杂色鲍群体间杂交的杂种优势分析

杂色鲍（Haliotis diversicolor）是中国南方主要的鲍养殖种类,近年来“东优1号”杂色鲍因较高的成活率优势已在产业上得到越来越广泛的推广养殖.该研究采用3×3完全双列杂交的方式,对杂色鲍“东优1号”群体、杂色鲍古雷群体和杂色鲍越南群体3个群体自繁与杂交后代的养殖性能进行跟踪,并对其杂种优势进行评估.结果表明,3个群体自繁后代的生长速度和成活率上存在显著差异（P＜0.05）,同时3个组合的生长速度与成活率的双亲杂种优势率值均不高,且2个单亲杂种优势率值之间有显著差异（P＜0.05）.     

Growth of the abalone Haliotis diversicolor (Reeve) fed with macroalgae in floating net cage and plastic tank

The abalone Haliotis diversicolor (Reeve) or ‘tokobushi’ is being cultured in Kagoshima, southern Japan for stock enhancement of fishing grounds. However, with decreasing catches from the wild some fishermen's group may eventually resort to rearing tokobushi until of marketable size. Growth experiments of tokobushi fed macroalgae in floating net cage and plastic tanks were conducted to evaluate the influence of culture system, macroalgal food, age and water temperature on their culture. In floating net cage, marketable sizes were obtained at the age of 457–822‐day old (15–27‐month old) with highest growth rate of 2.36% g day^?1 and 0.21 mm day^?1. One advantage of the plastic tank culture system was that the tokobushi shell remained clean throughout the culture period. Macroalgal food affected the growth rate; Sargassum fusiforme (Setchell)‐ and Ulva pertusa (Kjellman)‐fed tokobushi were better than Meristotheca papulosa (Montagne)‐fed. Further, 1‐year‐old tokobushi had better growth performance and condition index than the 2‐year‐old cohort, and growth rates were higher at 17°C than at 12°C. These findings should help tokobushi farmers design their mariculture scheme considering both economic and environmental aspects.     

光照强度对九孔鲍幼虫及幼鲍生长存活的影响

在自然光周期下，分别在高温长光照和低温短光照的两个节季节，采用控制光照强度的方法进行对九孔鲍幼虫及幼鲍50d左右培育的小型试验。结果表明，光照强度对附着基上摄食微藻的幼虫及幼鲍生长和存活等有重要的影响。对幼虫及幼鲍最适宜的光照强度，在高温长光照下为700－1200lx，在低温短光照下为1300－2000lx。选用适宜的光照强度在高温长光照和低温短光照下先后进行了3次经量育苗试验，获得了与小型试验相同的结果。     

理化因子对杂色鲍血蓝蛋白酚氧化酶活性影响的研究

以邻苯二酚为底物研究部分理化因子对杂色鲍（Haliotis diversicolor）血蓝蛋白酚氧化酶活性的影响。结果表明,血蓝蛋白酚氧化酶活性最适温度34℃、最适pH6．4;铜离子（Cu^2＋）能极其显著增强血蓝蛋白的酚氧化酶活性,增强率为264％,而乙二胺四乙酸二钠（EDTA）、镁离子（Mg^2＋）和锌离子（Zn^2＋）则能极其显著地抑制其活性,EDTA的抑制效率最高,抑制率为52．8％,Mg^2＋和Zn^2＋的抑制率分别为27．8％和25％。钙离子（Ca^2＋）对血蓝蛋白酚氧化酶活性影响不显著。     

不同单胞藻饵料培养九孔鲍早期稚贝的研究

以单种培养的6种底栖硅藻和具有底栖习性的亚心形扁藻(Platymoras sp.)为饵料,培养九孔鲍(Haliotis diversi-color supertexta)受精后12 d的早期稚贝并观察其生长和存活,培养期为28 d,目的是筛选能维持早期稚贝高存活率和生长率的藻种。实验结果表明,培养稚贝成活率最高的3个藻种由大到小依次是爪哇曲壳藻亚缢变种(Achnanthes javanica var.)、流水双眉藻(Amphora fluninensis)和亚历山大菱形藻(Nitzschia alexandrina),使稚贝生长最快的3个藻种由大到小依次是流水双眉藻、爪哇曲壳藻亚缢变种和亚历山大菱形藻。研究结果揭示了适宜的底栖硅藻种类对鲍早期稚贝阶段生长和存活的重要性。个体小或者胞外产物量大的藻类很可能对九孔鲍早期稚贝的培养是有利的。     

