白斑综合征病毒(WSSV)对不同规格克氏原螯虾(Procambarus clarkii)致病力及ATPase活性的影响

以投喂患白斑综合征病毒病(WSSV)的南美白对虾组织的方法人工感染健康的克氏原螯虾,利用PCR检测实验克氏原螯虾的感染情况;同时比较健康的克氏原螯虾和感染病毒的克氏原螯虾体内ATPase活性.结果显示:白斑综合征病毒可以感染克氏原螯虾,受感染的克氏原螯虾体内病毒含量与其死亡呈正相关;健康的克氏原螯虾和感染病毒的克氏原螯虾体内的ATPase活性分别为7.337 U/mgprot和4.212 U/mgprot,有极其显著的差异.     

大水面克氏原螯虾人工增殖技术

克氏原螯虾又称红色沼泽螯虾、小龙虾或克氏螯虾,目前在我国开展克氏原螯虾人工增殖的养殖者逐年增加.为了便于养殖者更好地开展大水面人工增殖克氏原螯虾,笔者对近年来江西环鄱阳湖区克氏原螯虾人工增殖实践进行了总结,以供参考.     

克氏原螯虾养殖技术（二）

第二讲 克氏原螯虾养殖场地选择与设计 克氏原螯虾适应环境的能力很强，一些常规的鱼、虾、蟹类不能存活的水域，克氏原螫虾也能生活。克氏原螯虾养殖追求最高的产量和最大的经济效益，必须营造良好的养殖环境，能有效地提高克氏原螯虾养殖产量，减少生产成本，降低劳动强度。建立一个克氏原螯虾养殖场，首先要考虑场地是否适宜克氏原螯虾的生活与生长，根据克氏原螯虾昼伏夜出，营浅水底栖生活，喜逆水，冬夏穴居，     

克氏原螯虾水泥池高密度养殖试验初报

克氏原螯虾又名淡水小龙虾、龙虾、克氏螯虾.近几年,随着人们对克氏原螯虾需求的不断增长以及虾仁出口欧美的供不应求,克氏原螯虾一跃成为水产养殖的炙热品种.本试验就克氏原螯虾在水泥池高密度养殖生产条件下进行了养殖技术的探索,在总结养殖经验技术的同时为以后的大规模养殖生产及工厂化苗种繁育提供参考.     

“上农下渔”池塘克氏原螯虾养殖及病害防治技术

克氏原螯虾(Procambarus clarkii),又称红色沼泽螯虾、小龙虾或克氏螯虾,原产于墨西哥北部和美国南部,属甲壳纲,十足目,螯虾科,原螯虾属.     

沿黄低洼盐碱地池塘主养克氏原螯虾试验

克氏原螯虾(P.clarkii),俗称"龙虾",又称红色沼泽螯虾、小龙虾或克氏螯虾,原产于墨西哥北部和美国南部,属甲壳纲、软甲亚纲、十足目、螯虾科、原螯虾属.克氏原螯虾味道鲜美,深受消费者喜爱,特别是占体重5%左右的克氏原螯虾肝脏(俗称虾黄),含有丰富的不饱和脂肪酸、蛋白质、游离氨基酸、维生素、微量元素等,有很高的药用价值.由于该虾适应性广,生命力和繁殖能力强,对水质要求不高,适宜淡水养殖.去年笔者在河南省虞城县北部沿黄低洼盐碱地池塘中进行池塘主养克氏原螯虾试验,取得了较好的养殖效果.     

克氏原螯虾捕捞网目研究

由于克氏原螯虾(Procambarus clarkii)生存能力强,天敌少,加之其有一定的经济价值,为了更好地捕捞克氏原螯虾种群且尽量少伤害水域中其他渔获种类,有效控制克氏原螯虾种群数量,防止形成外来物种入侵,通过基本情况调查和室内试验等方法对克氏原螯虾捕捞网目进行研究。对6,20,30,40,50,60,70 mm七种网目的地笼网进行了室内试验,经比较对克氏原螯虾的捕捞能力和鱼类释放效果,结合线性拟合曲线与克氏原螯虾体长的关系,推算出20 mm网目为春季克氏原螯虾最佳捕捞网目, 30 mm网目为秋季克氏原螯虾捕捞最佳捕捞网目。     

