生石灰在水产养殖中的应用

１作为消毒剂生石灰是常见的清塘药物,其化水后生成氢氧化钙,在短时间内ｐＨ值迅速提高,能杀死池塘中鱼、虾、水生昆虫和细菌性病原体。用生石灰清塘有二种方式,一种是干法清塘,先放干池水,每６６７ｍ~２用生石灰７５－１００ｋｇ,均匀泼洒在池塘四周;另一种是带水清塘     

生石灰在水产养殖中应用及评价

水产养殖的成功离不开对疾病的有效防治，对水产疾病的防治，必须从清塘消毒和池水消毒做起。而养殖户常用于清塘消毒和池水消毒药物是生石灰。所以笔者认为有必要重新认识和评价生石灰“在水产养殖中应用。土石灰有效成分是氧化钙（CaO），易溶于水，生成熟石灰即氢氧化钙，呈碱性，pH值11－12。经过水产养殖户的长期实践，证明生石灰是水产业中用于改善水质、防治疾病必不可少的药物。具体总结、分析如下。1在水产养殖中的作用1.1水体清洁作用生石灰通过中和水中酸性物质和结合作用，使悬浮胶状有机杂质、泥末胶结和吸附沉底，从而澄清…     

甲醛在水产养殖中的应用及注意事项

近年来,我们使用40％甲醛,治疗在我所试验场及附近渔场发生的小瓜虫病、水霉病及暴发性出血病,收到了良好的效果,现总结如下:1 甲醛的治疗原理及特点 甲醛能凝固蛋白和溶解类脂,它在汽态和液态时,有强烈的杀菌作用,是强烈的广谱性杀菌剂,具有使用安全范围较     

中草药在水产养殖中的应用

随着水产养殖病害的日趋严重 ,养殖中所使用的渔用药物的种类和数量也在不断增多。抗生素、促生长剂、杀虫药等的大量使用带来了药物残留大、抗药性等问题 ,既危害人类健康 ,又污染环境。所以无残留、无污染的中草药在水产养殖中的应用越来越受到重视。本文就水产养殖中中草药的作用、特点、常用种类及使用方法等作简要介绍 ,供参考。1中草药的作用1 .1抗病害如大黄、黄连、大青叶等能够抑菌 ;板蓝根、野菊等有抗病毒的能力 ;苦楝皮、马鞭草、白头翁等能杀虫。1 .2增强机体免疫力水产动物具有相对完善的免疫功能 ,中草药可以对其起调节作用…     

EM在水产养殖中的应用

随着我国水产养殖业的快速发展 ,饲料中添加各种药物促长剂、抗生素等添加剂的应用将越来越广 ,虽然它们对促进生长、提高饵料利用率有一定帮助 ,但也带来一些负面影响 ,如动物机体抗药性的产生及抗生素含量的蓄积 ,会破坏体内肠道微生态平衡 ,导致机体对病原微生物的易感性升高 ,间接对人类健康造成损害。同时 ,也使正常的养殖生态平衡遭到破坏 ,影响渔业生产的健康发展 ,而ＥＭ技术的引进 ,对解决这些问题则有较好的帮助。ＥＭ为有效微生物群的英文缩写 ,系日本琉球大学比嘉照夫教授用几十年时间研制出来的新型复合微生物菌剂 ,由光合细菌…     

中草药在水产养殖中的应用

随着水产养殖病害的日趋严重，养殖中所使用的渔用药物的种类和数量也在不断增多。抗生素、促生长剂、杀虫药等的大量使用带来了药物残留和抗药性等问题，既危害人类健康，又污染了环境。所以无残留、无污染的中草药和生物制剂越来越受到重视，应用也日益广泛。本文就中草药的作用、特点、常用种类及使用方法等作简要介绍，供参考。     

微生态制剂在水产养殖中的应用

本文介绍了微生态制剂的概念，作用机理，微生态制剂在水产养殖中的应用情况。     

二氧化氯在水产养殖应用中的几个问题

二氧化氯(ClO_2)是目前国际上公认的性能优良、效果最好的杀菌剂、食品保鲜剂、防霉除臭剂以及水质和空气净化剂,世界卫生组织将其列为第4代高效安全的消毒剂,1983年美国环保部门、食品药品管理部门、农业管理部门等先后批准使用。二氧化氯作为水产养殖的防病消毒剂,对鱼虾具有高效、低毒的优良杀菌和消毒性     