“东优1号”杂色鲍及其亲本群体的形态特征和养殖性能比较

以杂交种东优1号杂色鲍及其亲本群体为研究对象,对三者的外形特征和养殖性能进行了比较。结果表明,在壳形和密度相关的参数中,壳宽/壳长指标差异最为显著,日本群体的壳宽/壳长指标显著地大于台湾群体(P<0.05),而东优1号的值则介于双亲群体之间。采用海区延绳式吊养和陆地工厂化养殖两种养成模式,分别在福建、广东和海南对东优1号杂色鲍及其亲本群体进行为期一年的养殖对比试验。结果表明,杂色鲍台湾群体受养成期暴发性死亡症的严重影响,存活率极低;日本群体虽然具有较好的抗病能力,但生长速度却显著慢于东优1号和台湾群体;东优1号杂色鲍的生长速度和存活率在3个实验点都表现出较为显著的优势。研究结果表明东优1号杂色鲍是适合在亚热带和热带地区进行养殖的优良鲍新品种。     

九孔鲍幼鲍生长性状的遗传参数估计

采用不平衡巢式设计方法和人工授精技术,1个父本配3个母本,建立九孔鲍(Haliotis diversicolor super-texta)12个半同胞家系和36个全同胞家系.在40日龄、120日龄、180日龄、240日龄时分别对所建36家系个体测量壳长,壳宽与体质量.采用单性状约束最大似然法(Restricted Maximum Likelihood Method, REML)估计九孔鲍(Haliotis diversicolor supertexta)各阶段体质量,壳宽与壳长性状的遗传参数.结果表明,九孔鲍幼鲍在40、120、180、240日龄时壳长遗传力估计值为(0.13±0.09)~(0.56±0.15),壳宽遗传力估计值为(0.13±0.06)~(0.62±0.13),体质量遗传力估计值为(0.18±0.15)~(0.26±0.08),均属于中等遗传力.另外,从性状的表型相关与遗传相关可以得出,九孔鲍稚鲍在不同日龄壳长、壳宽与体质量的表型相关和遗传相关均为正相关(P≤0.05).表型相关系数为0.66~0.94,遗传相关系数为0.85~0.98,研究结果表明,以3个主要生长性状之一作为选育目标,均能达到遗传改良的目的.     

九孔鲍血清凝集素凝集作用的研究

试验表明九孔鲍血清中存在凝集素,可以凝集多种脊椎动物和人各型的血细胞,尤其对兔血细胞有很高的凝集效价(28)。该凝集素具有一定的热稳定性,40~50℃处理20 m in,其凝集活性稳定,70℃以上处理20 m in,凝集效价完全被破坏;pH 6~12凝集活性均保持最高值;Ca2 、Mg2 和ED-TA不影响其凝集活力;盐度对凝集活性影响不大,盐度为6~48,凝集活性一致;乳糖、D-甘露糖、D-果糖、D-半乳糖、D-葡萄糖、蔗糖、木糖、麦芽糖、L-鼠李糖和山梨糖等10种糖对其不产生凝集抑制作用。     

杂色鲍在高密度养殖条件下的生长速率

本文报道了在人工高密度养殖条件下,杂色鲍（Ｈａｌｉｏｔｉｓｄｉｖｅｒｓｉｃｏｌｏｒ）的相对生长率、特定生长率及生长速度与饵料、水温等环境因子的关系。结果表明,杂色鲍的饵料系数为１３．６６,饵料转化率为０．０７３２,增重倍数为６．０３。体重与体长生长速率（７～１２月）关系式为Ｗ＝０．３０３９Ｌ－６．１８８７。     