白斑综合征病毒(WSSV)在市售克氏原螯虾中携带情况调查

近年来白斑综合征成为制约克氏原螯虾养殖的重要病害。对市场销售的克氏原螯虾抽样调查,采用PCR仪检测白斑综合征病毒(WSSV)的携带情况,结果为:湖泊养殖的克氏原螯虾不携带WSSV,池塘单养的克氏原螯虾及江河野生克氏原螯虾携带WSSV。     

角落空间与克氏原螯虾生活状况的关系

通过试验法研究了不同角落数与克氏原螯虾个体数比例的空间资源环境,对存活率、蜕壳率和SOD值的影响.试验结果表明,角落空间对克氏原螯虾的生存有影响,克氏原螯虾在角落资源合适时(角落数∶虾数=1～1.2∶1)生存较好,角落资源过多或过少对克氏原螯虾的生存都有负面影响.本试验结果利用了克氏原螯虾是一种具有优势等级序列的社会性动物的基本规律,表明空间资源过剩有可能升高其建立和维持其等级低位的能量代价.     

克氏原螯虾池塘高密度苗种繁育试验总结

<正>克氏原螯虾,又称红色沼泽螯虾、小龙虾或克氏螯虾。在动物分类学上隶属甲壳纲、十足目、螯虾科、原螯虾属。近年来克氏原螯虾市场需求量急剧     

Food and feeding habits of Tilapia aurea (Steindachner) (Cichlidae) in Lake Kinneret (Israel)

An analysis of the food of 274 specimens of Tilapia aurea (Steindachner), which had been collected in Lake Kinneret, showed that this species is mainly a zooplankton consumer.A study of the quantitative dynamics of the food components in the course of a year has proved that the species in question feeds more intensely in spring, this being the time when zooplankton forms are more abundant in the water of the lake. Vegetable detritus, mixed with plankton and benthos forms, served as additional and alternative food.The lack of clearly positive degree of food component selectivity, as well as the low values of the intestine repletion index and of the condition coefficient, account for the slowness in growth of Tilapia aurea in Lake Kinneret.The low values of the growth and feeding indices are due, according to the authors, to the pressure brought to bear by the other local fish species, which are competitors for the same food.     

Food and feeding habits of Tilapia zillii (Gervais) (Cichlidae) in Lake Kinneret (Israel)

Analysis of the gut content of 329 specimens of T. zillii (Cichlidae) collected from Lake Kinneret, has shown great variation in the sorts of food.A study of seasonal dynamics has proved the prevalence in the food of Chironomida pupae (Diptera) in winter and spring and of zooplankton forms in summer and autumn. The additional food consisted of the various groups of algae, the most frequently found being Cyanophyta (100%) and Pyrrophyta (64.16%). An extremely voraceous species, it consumes — while searching for its preferred food — anything that comes its way in the water: algae, scraps of macrophytes, autochthonous and allochthonous insects, and forms of benthic origin, such as Nematoda, Ostracoda, Porifera and Chironomida (larvae).The satiation index is high (between 4.08 and 5.63), in contradiction to the low values of the coefficient of condition (between 3.05 and 3.51), and with the slow rate of growth in Lake Kinneret. The main food of Tilapia zillii, consists of arthropod species with a chitin content (which is eliminated unchanged) of more than 50% of the total weight, and this may account for the poor exploitation of the trophic base.This species of fish may be considered as being detrimental to others (i.e. commercially important species) because of its successful competition for food, and not, as is often incorrectly assumed, because it is an aggressive consumer of their spawn and fry.     

不同品系尼罗罗非鱼致死低温的研究

在室内自然降温条件下，研究了三个品系尼罗罗非鱼（吉富品系，“７８”品系，“８８”品系）对低温的耐受力，计算得出每个品系的半致死低温，并对降温过程中尼罗罗非鱼行为活动的变化进行了观察。试验结果表明，在上海地区，当温度降低到１１℃时，罗非鱼开始死亡，到７．４℃时，全部死亡。吉富罗非鱼死亡温度范围是１１℃￣８．４℃，“７８”品系是９．８￣７．４℃，“８８”品系是１１℃￣７．４℃。对三个品系半致死低温的研     

Grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) grazing on duckweed (Spirodela polyrhiza)

