应用SSR分子标记分析国外种质对我国小麦品种的遗传贡献

利用363对SSR标记分析了在我国小麦生产和育种中发挥了重要作用的11份国外引进品种和33份选育品种的遗传组成,旨在揭示国外种质对我国小麦品种改良的遗传贡献,指导种质资源引进和利用。国外种质包含了选育品种所发现等位变异的76.3%。与不同时期小麦品种等位基因多样性比较发现,国外种质的平均等位变异数最多(3.92),20世纪60年代(2.86)和70年代(3.01)基本一致,80年代有所升高(3.46)。品种间遗传距离比较与品种等位基因多样性结果相吻合。比较引进和选育品种在SSR位点的等位变异频率变化,发现至少在33个SSR位点,国外种质等位变异在我国小麦育种中被优先选择(该等位变异在引进和选育品种的分布频率均高于70%),其中一些位点已知与产量、生育期和抗病等性状密切相关。表明引进品种在以上基因组区域对我国小麦品种具有非常高的遗传贡献。     

应用SSR分子标记分析国外种质对我国小麦品种的遗传贡献

利用363对SSR标记分析了在我国小麦生产和育种中发挥了重要作用的11份国外引进品种和33份选育品种的遗传组成,旨在揭示国外种质对我国小麦品种改良的遗传贡献,指导种质资源引进和利用。国外种质包含了选育品种所发现等位变异的76.3%。与不同时期小麦品种等位基因多样性比较发现,国外种质的平均等位变异数最多(3.92),20世纪60年代(2.86)和70年代(3.01)基本一致,80年代有所升高(3.46)。品种间遗传距离比较与品种等位基因多样性结果相吻合。比较引进和选育品种在SSR位点的等位变异频率变化,发现至少在33个SSR位点,国外种质等位变异在我国小麦育种中被优先选择(该等位变异在引进和选育品种的分布频率均高于70%),其中一些位点已知与产量、生育期和抗病等性状密切相关。表明引进品种在以上基因组区域对我国小麦品种具有非常高的遗传贡献。     

黑龙江省大豆遗传结构及遗传多样性分析

利用22个表型性状和60个微卫星(simple sequence repeat, SSR)位点对黑龙江省140份代表性种质(78份地方品种和62份育成品种)进行分析, 根据UPGMA (unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean)和Model-base对SSR数据进行遗传结构划分。结果表明, 参试品种可分为2大类群, 第II类群的各项多样性指标均高于第I类群, 2个类群遗传距离为0.2427;PCO结果显示这2个类群分布在不同区域, 这与地理来源和育成年代密切有关。依据品种类型分为育成品种和地方品种两组, 后者的各项多样性指标均高于前者, 两组间的遗传距离为0.1131。依据表型数据的PCO分析表明, 分布区域与品种类型有关, 与SSR结构分类的结果吻合度低, 两组品种主要在3个主成分的6个表型性状上有所不同。它们不是2个相对独立的遗传群体, 根据分子标记和表型分类各有特点;建议在种质遗传多样性研究中将分子数据和表型数据结合起来。     

Allelic changes in bread wheat cultivars were associated with long-term wheat trait improvements

Genetic impacts under selective breeding of agricultural crops have been frequently investigated with molecular tools, but inadequate attention has been paid to assess genetic changes under long-term genetic improvement of plant traits. Here we analyzed allelic changes with respect to wheat trait improvement in 78 Canadian hard red spring wheat cultivars released from 1845 to 2004 and screened with 370 mapped SSR markers. The improvements in quality, maturity, yield, disease, stem rust, leaf rust, sawfly resistance, and agronomy were considered. A total of 154 (out of 370) loci with significant allelic changes across 21 chromosomes were detected in the 78 wheat cultivars separated into improved versus non-improved groups for eight traits. The number of significant loci for improving a trait ranged from four for quality to 68 for yield and averaged 35. Many more loci with significant allelic reduction for improving a trait were detected than those with significant allelic increase. Selection for early maturity introduced more alleles, but improving the other traits purged more alleles. Significantly lower numbers of unique alleles were found in the cultivars with improved traits. The distributions of unique allele counts also varied greatly across the 21 chromosomes with respect to trait improvement. Significant SSR variation between two cultivar groups was observed for improvement in seven traits, but not in stem rust. The proportional SSR variation residing between two groups ranged from 0.014 to 0.118. The proportional SSR variations within the improved cultivar groups consistently were much lower than those within the non-improved groups. These findings clearly demonstrate the association between allelic changes and wheat trait improvements and are useful for understanding the genetic modification of the wheat genome by long-term wheat breeding.     