磺胺类药物在水产养殖中的应用

阐述了磺胺类药物的分类和作用机理以及对水产动物可能产生的不良反应；并对7种磺胺药物在水产应用上的功效和使用方法以及注意事项作了简要介绍。     

珍珠粉在水产养殖中的应用

珍珠粉，在我国自古以来就被视为一种珍贵的药材，但仅限于宫廷显赫人物享受。直到解放以后，特别自20世纪80年代改革开放以来，在大力提倡发展河蚌育珠情况下，广大人民群众方有条件普遍享用；同时在水产养殖上亦开发成一种上佳的饲料添加剂，为开拓养殖饲料增添新途径。     

Evaluation of Soil pH-Percent Base Saturation Relationships for Use in Estimating the Lime Requirements of Earthen Aquaculture Ponds

The pH-percent base saturation relationships of selected subsurface soil horizons were evaluated by fitting theoretical and empirical models to published soils data. The selected models were validated by fitting them to an independent set of data. The selected models did not fit the second set of data as well as the original data, but they provide initial approximations for use in cases when real values can't be measured. Possible reasons for the poorer fit to the second data set are discussed. One possibility for increasing the range of soils to which suitable pH-percent base saturation models can be fit is to refine the soil classification system being used. Valid pH-percent base saturation models can be combined with on-site soil pH measurements and typical cation exchange capacity values to estimate aquaculture pond lime requirements on a broad range of soil types in the field i.e., without reliance on laboratory analyses.     

Evaluation of Lime Requirement Procedures and Liming Materials for Aquaculture Ponds in Thailand

Abstract

There were strong correlations between soil pH and pHof water (R² = 0.810) and total alkalinity (R² = 0.724) in laboratory soil-water systems prepared with acidic rainwater and pond soil samples from Thailand. Moreover, water pH and total alkalinity were highly correlated (R² = 0.987). Although soil carbonate concentration was not correlated with total alkalinity, there was a correlation between the product of soil carbonate and soil organic carbon and total alkalinity (R² = 0.482). Other soil properties, exchange acidity, cation exchange capacity, base saturation, and total sulfur, were either not correlated or weakly correlated with total alkalinity. Total alkalinity did not exceed 20 mg/L except in systems with soils containing free carbonate. A method that estimates the amount of liming material needed to completely base-saturate bottom soils and provides an excess of carbonate, should be used in Thailand and other places. Calcitic agricultural limestone gave higher total alkalinity concentration in soil-water systems than dolomitic agricultural limestone. There usually would be no justification for selecting higher-priced dolomitic limestone for use in ponds.     

Use of Modified Live Vaccines in Aquaculture

Vaccination is an important disease management strategy used to maintain human and animal health worldwide. Vaccines developed for aquaculture have reduced antibiotic use in fish production. Original fish vaccines were bacterins (formalin‐killed bacteria) delivered through immersion or injection that induced humoral (antibody) immunity. Next generation vaccines relied on multiple killed antigens delivered with an adjuvant to enhance vaccine effectiveness. Work in the 1990s showed the use of various strategies to develop modified live vaccines for use in fish. A modified live vaccine is a live pathogen that has been rendered non‐pathogenic or avirulent by physical, chemical, or genetic engineering methods. The modified live vaccine typically retains its ability to infect the host which allows for effective presentation of protective antigens to generate cellular immunity (CD4 or CD8 T‐cell responses). Modified live vaccines are advantageous in that they can be easily delivered (i.e., by immersion to young fish) and stimulate both humoral and cellular immunity of long duration. Disadvantages include issues with modified live vaccine safety to the host and environment. A successful modified live vaccine for use in warm water aquaculture is used to highlight the live vaccine strategy.     