The aims of this experiment were (1) toquantify the ability of grass carp to processduckweed and (2) to assess indirect changes inwater chemistry and phytoplankton community,caused by grass carp feeding. Yearling grass carp sized 126 ± 7.7 mm (TL) and19.6 g in weight were kept in 9 laminate tanksof 1 m³ for 14 days. Two stockingdensities (2 and 6 fish per m³) anda control without fish were used. Standard growthrate (SGR) of grass carp fed exclusively onduckweed was 0.70% body weight (BW) d^–1and food conversion ratio (FCR) reached 2.0(average water temperature =21.1 ± 3.8 °C). Daily food intakewas 0.2 g of duckweed dry weight (DW), i.e.,1% of average BW of grass carp. SGR ofduckweed growing in 20 × 20 cm floatingenclosures, differed significantly[F(6,2) = 417.9; p = 0.002] between the twostocking densities of grass carp and thecontrol tanks (without fish). Mean SGR ofduckweed was 0.02 g g^–1 day^–1 and thehighest SGR was recorded in the control tanks.Both decrease in NH₄-N and increase inNO₂-N concentrations differedsignificantly between the treatments[F(2,2) = 45.3; p = 0.02 and F(2,2) = 19.2; p = 0.04 respectively]. Changes in other nitrogenand phosphorus components (NO₃-N, TN, TPand PO₄-P) caused by stocking of grasscarp were not significant. Biomass ofphytoplankton, dominated by filamentous algaeand blue-greens, increased proportionately tostocking density of grass carp. Althoughduckweed has a large potential for nutrientremoval, the most common pathway for thenutrients released through grass carp grazingif duckweed cover is loose is theirincorporation into phytoplankton biomass.     

Extinction of Daphnia lumholtzi (Sars) in Lake Kinneret (Israel)

Daphnia lumholtzi (Sars) was found in Lake Kinneret until the late nineteen-fifties. Lake Kinneret was the northern-most limit of the distribution of this species. It is suggested that fingerlings of grey mullets and Sarotherodon aureus that were introduced into Lake Kinneret caused the extinction of D. lumholtzi.     

叶尔羌高原鳅胚胎发育与胚后发育观察

采用形态学和生态学方法,对叶尔羌高原鳅[Triplophysa(Hedinichthys)yarkandensis(Day)]胚胎发育和胚后发育阶段全过程进行观察、拍照并测量。结果显示:叶尔羌高原鳅,卵微黏性,略有沉性,受精卵呈卵圆形,卵径为(0.60±0.052)mm,在水温(20.0±1.0)℃下,历时65 h 34 min完成整个胚胎发育分为7个生理阶段过程;胚后发育主要根据卵黄囊、体色、鼓鳔和须的变化分为仔鱼期、稚鱼期、幼鱼期。初孵卵黄囊仔鱼全长(2.0±0.65)mm,出膜后7 d,卵黄囊吸收完毕,完全消失;初孵仔鱼继续培育至16日龄,仔鱼鳃盖后缘鼓鳔明显长出,须清晰可辨,体色加深,心脏红色素明显,体色与成体相似,标志后期仔鱼发育完全进入稚鱼期,此时鱼苗全长(8.0±0.45)mm;培育至30日龄,仔鱼鼓鳔完全,鳃盖张合明显,身体透明特征消失,稚鱼阶段完成发育进入幼鱼期,此时全长达(13.0±0.55)mm,其外部形态和生态习性均与成鱼相似。试验中,卵黄囊长度(LY)和出膜天数(D)的关系式:LY=0.0286D2–0.0636D+3.1196(R2=0.9050);用直线方程拟合卵黄囊长度(LY)和卵黄囊仔鱼全长(LT)的关系式:LY=–1.315LT+5.368(R2=0.8199);拟合卵黄囊仔鱼全长(LT)和出膜后仔稚鱼天数(D)的关系式:LT=–0.0263D2+0.5113D+1.6169(R2=0.9890)。本研究旨在通过了解叶尔羌高原鳅的早期发育特征为该物种的保护和增殖对策提供科学依据,并对其苗种生产提供理论指导。     

