Assessment of the uniformity of wheat and tomato varieties at DNA microsatellite loci

By analysing a number (20–38) of individuals from selected varieties of wheat and tomato, we have been able to assess intra-varietal uniformity at certain micro satellite (simple sequence repeat, SSR) loci. In total, 45 varieties of wheat were analysed at between 7–9 different SSR loci, and 10 varieties of tomato were analysed at six loci. The results showed that there was variation both between varieties and between microsatellites in the degree of non-uniformity observed, and it was possible to identify a number of different probable sources of non-uniformity. Twenty-four of the wheat varieties and nine of the tomato varieties were sufficiently uniform to meet the standards currently applied for distinctness, uniformity and stability (DUS) testing using phenotypic characteristics. The implications for the potential future use of SSRs in DUS testing are discussed. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

广西百色地区有机茶园中主要害虫发生规律及防治技术的研究

通过调查结果,广西百色地区有机茶园中主要病虫害的种类包括假眼小绿叶蝉、茶跗线螨、茶黄蓟马、茶蚜和茶饼病、茶炭疽病。假眼小绿叶蝉在4、7月份有两个发生高峰;茶跗线螨和茶黄蓟马早春发生较重。各种害虫都具有一定的趋嫩性,其中茶黄蓟马在茶树顶部的种群密度与其它位置差异显著。根据各病虫害的生物学习性,采取了强采及植物源药剂相结合等方法,起到了良好的防治效果。     

Effects of Zinc Deficiency and Drought on Grain Yield of Field-grown Wheat Cultivars in Central Anatolia

Drought stress and zinc (Zn) deficiency are serious abiotic stress factors limiting crop production in Turkey, especially in Central Anatolia. In this study, the effects of Zn deficiency and drought stress on grain yield of 20 wheat cultivars (16 bread wheat, Triticum aestivum; four durum wheat, Triticum durum cultivars) were investigated over 2 years under rainfed and irrigated conditions in Central Anatolia where drought and Zn deficiency cause substantial yield reductions. Plants were treated with (+Zn: 23 kg Zn ha⁻¹, as ZnSO₄·7H₂O) and without (−Zn) Zn under rainfed and irrigated conditions. Both Zn deficiency and rainfed treatments resulted in substantial decreases in grain yield. Significant differences were determined between both bread wheat and durum wheat cultivars in terms of drought stress tolerance. Considering drought sensitivity indices over 2 years, the bread wheat cultivars Yayla‐305, Gerek‐79, Dagdas‐94 and Bolal‐2973 were found to be more drought‐tolerant than the other cultivars under both −Zn and +Zn treatments. Especially the durum wheat cultivars Cakmak 79 and Selcuklu 97 showed much greater drought susceptibility under Zn deficiency, and irrigation alone was not sufficient to obtain satisfying grain yield without Zn application. The results indicate that sensitivity to Zn deficiency stress became more pronounced when plants were drought‐stressed. The effect of irrigation on grain yield was maximized when Zn was adequately supplied, leading to the suggestion that efficient water use in Central Anatolia seems to be highly dependent on the Zn nutritional status of plants.     

烟粉虱暴发成因与其治理技术研究

本文从烟粉虱生物学特性、寄主范围以及作物栽培和环境条件、防治现状等方面分析了近年来该虫在我国暴发的原因,在此基础上阐述了烟粉虱的综合治理措施。     

Agronomic and quality characteristics of old,modern and mixture wheat varieties and landraces for organic bread chain in diverse environments of northern Italy

