视觉空间注意定向对数学学优生与 学困生数字加工SNARC效应的影响

采用内源性和外源性注意定向实验范式,材料为1~9的阿拉伯数字,以判断目标数字奇偶为任务,考察视觉空间注意定向对数学学优生与学困生数字加工SNARC效应的影响,结果发现:1)内源性和外源性注意定向条件下,与数学学困生相比,学优生在数字判断加工任务中的反应时更短;2)内源性有效线索提示条件下,数学优、困生均表现出显著的SNARC效应,但内源性无效线索提示条件下,只有学优生的SNARC效应明显,而数学学困生的SNARC效应不显著;3)外源性有效线索提示条件下,学优生表现出显著的SNARC效应,但外源性无效线索提示条件下,学优生的SNARC效应不明显,而学困生无论是在外源性有效线索提示还是在无效线索提示条件下的SNARC效应均不显著.     

学校教育中的性别刻板印象对学生发展的影响

性别刻板印象是指人们对男性和女性在行为、个性特征等方面予以的归纳、概括和总结,它直接会影响到男性和女性的知觉、归因、动机、行为以及不同职业的选择。并在一定程度上反映了男女社会角色的不合理现实。同时使这种不合理现实合理化,固定化。从性别的视角时学校教育进行认真的审视和省思,揭示和剖析教育领域中阻碍性别平等的性别刻板印象及其产生的影响,努力寻求和探索学校教育促进性别平等的有效途径和方式,是有着重要的理论和现实意义的。     

情绪对注意的影响:基于注意网络的分析

虽然已有研究一致地发现情绪对注意有影响,但对于情绪影响注意的机制目前尚不清楚.为了揭示情绪对注意影响的机制,实验基于注意网络模型和修改的注意网络测试(attention network test,ANT)对情绪如何影响注意进行了研究.实验通过诱发被试的正、中、负三种情绪,考察了不同情绪状态下警觉、定向、执行控制网络的效率,结果发现:负性情绪下注意网络的警觉效应最大,说明情绪对注意的影响是通过影响注意的警觉功能来实现.     

内源性注意和外源性注意条件下线索提示有效性对数字距离效应的影响

采用内源性和外源性注意实验范式,考察了内源性和外源性注意不同注意条件下线索提示有效性对数字加工距离效应的影响,材料为小数(1～4)和大数(6～9)的阿拉伯数字,以判断数字是否比5大为任务,结果发现:①内源性注意条件下,当线索提示有效性为80%时,注意和非注意条件下,大、小数都出现了距离效应;当线索提示有效性为50%时,注意条件下,大、小数都出现了距离效应,但非注意条件下,只有小数出现了距离效应,大数的距离效应明显减弱或消失;②外源性注意条件下,无论线索提示有效性为80%还是50%,注意和非注意条件下,大、小数均出现了距离效应.     

内源性注意和外源性注意条件下SOA变化对SNARC效应的影响

以判断数字奇偶为任务,材料为1-9的阿拉伯数字,采用内源性和外源性注意实验范式,考察内源性和外源性线索不同注意条件下SOA对空间数字编码SNARC效应的影响.结果发现:①在内源性线索条件下,随着SOAs增加,SNARC效应逐渐增大,当SOA为900 ms时,SNARC效应最明显;②在外源性线索奈件下,当SOA为300 ms时,SNARC效应最显著,随着SOAs增加,SNARC效应运渐减小.结果表明内源性注意和外源性注意在时间进程发展上的特性时SNARC效应具有显著影响.     

新农村建设中重塑农村社会性别文化的实践性思考——以“妇”字号基地为切入点

建立在传统婚居模式,养老和继承习俗,传统刻板的两性分工等父权制基础上的以男性为中心的社会性别文化仍深嵌在农村社区和农民家庭日常生活及社会关系之中.在以“妇”字号基地为切入点推进农村妇女组织化的进程中,多角度介入社会性别运行机制各环节,对于弱化传统婚居模式对女性发展的影响,凸显女性价值和提升社会地位,挑战传统分工和社会对女性的评价体系产生重要影响,对推进以男女平等为核心的先进社会性别文化具有重要作用.     