褐牙鲆(♀)×犬齿牙鲆(♂)杂交F1及其亲本肌肉营养成分分析与比较

褐牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)为东亚地区重要的海水养殖鱼类,在中国、日本和韩国海水养殖业中占有重要的地位.目前,褐牙鲆经过连续多代缺乏选择的人工繁育和养殖,造成养殖群体种质发生退化,生长速度和抗逆性下降,极大制约了牙鲆养殖业发展.以选育生长迅速、抗逆性强、饵料转化率高的牙鲆类养殖新品种为目的,作者对褐牙鲆(♀)×犬齿牙鲆(Paralichthys dentatus)(♂)的杂交育种进行了研究.本实验对褐牙鲆(♀)×犬齿牙鲆(♂)杂交F1及其亲本肌肉营养成分进行测定.结果显示,杂交F1含水率显著低于双亲(P＜0.05),粗蛋白含量显著高于双亲(P＜0.05),粗脂肪含量介于二者之间;杂交F1的氨基酸总量、必需氨基酸、非必需氨基酸、半必需氨基酸与鲜味氨基酸总量都显著高于褐牙鲆与犬齿牙鲆(P＜0.05);脂肪酸含量方面,脂肪酸总量、不饱和脂肪酸总量3种鱼由高到低排列顺序为褐牙鲆、犬齿牙鲆、杂交F1,三者饱和脂肪酸总量差异不显著(P＜0.05).对3种鱼肌肉的营养品质进行了评价,杂交F1的必需氨基酸指数EAAI(90.30)明显高于褐牙鲆(77.75)与犬齿牙鲆(79.34),在蛋白质品质上表现出一定杂种优势.上述结果表明,杂交F1的肌肉具有蛋白和氨基酸含量较高、脂肪酸含量较低的特点.     

Transmission of white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) from Dendronereis spp. (Peters) (Nereididae) to penaeid shrimp

Dendronereis spp. (Peters) (Nereididae) is a common polychaete in shrimp ponds built on intertidal land and is natural food for shrimp in traditionally managed ponds in Indonesia. White spot syndrome virus (WSSV), an important viral pathogen of the shrimp, can replicate in this polychaete (Desrina et al. 2013); therefore, it is a potential propagative vector for virus transmission. The major aim of this study was to determine whether WSSV can be transmitted from naturally infected Dendronereis spp. to specific pathogen‐free (SPF) Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone) through feeding. WSSV was detected in naturally infected Dendronereis spp. and Penaeus monodon Fabricius from a traditional shrimp pond, and the positive animals were used in the current experiment. WSSV‐infected Dendronereis spp. and P. monodon in a pond had a point prevalence of 90% and 80%, respectively, as measured by PCR. WSSV was detected in the head, gills, blood and mid‐body of Dendronereis spp. WSSV from naturally infected Dendronereis spp was transmitted to SPF L. vannamei and subsequently from this shrimp to new naïve‐SPF L. vannamei to cause transient infection. Our findings support the contention that Dendronereis spp, upon feeding, can be a source of WSSV infection of shrimp in ponds.     

Development of embryos in Mastacembelus mastacembelus (Bank & Solender, 1794) (Mesopotamian spiny eel) (Mastacembelidae)

In this study, the embryonic development of the eggs in the Mastacembelus mastacembelus (Bank & Solender, 1794) was examined. At the same time, possibilities of artificial breeding through artificial insemination were investigated. Artificial insemination was achieved by mixing the eggs of the mature female and sperm of the mature male samples caught with gill nets (22 × 22) in Ataturk Dam Lake in Turkey. To this end, first in a Petri dish (100 × 20), the testes were cut into small pieces with a lancet and the mixture of sperm–testes‐tissue was obtained. The fertilization rate of the eggs was found to be 80%. The diameter of the eggs ranged from 2.015to 1.147 mm. The perivitelline space formed 0.5 h after insemination. The first cleavage occurred at the animal pool 4 h after insemination. The oil droplets had fused to a single droplet 19 h after insemination. The blastoderm became an embryonic shield 30 h after insemination. The blastoderm covered almost half the egg 40 h after insemination and embryonic body was formed. The blastoderm covered almost the whole egg 50 h after insemination. Some somites were discernible 59 h after insemination. The embryonic body reached two‐third of the circumference of the egg 70 h after insemination. The tail bud began to separate from the yolk 77 h after insemination. A newly hatched larva was observed at 85 h after insemination.