Wheat landraces and old varieties could have an important role for food security not only as source of gene readily available for breeders, but also because they perform well in marginal environments and are more resilient as compared to the modern cultivars. The Italian cereal sector suffers from lack of seed companies that breed specifically adapted varieties for organic and biodynamic farms. Participatory and evolutionary plant breeding (PPB and EPB) have been used in this research to (i) evaluate the agronomic characteristics of old, modern and mixture of varieties and landrace of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum spp.) and their adaptability to organic farming in hilly and mountainous areas; (ii) assess the technological, nutritional and functional properties of grains (rheological characteristic, macro and micro elements contents and antioxidants); (iii) explore the consumers’ preferences for breads obtained by old and modern varieties. Between five and seven old (Sieve, Verna, Gentil Rosso, Andriolo, Gambo di ferro, Frassineto and Abbondanza), two mixtures and four modern (Bolero, Blasco, Arabia and Bologna) varieties were tested for two years in between two and three organic farms (FARM1, FARM2 and FARM3) in hilly areas of Piedmont. Agronomic characteristic were strongly affected by locations and years. On average, Bologna, Abbondanza and Arabia, and the two mixtures were the highest yielding varieties. Flour strength (W) varied greatly ranging from 230 in 2011 for Andriolo to 38 in 2012 for Gambo di ferro. Gluten quality, expressed by GI, was found to be almost within the optimal range but was affected by the year. All six bread samples were acceptable to the 233 consumers who scored them, but the bread produced with old wheat varieties, particularly with Andriolo and Gambo di Ferro, was the preferred one. The old varieties and their mixtures yielded less than the modern varieties but with higher stability as shown by the inability of the modern varieties in FARM1 to survive the winter (they were not harvested) while the old varieties reached maturity showing higher robustness, Therefore, the use of old bread wheat varieties and their mixture, assessed with participatory and evolutionary plant breeding, could represent a strategy for local communities to cope with climate change while improving food security and food quality.     

A classification of the NORIN 10 and Tom Thumb dwarfing genes in British,Mexican, Indian and other hexaploid bread wheat varieties

Summary The two semi-dwarfing genes Rht1 and Rht2 from Norin 10 have now been incorporated in successful varieties in use in most major wheat growing areas. The more potent dwarfing gene, Rht3, from Tom Thumb has been used in a limited way.These genes may be identified and classified by assessing the associated character of GA-insensitivity in the progeny from test crosses.This paper describes these classifications in the CIMMYT, Mexican, PBI, Cambridge and Indian breeding programmes and for a number of other international varieties.     

品种与栽培条件对小麦籽粒生物活性物质含量的影响

利用4个四川省主推小麦品种连续2年2地在不同施氮时期、施氮量、播期、施磷量条件下,测定小麦籽粒中生物活性物质植酸、γ–氨基丁酸、总酚含量的变化,期望找到提高小麦生物活性物质的含量合理的栽培措施。结果表明,影响小麦生物活性物质含量的主要因素是品种,施氮量、施氮时期、播期、施磷量等栽培措施只部分影响或不影响生物活性物质的含量。另外施氮量和施磷量的互作效应也会对生物活性物质含量产生显著影响。绵麦51的γ-氨基丁酸和总酚含量高于其他品种,抗营养物质植酸含量低于其他品种。在四川地区选用品种绵麦51,将150 kg hm~(–2)纯氮氮肥、75 kg hm~(–2) P_2O_5的磷肥全作底肥一次施用,于10月29日播种可获得生物活性物质含量最佳的小麦籽粒。     

普通小麦品种（系）籽粒的铁含量分布

为了初步调查和评价我国普通小麦品种籽粒铁蛋白含量的分布状况,从我国品种中筛选铁含量高的基因型,为下一步高铁小麦品种的培育奠定基础,本研究随机选取了83个不同的小麦栽培品种（系）,利用原子吸收分光光度法测量小麦籽粒中的铁含量。结果表明,这些品种的小麦籽粒铁含量变化范围较广,从5.64mg?kg-1到59.5mg?kg-1,平均值为30.13mg?kg-1,变异系数14.56,变异幅度比较大;籽粒铁含量为10～50mg?kg-1的品种占85.55%,而籽粒铁含量高于50mg/kg的仅占10.84%,在品种间呈现中间多、两头少的分布趋势;四月糙、金裹银、灰三糙等3个农家品种的铁含量超过了50mg?kg-1,说明在农家品种中存在着高铁含量的种质资源。农大3753等四个“有色”品种铁含量在40mg?kg-1左右,属于中高水平。     

基于SNP标记揭示我国小麦品种(系)的遗传多样性

为了解我国主要小麦品种(系)的遗传多样性,为亲本组配提供参考,利用90KSNP芯片技术对国内为主的240个小麦品种(系)进行全基因组扫描,分析其遗传多样性和遗传基础。结果表明,多态性SNP位点在B基因组最多, D基因组最最少,尤其4D上最少;在全基因组范围内PIC平均值为0.26。参试品种间平均遗传相似系数为0.656,变幅为0.133～0.998,且87.05%品种间遗传相似系数在0.60～0.78之间;国内西南麦区和长江中下游麦区小麦品种(系)间的平均相似系数较高,分别为0.718和0.712,国外品种(系)间的相似系数最低,为0.552。聚类分析将参试品种(系)划分为7个类群,大部分类群含有来自不同区域育成品种(系),主成分分析显示各区域育成的品种(系)相互交集,表明我国各省市间种质资源交流较为频繁,但部分单位育成的品种(系)遗传基础不够丰富,部分品种(系)间遗传相似性较高,在育种中亟待引入新的种质,拓宽遗传基础。     