Genetic diversity of hexaploid wheat cultivars estimated by RAPD markers, morphological traits and coefficients of parentage

Estimates of genetic diversity can be based on different types of data. The aim of this research were to study genetic diversity among Croatian wheat cultivars by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers, morphological traits and pedigree records; to analyse differences between wheat cultivars from two breeding centres; and to evaluate usability of RAPD markers for estimation of genetic diversity among wheat cultivars in comparison with morphological traits and pedigree record data. Studies were conducted on 14 wheat cultivars and breeding lines from two breeding centres in Croatia. For the RAPD analysis 36 primers were screened and the 14 most polymorphic ones yielded 341 polymorphic bands. Twelve morphological traits were used for morphological analysis. Pedigrees were composed of seven generations of ancestors. RAPD markers showed a high level of polymorphism among the cultivars examined and the breeding lines. No significant correlations were observed among the methods tested.     

蚂蚱麦和小白麦衍生系的遗传多样性分析

陕西关中蚂蚱麦和山西平遥小白麦是我国北方小麦品种的原始骨干亲本,解析蚂蚱麦和小白麦及其衍生系的遗传多样性对于小麦品种改良具有重要的参考意义。本研究利用小麦660KSNP芯片对蚂蚱麦、小白麦及其衍生品种(系)进行全基因组扫描,分析其遗传多样性。结果表明,小麦3个基因组的多态性SNP标记数为BAD,第4同源群的多态性标记数最少, 149份供试材料基因多样性(H)范围为0.095～0.500,平均值为0.336;核苷酸多样性指数(π)范围为0.272～0.435,平均值为0.340;而遗传相似系数(GS)变幅为0.335～0.997,平均值达0.619,表明蚂蚱麦和小白麦衍生系的遗传多样性较低。聚类分析表明蚂蚱麦和小白麦紧密地聚在亚群I,其衍生品种(系)分为5个亚群,其中2000年以前以蚂蚱麦或小白麦的单一衍生系为主,分在亚群I、II、III, 2000年以后多数品种同时拥有蚂蚱麦和小白麦血缘,分在亚群IV、V,遗传多样性较高,且与大面积推广品种聚为一类。因此,应加强优异基因资源导入,拓宽小麦品种的遗传基础,最终提高育种水平。     

新疆冬小麦地方品种与育成品种基于SNP芯片的遗传多样性分析

新疆是我国西北重要的小麦优势产区和消费区。解析新疆冬小麦地方品种与育成品种之间的遗传多样性和亲缘关系,对新疆冬小麦育种中杂交组合的合理选配以及后代选择具有重要的指导意义。本研究利用小麦55K SNP(single nucleotide polymorphism)芯片对134份新疆冬小麦地方品种及54份育成品种进行全基因组扫描,估算其品种间的遗传距离,揭示其遗传多样性。结果表明,所有SNP位点的多态性比率达到95.62%(50,743/53,063)。每条染色体分布1068～2616个多态性位点,多态性标记在基因组间分布呈现ABD。188个品种间的两两遗传距离在0.002～0.723之间,平均为0.378。其中134个地方品种两两之间的遗传距离在0.002～0.400之间,平均为0.070; 54个育成品种两两之间的遗传距离在0.004～0.337之间,平均为0.114; 134个地方品种与54个育成品种之间的遗传距离在0.605～0.723之间,平均为0.699。聚类结果显示可将所有材料分为10个不同类群。综合SNP和系谱分析,育成品种与地方品种之间的遗传差异最大,其次是育成品种之间,而地方品种之间遗传差异最小。鉴于育成与地方品种之间较大的遗传差异,新疆冬小麦品种可以利用地方种来丰富其育种的种质基础,拓宽遗传背景,进而提高当地小麦育种水平。本研究为新疆冬小麦品种选育和改良提供了重要的理论指导。     