杂色鲍野生群体与养殖群体自交和杂交子一代的RAPD分析

杂色鲍野生群体和养殖群体分别自交和杂交产生野生鲍自繁F1代(WW)、养殖鲍自繁子代(CC)、正交子一代(W♀×C♂,简称WC)和反交子一代(C♀×W♂,简称CW)4个群体,采用RAPD分析4个群体遗传特性。就多态位点比例、Nei基因多样性值和Shannon信息指数而言,WW群体比CC群体高;杂交群体WC的值分别为88.76%、0.3246和0.4811,比其余群体都要高,与群体WW最接近;另一杂交子代群体CW除多态位点比例比群体CC高外,其余参数均为最低。群体间的遗传距离分析表明,WW与各群体的遗传距离都较大,其中与CC群体的遗传距离最大,为0.0849,与两个杂交群体间的遗传距离分别为0.0772(CW)和0.0671(WC);CC群体与两个杂交群体间的遗传距离都较小,分别为0.0610(与CW)和0.0597(与WC);杂交子代间的遗传距离为0.0600;杂交群体WC与WW的遗传距离大于与CC的遗传距离,CW与WW的遗传距离也大于与CC间的遗传距离,两个杂交群体与亲本的遗传距离不对等,偏向养殖亲本。     

九孔鲍育苗池附着基上底栖微藻群落及其多样性

2006年9月14至10月26日对福建省漳浦县下蔡九孔鲍(Haliotis diversicolor supertexta)育苗池进行定点采样。检测结果共鉴定底栖微藻24属62种,其中硅藻21属59种,绿藻、蓝藻和褐藻各1种。附着基上底栖微藻的优势种有12种,全部为硅藻,如盾卵形藻微小变种(Cocconeis scutellum var.parva)、小形舟形藻(Navicula parva)、咖啡双眉藻(Amphora coffeaeformis)、琴式菱形藻(Nitzschia panduriformis)等。优势种的优势度突出。常见种有25种,少见种有27种。优势种和常见种多是能够适应底栖环境的种类。附着基上底栖微藻种类及多样性指数育苗早期波动大,后期逐渐稳定,底栖微藻多样性指数平均为0.980～1.959,结果表明,底栖微藻群落结构的演变与鲍幼体摄食活动有很大的相关性。     

杂色鲍与九孔鲍消化酶活力的比较

对人工养殖的、不同体长的杂色鲍与九孔鲍消化酶活力大小进行了研究。酶学分析表明,无论是杂色鲍还是九孔鲍,其纤维素酶随着鲍的体长的增大活性逐渐增强;淀粉酶随着其体长的增大活性逐渐减弱;脂肪酶活性均很小;九孔鲍的纤维素酶活力和淀粉酶活力均大于相同体长的杂色鲍。     

Divergent selection for shell length in two stocks of small abalone Haliotis diversicolor

To determine whether genetic improvement can be attained through a selective breeding programme, divergent selection for shell length was applied to two stocks of Haliotis diversicolor. Stock A was descended from the cross between males from a Japanese wild population and females from a Taiwan aquacultured population and Stock B was from the Taiwan cultured population, which had been successively cultured in mainland China for about 10 generations. The 10% largest and 10% smallest abalones for each of these two stocks were selected as parents for the large‐selected and small‐selected lines respectively. Equal numbers of abalone were randomly chosen from the two stocks to serve as parents for the control lines before the selection. The selected and control lines were reared under the same conditions at early juvenile, later juvenile and grow‐out stages. Stock A showed a significantly higher response to selection and realized heritability than Stock B (P<0.01). The large‐selected line of Stock A and Stock B grew 12.79% and 4.58% faster than their control lines on shell length respectively. The average realized heritability for shell length was 0.441±0.064 for Stock A and 0.113±0.013 for Stock B. Responses to selection were different at different ages in each stock and the body weights of the selected lines were significantly different from the control lines in both stocks at the grow‐out stage. Asymmetric responses to selection in the two directions were also observed in both stocks. Differences in response to selection and realized heritability between the two stocks are presumably due to genetic variability.     