山东省主推小麦品种品质性状的近红外光谱分析

摘 要：为给山东小麦品质育种亲本选配提供参考依据,本研究利用近红外光谱技术对山东近两年 25 个主推小麦品种的蛋白质含量、吸水率、面筋含量、形成时间和稳定时间进行检测,结果表明,蛋白质含量和面筋含量达到强筋麦标准的分别占 68% 和 64%,72.00% 小麦品种的形成时间和稳定时间达到中筋麦标准;10% 的小麦品种为强筋麦,90% 的小麦品种为中筋麦,没有检测到弱筋麦。     

Genotype × environment interactions in the expression of net blotch resistance in spring and winter barley varieties

The net blotch resistance of barley varieties widely grown in Denmark was studied using data obtained from naturally infected field plots and inoculated disease nurseries in multiple years and locations. Data were analysed by combining two statistical procedures, 1) joint regression (JR) and 2) additive main effect, multiplicative interactive effect analysis (AMMI). Of the total variation for net blotch disease severity, 61–81% could be explained by plant genotype (G) and environment (E) main effects. Of the remaining variation, 77–86% could be explained by significant G × E interactions that were due to genotype sensitivity to the mean environmental disease level and/or to specific reactions of individual genotypes in particular environments. G × E interactions led to a different ranking of varietal performance across environments. There was evidence for G × E interactions caused by the virulence characteristics of the initial inoculum sources. The spring barley varieties Alexis and Bartok and the winter barley varieties Jolante, Ludo, and Rafiki were identified as varieties with high levels of net blotch resistance in all environments. Their performance was little affected by G × E interactions, suggesting that they represent good sources for non-specific resistance. Combining JR and AMMI reduced the dimensionality of complex G × E problems greatly, identified systematic reaction patterns of varieties possibly pertaining to different resistance mechanisms, and described specific and non-specific resistance of varieties by means of few parameters while maintaining the possibility to reconstruct the original data with little loss of information. This is very useful for improving the evaluation of varietal resistance for breeding and disease management purposes. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

内蒙古平原灌区“春麦冬播”种植效应及品种适应性

针对内蒙古春播小麦生育期短、干热风、高温逼熟等因素制约产量提高,且收获后光温资源极大浪费的现状,以及试种冬小麦发现的冬季冻害、春季干旱或"倒春寒"影响返青率及前茬限制等问题,本研究以"春麦冬播"种植模式为切入点,采用不同春化类型小麦品种,通过连续2年的田间试验,系统研究了不同小麦品种越冬出苗、叶片生理、根系性状及产量形成的差异,以期筛选适宜冬播的小麦品种。结果表明:供试的全部春性小麦品种及部分冬性品种可以以种子形式完成春化作用,第2年正常抽穗成熟。冬播条件下春季田间出苗率较春播小麦有所降低,但根系发达,对低温及干旱的适应性强。通过系统聚类筛选出适宜内蒙古平原灌区冬播的3个小麦品种,包括春性品种永良4号、冬性品种宁冬11号和半冬性品种河农7106,其共同特征为越冬出苗率高、抗逆性强、根系发达、产量表现较高,其中永良4号产量可达到与春播相同的水平。     

Plant damage after freezing, and the frost resistance of varieties from the facultative and winter wheat observation nurseries