基于SSR的四川花生遗传多样性分析

[目的]研究旨在了解四川花生资源的遗传多样性及表型性状与分子标记的关联分析,为花生分子育种及资源库构建提供理论依据。[方法]鉴定分析57份不同来源花生资源材料的4个农艺性状及4个品质性状,并利用SSR标记研究57份花生材料的遗传多样性,对SSR标记与表型性状进行聚类及关联分析。[结果]表型性状鉴定结果显示花生资源的8个性状中,6个变异较大、多样性较好。67对SSR引物中,有效引物39对,获得多态性条带53条,平均每个引物扩增1.36条,平均Nei"s 基因多样性0.2288、平均Shannon"s 指数0.3695,最远遗传距离为0.51。SSR分子标记聚类分析将57份资源聚为2大类群,GLM分析发现多个与蛋白质含量、株高、含糖量的关联标记。[结论]研究结果表明,四川不同区域间花生遗传多样性较丰富,品种类型单一,聚类及关联分析结果可为四川花生突破性新品种选育的亲本选择提供提供重要参考。     

小麦抗旱品种的遗传多样性分析及株高优异等位变异挖掘

为了解北方冬麦区小麦抗旱品种的遗传多样性,筛选株高相关标记的等位变异,选用117个均匀分布于小麦各条染色体的SSR标记,对136份小麦抗旱品种进行分析。共检测到1484个等位变异,平均每个标记12.6个等位变异,变化范围为2～42个,供试材料的多态性遗传信息含量(PIC)变化范围为0.016～0.941,平均为0.640。聚类分析把同一地区或育种单位育成的品种、具有共同亲本的姊妹品种聚为一类,部分相近年代选育的品种也分别聚在一类,国外材料的基因导入对育成品种的遗传基础产生了影响。关联分析表明,在旱地条件下与株高显著相关的标记有19个(P0.01),其中6个极显著相关(P0.001);在水地条件下与株高显著相关的标记也有19个,其中7个极显著相关。水、旱两种条件下共检测出与株高极显著相关的标记9个,分别是Xbarc125(7D)、Xbarc168(2D)、Xgwm126(5A)、Xgwm130(2B)、Xgwm212(5D)、Xgwm285(3B)、Xgwm495(4B)、Xgwm95(2A)和Xwmc396(7B),其中Xgwm285的220bp、Xgwm495的181bp、Xgwm212的99bp和Xbarc125的167bp等位变异是与矮秆关联的优异等位基因。     

Development of diversity array technology (DArT) markers for assessment of population structure and diversity in Aegilops tauschii

Aegilops tauschii Coss. is the D-genome donor to hexaploid bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) and is the most promising wild species as a genetic resource for wheat breeding. To study the population structure and diversity of 81 Ae. tauschii accessions collected from various regions of its geographical distribution, the genomic representation of these lines were used to develop a diversity array technology (DArT) marker array. This Ae. tauschii array and a previously developed DArT wheat array were used to scan the genomes of the 81 accessions. Out of 7500 markers (5500 wheat and 2000 Ae. tauschii), 4449 were polymorphic (3776 wheat and 673 Ae. tauschii). Phylogenetic and population structure studies revealed that the accessions could be divided into three groups. The two Ae. tauschii subspecies could also be separately clustered, suggesting that the current taxonomy might be valid. DArT markers are effective to detect very small polymorphisms. The information obtained about Ae. tauschii in the current study could be useful for wheat breeding. In addition, the new DArT array from this Ae. tauschii population is expected to be an effective tool for hexaploid wheat studies.     

