–500 kg N/ha) were applied in five equal splits of 20–100 kg N/ha during the growing season. On average, urea produced slightly better yields than CAN in spring (103.5% of CAN yield) and slightly poorer yields in summer (98.4% of CAN yield). There was no significant difference in annual grass yield between urea, CAN and urea + NBPT. Urea had the lowest cost per tonne of DM grass yield produced. However, the urea treatment had lower N offtake than CAN and this difference was more pronounced as the N rate increased. There was no difference in N offtake between urea + NBPT and CAN. While this study shows that urea produced yields comparable to CAN, urea apparent fertilizer N recovery (AFNR) tends to be lower. Urea selection in place of CAN will increase national ammonia emissions which is problematic for countries with targets to reduce ammonia emissions. Promisingly, NBPT allows the agronomic performance of urea to consistently equal CAN across N rates by addressing the ammonia loss limitations of urea.     

Comparative Efficiency of Nitrogen Sources for Lowland Rice Production

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is the staple food for more than 50% world population and nitrogen (N) is one of the most yield-limiting nutrients for rice production worldwide. A greenhouse experiment was conducted to evaluate the efficiency of three N sources for lowland rice production. The N sources used were ammonium sulfate, common urea, and polymer-coated urea. There were three N rates, i.e. 100, 200, and 400 mg N kg^?1 applied with three sources plus one control treatment (0 mg N kg^?1). Growth, yield, and yield components were significantly increased either in a linear or quadratic fashion with the addition of N fertilizers in the range of 0–400 mg kg^?1 soil. Maximum grain yield was obtained with the addition of ammonium sulfate at 100, 200, and 400 mg kg^?1 of soil. Common urea and polymer-coated urea were more or less similar in grain production at 100 and 200 mg N kg^?1. However, at 400 mg N kg^?1 treatments, polymer-coated urea produced the lowest grain yield. Most of the growth and yield components were positively related to grain yield, except spikelet sterility which was negatively related to grain yield. Nitrogen use efficiency decreased with increasing N rate in all the three N sources. Maximum N use efficiency was obtained with the addition of ammonium sulfate at lower as well as at higher N rates compared with other two N sources.     

Macronutrient accumulation in wheat crop (Triticum aestivum L.) with Azospirillum brasilense associated with nitrogen doses and sources

Abstract

New studies are needed to optimize the nitrogen (N) amount that can be applied to utilize the Azospirillum brasilense benefits. In addition, information regarding the interaction between the urease inhibitor and biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) and how they affect the macronutrients accumulation are also needed. We evaluate the effect of N sources and doses associated with A. brasilense regarding the macronutrients accumulation in straw and grains and wheat grain yield in tropical conditions. A randomized block experimental design was used with four replications in a 2?×?5?×?2 factorial arrangement as follows: two N sources (urea and urea with urease enzyme inhibitor NBPT; five N doses (0, 50, 100, 150, and 200?kg ha^?1) applied in topdressing; with and without A. brasilense inoculation. We found that an increase in N doses positively influenced the accumulation of macronutrients in straw and grains and the wheat grain yield. N sources have similar effects. Inoculation with A. brasilense increased accumulation of Mg and S in straw and P, Ca, and Mg in grains, regardless of the N dose. The inoculation with A. brasilense associated with 140?kg ha^?1 of N increased wheat grain yield. The inoculation can contribute in a more sustainable way to wheat nutrition and optimizing N fertilization.     

包膜脲酶抑制剂增效尿素对小麦生长的影响及其机理研究

为有效提高尿素氮利用率,促进新型缓/控释氮肥的研发。在盆栽试验条件下,研究了脲酶抑制剂氢醌(HQ)部分或全部包膜与尿素掺混施用对小麦生长及土壤不同形态氮素含量和脲酶活性的影响。试验共设5个处理:对照(CK)、普通尿素(U)、U+普通HQ(SRU1)、U+包膜HQ(SRU2)和U+30%普通HQ+70%包膜HQ(SRU3)。结果表明:与SRU1相比,包膜HQ能够促进小麦生长,改善小麦产量构成,增加小麦产量,并提高氮素利用率,其中SRU2、SRU3分别增加了小麦产量的34.71%,56.54%;与SRU2相比,SRU3处理中普通HQ与包膜HQ配合施用前期能够有效抑制尿素水解,维持土壤中NH_4~+—N的适宜浓度,后期能增加土壤NH_4~+—N含量,保证土壤有效氮的持续供应,减少氮素损失,使小麦整个生育期内土壤脲酶活性维持在较低水平。综上,HQ部分包膜与尿素掺混施用的SRU3处理土壤氮的供应能力最强,氮素利用率最高,对小麦生长的促进作用最显著。     

脲酶/硝化抑制剂对土壤脲酶活性、有效态氮及春小麦产量的影响

通过田间随机区组试验,就缓释尿素对土壤脲酶活性,土壤有效态氮及小麦产量的影响进行了研究。本试验设置4个处理,1)普通尿素(U);2)U+脲酶抑制剂LNS(SRU1);3)SRU1+硝化抑制剂双氰胺(DCD)(SRU2);4)SRU1+硝化抑制剂3,5-二甲基吡唑(DMP)(SRU3)。结果表明,在整个春小麦(TriticumaestivumL.)生育期内,SRU1、SRU2和SRU3处理的土壤脲酶活性低于U处理,且SRU2、SRU3处理的土壤NH4+-N含量在较长时间内维持在较高水平;小麦成熟期,SRU1、SUR2和SRU3处理土壤有效态N含量显著高于U处理(p<0.05);SRU1、SRU2、SRU3处理小麦的生物学性状和产量略高于U处理,但是处理间没有显著差异。     

Contribution of Biofertilizers and Fertilizer Nitrogen to Nutrient Uptake and Yield of Egyptian Winter Wheat

ABSTRACT

Nutrient uptake and grain and straw yield of Egyptian winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L. Merr.) were evaluated for two site-years after the seed inoculation with two biofertilizer products, Phosphorien, containing the phosphorus (P)-solubilizing bacteria Bacillus megatherium, and Nitrobien, containing a combination of nitrogen (N)-fixing bacteria Azotobacter chroococcum and Azospirillum liposerum. Ammonium nitrate and polymer-coated urea fertilizers were applied to plots alone and together with the biofertilizers at rates of either 83 kg N ha^?1 or 186 kg N ha^?1 for comparison. The highest grain yield (5.76–6.74 Mg ha^?1) and straw yield (11.49–13.32 Mg ha^?1) occurred at the highest fertilizer rates with N fertilizer. There was a slight additional increase in grain and straw yields when a biofertilizer was applied along with N fertilizer. A slightly higher grain and straw yield was measured with the polymer-coated urea treatment than with the ammonium nitrate treatment. The biofertilizer materials were not as effective as N fertilizers in producing grain (4.02–4.09 Mg ha^?1) or straw (7.71–8.11 Mg ha^?1) for either year, although the Nitrobien + Phosphorien combination increased these parameters over the N-fertilizer control. The effect of the Nitrobien biofertilizer in increasing grain yields was equivalent to a urea application rate of about 13 kg N ha^?1. Biofertilizer inoculations increased iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), and copper (Cu) concentrations in wheat tissue (at boot stage), but these higher levels did not influence grain or straw yield.