三倍体九孔鲍的育种和养成技术研究

当 5 0 %九孔鲍受精卵出现第一极体后 ,以 6 -DMAP为诱导剂 ,用不同的浓度和不同的持续时间抑制第二极体的释放诱导三倍体 ;并进行了生产性苗种培育和养成试验。结果表明 ,6 -DMAP的诱导浓度为30 0μmol·dm-3 、诱导持续时间为 10min时 ,其胚胎的三倍体率为 90 %以上 ,并且胚胎的孵化率高达 85 % ,幼体的畸形率较低 ,为 5 0 %～ 5 5 % ;经过 7个月培育 ,试验组养成鲍的三倍体率为 6 5 %以上 ;试验组养成鲍的平均壳长比对照组增长 10 % ,平均体重比对照组增重 30 %。与二倍体鲍相比较 ,三倍体鲍在壳长增长和体重增重等方面 ,显示了显著的优势 [t>t0 .0 1( 58) ]。     

杂色鲍与九孔鲍种质资源研究进展

杂色鲍和九孔鲍是我国南方鲍养殖业的主要对象,九孔鲍与杂色鲍的分类关系,学术界一直存在着不同看法。文章综述了我国杂色鲍和九孔鲍在形态学、染色体核型、生化遗传学及分子遗传学方面种质研究的主要进展,得出二者间差异属于种群差异,台湾的九孔鲍和大陆的杂色鲍的种质差异达不到亚种水平的结论。提出了自己的观点,并提出了合理引种及保护原种的建议。     

Discrimination and abundance estimation of wild and released abalone Haliotis diversicolor using stable carbon and oxygen isotope analysis in north-eastern Taiwan

The discrimination between wild and released Taiwan abalone Haliotis diversicolor was performed by stable carbon isotope analysis. Abalone samples were collected from Mao Aw Gulf in north-eastern Taiwan. Live abalone and dead shells were collected by divers with an 80 × 80 cm frame. The densities and amounts of wild and released abalone, as well as the survival rates of released abalone, in 1997 and 1998 were estimated. The age of the specimens was also determined from the specific temperature of each month and the inverse relationship between oxygen isotope values and temperatures. Results show that examining stable isotopic profiles proves to be a practical and feasible method for stock discrimination as well as density and abundance estimation. These data would be helpful in assessing the success of abalone culture and release programs, which aim to enhance this valuable marine resource.     

氟苯尼考对杂色鲍脓疱病的实验药效研究

室内通过浸浴、创伤或注射方式对杂色鲍幼鲍以病原菌MyroidesodoratusNPB03菌株人工感染脓疱病,探讨新型抗菌药物氟苯尼考(florfenicol)在不同浓度下药浴对脓疱病的治疗效果。结果显示健康杂色鲍浸浴方式不能感染,而腹足创伤感染较注射方式引起明显的脓疱病症状,对创伤感染用氟苯尼考6μg·mL-1浓度药浴可明显降低死亡率,但对注射感染需10μg·mL-1浓度才可有效控制感染所致的死亡,结果表明对已被病原细菌感染的鲍应施用较高浓度的药物处理才有效。     

皱纹盘鲍4个养殖群体杂交子代生长与存活状况比较

为利用杂种优势培育皱纹盘鲍(Haliotis discus hannai)优良新品种,本研究以4个不同养殖群体[黄岛(HD)、荣成(RC)、日本(JP)、大连(DL)]的皱纹盘鲍为亲本,设计4×4完全双列杂交,建立了4个自交家系和12个正反杂交家系,在利用微卫星标记进行亲子鉴定的基础上,对各家系的F1在1、5、13、17月龄时的生长性状、杂种优势率、生长速度和存活情况进行比较,分析杂交效应。结果表明,在各个生长阶段均有部分杂交家系与自交家系相比表现出显著的生长优势;HDRC、HDDL和JPDL家系的生长速度较高;HDDL、HDJP、RCDL、JPRC及RCHD家系有着较高的存活率;在杂种优势方面,HDRC、HDDL与DLHD家系在各生长参数与生长速度上有明显的杂种优势,HDDL、RCDL、DLHD家系在存活率上表现出明显的杂种优势。本研究筛选出的具有优势的交配组合,可作为皱纹盘鲍生产上种苗来源的参考,也为利用杂种优势培育皱纹盘鲍新品种提供了基础资料。