健康养殖在渔业生产上的应用

由于近海渔业资源的持续衰减和人们对水产品需求的不断增长,促进了我国水产养殖业的发展,但养殖业的迅猛发展随之又带来了一些负面影响,如:养殖从业者为最大限度地获取经济效益,盲目扩大养殖水域和加大养殖密度,从而导致养殖环境恶化,养殖水体污染,生态失衡,养殖生物疾病频发并有逐年加重之势。为防止疾病蔓延,养殖业者不断施用各种抗生素类或其他化学类药品,而用药不科学又致使养殖对象产生抗药性、体内药残超标,使养殖水体污染进一步加重,乃至产生更多新类型的病害。如此反复的病害———施药———新病害———再施药的恶性循环,会造成水…     

螺旋藻在水产养殖中的应用

螺旋藻广泛分布在世界各海区及陆地淡、盐水湖中,为蓝藻门(Cyanophta)、颤藻目(Oscilatarides)、颤藻科(Oscillatoridae)的一个属。全世界已知存在36个种,目前国际上工厂化生产的主要是钝顶螺旋藻(Spirulinaplatensis)和极大螺旋藻(S maxima)[1,2]　,含蛋白质高达60%～70%,     

养殖业通用防盗报警器的研究与实验

露天养殖 (鱼、虾、蟹等 )在我国的很多地区极为普遍 ,目前存在的一个较为严重的问题是养殖成体经常被盗 ,这给养殖户造成很大的经济损失。因此 ,广大渔民急需一种用于防盗的报警器。目前 ,用于水产养殖上的防盗报警器在国内市场上尚无成熟的产品 ,主要原因是受养殖条件及环境的制约 ,多数产品工作不可靠 ,适应性差或是价钱昂贵 ,而广大渔民所需要的是一种使用方便 ,性能可靠 ,价钱便宜又经久耐用的报警器。针对这一实际问题 ,大连水产学院渔业机械研究所在吸收各种报警器优点的基础上 ,开发研制了一种新型报警器 ,下面就向广大读者介绍一下…     

Improving Water Use Efficiency in Semi-Arid Regions through Integrated Aquaculture/Agriculture

Two experiments were performed in the Bekaa plain in Lebanon to evaluate the feasibility of integrating aquaculture with established agriculture production in order to increase water productivity. Both experiments consisted of four plant management treatments: 1) Aquaculture effluent irrigation and no fertilizer; 2) aquaculture effluent irrigation and inorganic fertilizer; 3) well water irrigation and no fertilization; and 4) well water irrigation with inorganic fertilizer. In the first experiment, tilapia growth and radish production using aquaculture effluent were evaluated. All fish survived and grew, and radish production was improved by irrigating with aquaculture effluent. In the second experiment, maize (Zea mays) in large plots was irrigated with aquaculture effluent. Irrigation with effluent water improved maize production and improved soil nitrogen availability. In both experiments, fish production improved water value index and water use efficiency. Results suggest that aquaculture effluent can supplant inorganic fertilizers and could actually yield better crop production.     

固定化微生物在水产养殖中的应用

中国是一个水产养殖大国,2006年,中国的养殖水产品产量达到3.594×107t,养殖面积7.79×107hm2。这其中有很大一部分为高密度养殖,在养殖过程中由于饵料的残留,养殖对象排泄物的积累,经常会导致养殖水体水质恶化,对养殖产生诸多不利影响。首先,有机物的分解,导致游离氨氮(NH3-N)     

The Potential Use of Mangrove Forests as Nitrogen Sinks of Shrimp Aquaculture Pond Effluents: The Role of Denitrification

A generalized nitrogen budget was constructed to evaluate the potential role of mangrove sediments as a sink for dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) in shrimp pond effluents. DIN concentrations were measured in pond effluents from three semi-intensive shrimp ponds along the Caribbean coast of Colombia between 1994–1995. Mean NH₄⁺ concentrations in the discharge water for all farms were significantly higher (67 × 12 μg/L) than in the adjacent estuaries (33 × 8 μg/L). Average NH₄⁺ concentrations in the pond discharge over all growout cycles were similar, representing an approximate doubling in relation to estuarine water concentrations. In contrast, NO₂^-+ NO₃^- concentrations were similar in both pond effluent and estuarine waters. Dissolved inorganic nitrogen loading of the ponds was similar. The estimated reduction of DIN in pond effluents by preliminary diversion of outflow to mangrove wetlands rather than directly to estuarine waters would be × 190 mg N/m² per d. Based on this nitrogen loss and depending upon the enrichment rate, between 0.04 to 0.12 ha of mangrove forest is required to completely remove the DIN load from effluents produced by a 1-ha pond.