贵州省花生地方品种的遗传多样性

为进一步了解贵州花生地方品种的遗传多样性,合理、高效利用花生资源,用50对SSR引物评价了贵州不同地理来源的68份花生地方品种,结果多态性较好的41对引物共扩增出79个等位基因,平均每个引物1.93个;多态性信息量(PIC)变幅为0.045(PM43)~0.951(PM169);Shannon信息指数变幅为0.2518(PM79)~0.6926(PM188),平均0.5268;Nei遗传多样性指数变幅为0.1699(PM79)~0.4995(PM188),平均0.3556。采用类平均法对欧氏距离聚类分析表明,在遗传距离为0.94时将68个花生地方品种分成2个大类,同一地理来源、同一粒型的地方品种的亲缘关系并不是最近的,表明地方品种间亲缘关系与地理来源关系不大。说明贵州花生地方品种具有丰富遗传多样性。     

1950年以来山东省主推小麦品种的遗传多样性演变

利用24对SSR引物对62个山东省1950年以来大面积推广小麦品种遗传多样性的演变情况进行了分析。结果表明24对引物均有较好的多态性,共扩增到100个等位变异片段(等位基因),平均每个标记获得4.167个等位基因,多态性信息量(PIC)值平均为0.527,变幅0.200～0.723,基因多样性指数变幅0.225～0.761,平均0.582。三个基因组的位点多态性存在明显差异,平均等位变异丰富度D>B>A,基因多样性指数和多态性信息指数B、D基因组接近,并明显高于A基因组。山东省小麦品种平均遗传丰富度、遗传多样性指数和平均遗传距离均以50年代较高(分别为3.042,0.531和0.596),然后缓慢下降,1980年代回升到顶峰(分别为3.250,0.560和0.616),然后迅速下降。62个品种遗传相似系数变幅为0.580～0.940,平均为0.723。按非加权类平均法(UPGMA)、在遗传相似系数0.719处将不同品种聚类成7类,基本与山东省不同时期育种骨干亲本及其衍生品种一致,说明山东省近60年来小麦育种与全国一样,围绕骨干亲本展开。由于特有种质资源的创造和应用,山东省小麦品种遗传多样性高于全国和其他麦区,尤其是1980年代,但之后迅速下降,必须引起足够重视。     

利用功能标记揭示新疆小麦改良品种与地方品种的遗传变异

揭示新疆小麦改良品种与地方品种在主要农艺性状相关基因上的遗传变异对进一步改良和利用新疆育成品种具有重要意义。本研究利用52个功能标记对136份新疆小麦改良品种和地方品种分析发现, 与适应性相关的矮秆等位变异Rht-B1b和Rht-D1b、半冬性生长习性相关等位变异Vrn-D1b、T1BL·1RS易位系, 与品质相关的高脂肪氧化酶活性等位变异TaLox-B1a、低多酚氧化酶活性等位变异Ppo-D1a、低黄色素含量等位变异Psy-A1b以及与高粒重等位变异Hap-H (TaSus-2B)仅分布在改良品种中, 而且光周期不敏感等位变异Ppd-D1a (77.6%)、优质麦谷蛋白亚基Dx5+Dy10 (35.4%)和硬质等位变异Pin-D1b (25.0%), 以及高千粒重等位变异TaCwi-A1a (63.3%)、Hap-4A-T (Tacwi-4A) (33.8%)、Hap-5D-C (TaCWI-5D) (93.7%)、Hap-2 (TaGS1a) (77.9%)、TaGS-D1a (78.5%)、TaGS5-A1b (50.0%)和TaTGW6-A1a (92.1%)在改良品种中分布频率明显高于地方品种。大部分优异等位变异分布频率随着育种时期的推进呈现不连续性上升趋势。在适应性与品质相关基因方面, 春性改良品种的优异等位变异频率高于冬性改良品种。功能标记分析显示改良品种的遗传多样性高于地方品种。136份新疆小麦资源被聚为改良品种和地方品种两类, 改良品种被进一步聚为冬性和春性两类, 说明新疆改良品种与地方品种间存在明显的遗传差异。本研究鉴定的优异等位基因和等位基因组合为进一步改良新疆小麦品种提供了重要信息。     