In the first experiments, studies were made on the survival % of fourwinter wheat varieties with good frost resistance and two with poor frostresistance, and on the degree of plant damage after freezing at –14 ^°C and –16 ^°C under phytotron conditions. In the secondexperiment the frost resistance of the varieties included in the 9^thFacultative and Winter Wheat Observation Nurseries (FAWWON) wasdetermined after freezing in the phytotron at – 15 ^°C. The scoresgave a good reflection of the variety ranking determined on the basis ofsurvival % and of the different effects of the two freezing temperatures. Onthe basis of the scores, the plants were divided into two groups for eachtreatment and each variety: plants which suffered frost damage (a score of2–3), and plants which suffered no frost damage (a score of 4–5).Twenty plants from each group were raised to maturity in pots. Theyield parameters of plants damaged by freezing at – 14 ^°C werereduced to a lesser extent than those frozen at –16 ^°C. Of the eightparameters tested, the reduction in the number of ears per plant andconsequently in the number of grains in the side ears, the grain mass andthe total grain yield, gave the clearest indication of the extent of plantdamage. The results of the second experiment indicated that in some casesthe frost resistance of the varieties could be predicted from the wheatproduction zone (e.g. varieties from Eastern Europe and Nebraska haveexcellent frost resistance), while in other zones winter hardiness and frostresistance depended rather on the country or on the breeding location.     

基因型和环境对小麦产量、品质和氮素效率的影响

以不同基因型的小麦品种(13个强筋小麦品种和2个中筋小麦品种),不同试验地点(馆陶、宁晋、藁城)和不同施氮水平(0、180、240和300 kg hm^–2)的田间试验,综合分析基因型、环境对小麦产量、品质、氮肥利用率的影响,以期为优质强筋小麦品种选育、栽培调控及高产提质增效的协同目标提供科学依据。研究表明,不同小麦品种产量在9289～10,088 kg hm^–2之间,强筋小麦品种平均产量9548 kg hm^–2,比中筋小麦品种减产3.1%。藁城、宁晋、馆陶三地的产量分别达9932、9433和9223kghm^–2。不同小麦品种籽粒蛋白质均值14.5%,湿面筋28.5%,沉淀指数39.5mL,稳定时间15.4 min,拉伸能量87.5 cm2,最大拉伸阻力428.8 BU。藁优5218、藁优5766、冀麦738、科农2009、师栾02-1、藁优2018、冀麦867综合品质表现较好。馆陶和宁晋的小麦品质性状相对较好,藁城的品质较差。氮肥利用率随施氮量增加呈降低趋势, N180处理的氮肥农学效率、氮肥吸收利用效率、氮肥生理利用率最高,依次为4.3 kg kg^–1、26.2%、16.6 kg kg^–1。兼顾产量、品质、效率三方面,藁城适宜种植品种有冀麦738、冀麦867、师栾02-1;宁晋有师栾02-1、科农2009、冀麦738;馆陶有藁优5766、藁优2018、师栾02-1。综合考虑小麦产量、籽粒品质和氮素利用率, 180 kg hm^–2为本研究条件下的最佳施氮量。     

小麦主栽品种济麦22与良星99的基因组序列多态性比较分析

Jimai 22 and Liangxing 99 are high-yield wheat varieties widely planted in the North Huang-Huai Rivers Valley Winter Wheat Zone and Northern Winter Wheat Zone in China, and are currently used as important parents in wheat breeding programs. Although the origins and pedigrees of Jimai 22 and Liangxing 99 are different, they are highly similar in many important agronomic traits, yield-associated traits, and so on. To identify the genomic differences between the two varieties, we performed whole-genome sequencing using the Illumina HiSeq2500 platform, with an average sequencing depth of 5.8×. We aligned the raw sequencing data against the Chinese Spring reference genome and identified the difference of copy-number variation (CNV) regions, single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and InDels in sequence between the two varieties. Lengths of 466 Mb CNV intervals were shared by the two varieties. The lengths of cultivar-specific CNV intervals in Jimai 22 and Liangxing 99 were 91 Mb and 45 Mb, respectively, and these intervals are mainly located on chromosomes 2B and 4B. Beyond the CNV intervals, 1,547,371 SNPs and 137,817 InDels were different between the two cultivars. Based on the distribution of SNP densities in the intervals, we identified the polymorphic hotspot regions on chromosomes 1D, 2B, and 4B, making up 14.2% of the whole genome. The sequences of five previous cloned dwarf genes and spike length related genes were investigated, and two genes located in the polymorphic hotspot regions were detected with the frame shift variations. This study provides an important guidance for evaluating the genetic differences between two wheat varieties in the genomic level, and also identified both genetic similarity regions and polymorphic hotspot regions between Jimai 22 and Liangxing 99, which provided a valuable genetic information for future genetic improvement utilizing Jimai 22 and Liangxing 99 as parents.     