陆地棉SSR标记遗传多样性及其与农艺性状的关联分析

分析陆地棉栽培种遗传多样性,通过关联分析寻找与棉花农艺性状相关联的分子标记,为分子标记辅助选择育种和提高棉花育种效率奠定基础。本文采用74个Simple sequence repeat(SSR)标记对172份陆地棉栽培种的基因组变异进行扫描,使用NTSYS-pc 2.20进行聚类,分析该群体遗传多样性;利用Structure 2.3.4软件分析群体结构,在此基础上结合田间表型数据,采用Tassel 2.1的一般线性模型(General linear model,GLM)进行关联分析,定位与农艺性状相关的QTLs。74个标记共检测到148个多态性位点,涉及246个等位变异,变异范围2~7个,平均等位变异数为3.32;引物的多态性信息含量(PIC)为0.0281~0.3733,平均值为0.2370;遗传相似系数变异在0.2816~1,平均值为0.5369,平均遗传相似系数为0.5369,表明我国陆地棉遗传基础狭窄,尽管国外及西北内陆棉区部分材料具有较丰富的遗传变异。聚类分析将该群体划分为12个亚群,不同棉区的材料交叉分布,且聚类结果基本与系谱吻合。群体结构分析却将172份供试材料划分为3个亚群;通过关联分析,发现30个位点与铃重、衣分、黄萎病抗性显著相关(P0.05),各位点对表型变异贡献率为2.24%~5.27%。     

利用SRAP与SSR标记分析不同类型甜菜的遗传多样性

为选育优质甜菜新品种, 指导种质资源引进和利用, 为进行分子标记辅助选择育种提供科学依据, 采用SRAP和SSR两种分子标记方法相结合, 对甜菜单胚雄性不育系及保持系等49份材料进行遗传多样性分析。利用4个表型差异显著的甜菜品系对SRAP的64对引物组合及SSR的11对引物组合进行扩增, 分别筛选出有效引物组合11对和9对。SRAP的11对引物组合共产生199条扩增带, 其中有86条多态性带, 多态性带的比率平均为43.7%。SSR的9对引物共产生35条扩增带, 多态性比率为100%。全部材料的平均遗传距离为0.3860, 平均遗传相似系数为0.6795, 大约30%的材料遗传距离或遗传相似系数具显著或极显著差异。遗传相似系数平均值比较, 多胚四倍体品系0.7264＞单胚杂交组合0.7243＞国外品种0.7060＞多胚二倍体品系0.6908＞单胚品系0.6837。在遗传距离0.20处, 将49个甜菜材料划分为A、B、C、D 4个类群, D类群又分为4个亚类, 较好地显示了甜菜材料丰富的遗传多样性。表明不同甜菜品种具有相当高的异质性, 国外与国内材料的遗传基础存在一定差异, 但生产应用的甜菜品种间存在亲缘关系较近、遗传基础较窄的倾向。     

Genetic diversity and association mapping of agronomic yield traits in eighty six synthetic hexaploid wheat

Association mapping is a method to identify associations between target traits and genetic markers based on linkage disequilibrium (LD) of a quantitative trait locus. Synthetic hexaploid wheat (SHW) is derived from a cross between Triticum durum Desf. and Aegilops tauschii Coss. that enhances genetic diversity and broadens breeding resources. In this study, phenotypic diversity in 110 wheat accessions (86 SHW germplasm specimens and 24 conventional wheat varieties) was evaluated quantitatively for yield characteristics of grains per spike, thousand kernel weight, and spike length. Phenotypic data were collected over two years at two locations, and 1785 alleles were detected (mean 6.59), ranging from 3 to 11 alleles per locus. The average genetic diversity index was 0.749, with a range from 0.239 to 0.923. The polymorphic information content (PIC) ranged from 0.145 to 0.968, with a mean value of 0.695. The genetic diversity index and PIC indicated that genome B > D > A. Accessions were grouped into three subgroups based on STRUCTURE and unweighted pair-group with arithmetic mean clustering. The mean LD decay across the genome was 11.78 cM. Association mapping between traits and simple sequence repeat markers was performed using the generalized linear model approach. Forty-six SSR loci were significantly associated with the measured agronomic traits in two geographic locations. Together, these results broaden our knowledge of how to harness elite genes and genetic diversity in SHW in genomic and marker-assisted selection.     