Identification of GA-insensitive Rht genes in Japanese modern varieties and landraces of wheat

Summary GA-insensitive Rht genes of 18 Japanese modern varieties and landraces were identified. Out of 12 modern varieties tested 6 carried only Rht1, and the other 6 carried only Rht2. No varieties carried both Rht1 and Rht2 or Rht3. The geographical distribution of the Rht genotypes in the Japanese modern varieties was clearly localized. All 6 landraces tested carried only Rht2.     

Assessment of EST- and genomic microsatellite markers for variety discrimination and genetic diversity studies in wheat

It is likely that in the near future sequence information from sequencing programmes and EST libraries will generate an abundance of genic microsatellite markers. This study is focused on the assessment of their likely impact and performance vis-à-vis their genomic counterparts. Microsatellites from two sources were used to assess the genetic diversity in 56 old and new varieties of bread wheat on the UK Recommended List. A set of 12 microsatellite markers generated from genomic libraries and 20 expressed sequence tag (EST)-derived microsatellites were used in the study, and the performance of both marker sets assessed. The EST-derived or genic microsatellites delivered fingerprints of superior quality, amplifying clear products with few stutter bands. Diversity levels as revealed bygenic microsatellites are similar to the few published results. The PIC values for the genic markers were generally lower than those calculated for the genomic microsatellites, though advantages of both marker classes for variety identification applications are discussed. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effect of two wheat genotypes and Swedish environment on falling number, amylase activities, and protein concentration and composition

Variation in falling number, amylase activities, protein concentration and composition were investigated in two wheat cultivars grown in Sweden over two seasons, in four locations, with four N fertilizer rates, with and without fungicide treatment. The results showed that;

Geographic distribution of Vrn-genes in landraces and improved varieties of spring bread wheat

Summary A study of the global Vrn-genes distribution supports the hypothesis that these loci have different breeding values. Evident zonal differences were discovered in percentage of dominant Vrn-genes and genotypes between the sets of varieties from various locations. For the same zone analogous differences were not so manifested between the sets of local and improved varieties. It showed the similar environmental fitness of those sets as a result of natural or artificial selection. Obvious changes in distribution of Vrn-genes were discovered in the history of breeding. Within this century the dominant Vrn3 was introgressed into many modern varieties of countries close to the equator. The main direction of such introgression ran from the Japanese landrace Akakomugi to Italian varieties. Later it came from Italy through Mentana to Mexican semidwarf varieties, and the last ones (especially Sonora 64 and Lerma Rojo 64) promoted wide distribution of that gene all over the world.     

Genetic control of aluminum tolerance in mutant lines of the wheat cultivar Anahuac

The behavior of 17 gamma irradiation mutant lines derived from the aluminum sensitive wheat cultivar `Anahuac' was compared with two sensitive and three tolerant cultivars in nutritent solutions containing seven Al<sup>3+</sup> concentrations (0; 0.5; 1; 2; 4; 6 and10 mg/liter), at a temperature of 25 <sup>°</sup>C and 4.0 pH. Tolerance was measured by the continued growth of the primary roots in a solution without aluminum after 48 hours in a solution containing a known concentration of aluminum. 14 mutant lines were as tolerant to the presence of 10 mg/liter of Al<sup>3+</sup> in the treatment solutions as were the tolerant `BH-1146', `IAC-60' and `IAC-24' cultivars. Two mutant lines were tolerant and one was sensitive to the presence of 1 mg/liter of Al³⁺, while the cultivars `Siete Cerros' and `Anahuac' were sensitive to 1 and 0.5 mg/liter Al³⁺ in the solutions, respectively. F₂ seedlings, obtained from cross among one sensitive and twelve tolerant mutant lines to the sensitive cultivars (`Siete Cerros' or `Anahuac') and the tolerant cultivars (`BH-1146' or `IAC-24') were assessed for tolerance to 2 mg/liter Al³⁺ in nutritient solutions. The twelve tolerant mutant lines and the tolerant `IAC-60' and `IAC-24' cultivars differed from the sensitive `Siete Cerros' or `Anahuac' cultivars by one pair of dominant alleles. The results indicated that tolerance in the induced mutants was due to a single pair of dominant alleles and that these alleles expressed the same tolerance as `BH-1146' and `IAC-24' cultivars. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.