Morphological and genetic diversity analysis of rice accessions (Oryza sativa L.) differing in iron toxicity tolerance

A major emphasis in breeding for iron toxicity tolerance in rice is to identify differences that are associated with resistance and harness them for genetic improvement. In this study, thirty accessions, including IRRI gene bank accessions, two varieties from Brazil, 8 cultivars from West Africa and 10 cultivars from Uganda were analyzed for sensitivity to iron toxicity, and genetic diversity using morphological and SSR markers. Two genotypes, IR61612-313-16-2-2-1 and Suakoko 8 showed significantly high resistance with an average score of ≤ 3.5 on 1–9 scale. The SRR markers were highly informative and showed mean polymorphism information content (pic) of 0.68. The PIC values revealed that RM10793, RM3412, RM333, RM562, RM13628, RM310, RM5749, and RM154 could be the best markers for genetic diversity estimation of these rice cultivars. Diversity at the gene level showed an average of 4.61 alleles ranging from 2 to 12 per locus. Mean gene diversity (H) value for all SSR loci for the 30 genotypes evaluated was 0.69 but was decreased to 0.53 when analysis was performed on Ugandan accessions. The low genetic diversity found among the Ugandan accessions is the evidence of a narrow genetic base, and such a scenario has a potential vulnerability for resistance break down. A low correlation was detected between the observed molecular and morphological datasets. This means that a combination of morphological traits and SSR analysis would be required when assessing genetic variation under iron toxic conditions, and could be a practical strategy for breeders when planning crosses. A distinction between the resistant and susceptible accessions in both phenotyping and SSR datasets suggests the presence of unique alleles that could be harnessed for improvement of rice against iron toxicity.     

Strategic use of Iranian bread wheat landrace accessions for genetic improvement: Core set formulation and validation

Iranian wheat landrace accessions (IWAs) were collected from country‐wide farm fields and market places in 1935 by a professor at the University of Tehran and shared with University of California at Davis, California. IWAs were further submitted to the genebank of International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Mexico. 2,403 IWAs from CIMMYT’s genebank were assayed by DArT‐seq technology to assess genetic diversity. No apparent ecogeographic patterns related to genetic diversity were detected, probably due to long‐term transport and frequent interchange of landraces among farmers. A multivariate clustering procedure combining genotypic and phenotypic information was used in selecting a core‐set, which represented 15% of the hexaploid wheat accessions included in this study. This subset captured an estimated 93% of rare (frequency <0.05) alleles. Multisite phenotypic data (India, Mexico) validated the ability of the core‐set in detecting useful variants. Potential donor accessions for multiple traits (disease resistance, zinc concentration) were identified from the core‐set for wheat‐breeding. This report illustrates a breeder friendly robust core‐set formulation strategy for harnessing the useful genetic variation stored in the genebanks.     

Phenotypic and marker-assisted evaluation of spring and winter wheat germplasm for resistance to fusarium head blight

Fusarium head blight (FHB) caused by Fusarium species, is among the most devastating wheat diseases, causing losses in numerous sectors of the grain industry through yield and quality reduction, and the accumulation of poisonous mycotoxins. A germplasm collection of spring and winter wheat, including nine reference cultivars, was tested for Type II FHB resistance and deoxynivalenol (DON) content. Genetic diversity was evaluated on the basis of Simple Sequence Repeat (SSR) markers linked to FHB resistance quantitative trait loci (QTLs) and Diversity Arrays Technology (DArT) markers. The allele size of the SSR markers linked to FHB resistance QTLs from known resistance sources was compared to a germplasm collection to determine the presence of these QTLs and to identify potentially novel sources of resistance. Forty-two accessions were identified as resistant or moderately resistant to Fusarium spread, and two also had very low DON concentrations. Genetic relationships among wheat accessions were generally consistent with their geographic distribution and pedigree. SSR analysis revealed that several resistant accessions carried up to four of the tested QTLs. Resistant and moderately resistant lines without any known QTLs are considered to be novel sources of resistance that could be used for further genetic studies.