基于社会性别视角下高校图书馆女性馆员职业发展调查分析

基于社会性别的视角,从传统性别观念、职业性别隔离、性别角色刻板印象、高校图书馆“家庭后院”4个角度,深入探讨高校图书馆女性馆员在社会性别文化背景下阻碍职业发展的原因,提出通过弘扬先进的性别文化、强化女性主体意识、提升图书馆地位、健全有效激励机制等途径消除这一障碍.     

性别刻板化人名推测判断中的冲突效应

采用事件相关电位（ERP）技术探讨了性别固定化人名及其代词（他或她）推测判断的脑内时程动态变化.结果发现：在350~500 ms内,“不一致”反应比“一致”反应诱发了一个更正的晚期ERP成分,在差异波（不一致-一致）中该正成分的峰值潜伏期约为400 ms左右（P400）.差异波的地形图表明,P400主要在额顶部有明显的激活.偶极子溯源分析的结果显示,P400主要起源于扣带前回（ACC）（BA32/24）附近,可能反映了个体在性别刻板化人名与其不一致性别代词（她/他）发生冲突时的认知控制过程.另外还发现,不仅仅职业具有性别刻板化现象,在名字中也存在性别刻板化效应.     

性别刻板化人名推测判断中的冲突效应

采用事件相关电位(ERP)技术探讨了性别固定化人名及其代词(他或她)推测判断的脑内时程动态变化. 结果发现: 在350～500 ms内, "不一致"反应比"一致"反应诱发了一个更正的晚期ERP成分, 在差异波(不一致-一致)中该正成分的峰值潜伏期约为400 ms左右(P400). 差异波的地形图表明, P400主要在额顶部有明显的激活. 偶极子溯源分析的结果显示, P400主要起源于扣带前回(ACC) (BA32/24)附近, 可能反映了个体在性别刻板化人名与其不一致性别代词(她/他)发生冲突时的认知控制过程. 另外还发现, 不仅仅职业具有性别刻板化现象, 在名字中也存在性别刻板化效应.     

高低工作记忆容量个体脱离注意捕获的时间差异

从工作记忆容量(WMC)这一个体差异角度研究工作记忆对视觉搜索具有的注意导向作用.低WMC的个体更易受干扰刺激的影响,易被与工作记忆内容相匹配的项目所吸引;高WMC的个体更易进行认知控制.根据个体的WMC测试结果区分为高、低WMC两组,探讨他们在脱离注意捕获效应上的时间差异.考察了搜索延迟时间为0,150,300ms时不同WMC个体是否发生注意捕获的脱离,以及搜索延迟时间为300 ms和600 ms时不同WMC个体在脱离捕获效应上是否存在差异.结果表明:1高、低WMC个体在0,150,300ms均出现注意捕获效应,未发生注意捕获的脱离;2对于低WMC个体,在300ms和600ms仍出现注意的自动捕获效应,未发生注意脱离;3但对于高WMC,在延迟时间为300ms时,未发生注意捕获的脱离;在延迟时间为600ms时,已经出现了脱离现象.研究表明,在加工的早期阶段高WMC对脱离注意捕获不起作用;在后期加工阶段,高WMC有利于脱离注意捕获效应,为注意抑制效应创造条件.     

Don't look back in anger! Responsiveness to missed chances in successful and nonsuccessful aging

Life-span theories explain successful aging with an adaptive management of emotional experiences like regret. As opportunities to undo regrettable situations decline with age, a reduced engagement into these situations represents a potentially protective strategy to maintain well-being in older age. Yet, little is known about the underlying neurobiological mechanisms supporting this claim. We used a multimodal psychophysiological approach in combination with a sequential risk-taking task that induces the feeling of regret and investigated young as well as emotionally successfully and unsuccessfully (i.e., late-life depressed) aged participants. Responsiveness to regret was specifically reduced in successful aging paralleled by autonomic and frontostriatal characteristics indicating adaptive shifts in emotion regulation. Our results suggest that disengagement from regret reflects a critical resilience factor for emotional health in older age.     

Gender power in Kenyan dairy: cows,commodities, and commercialization

In Western Kenya, smallholder dairy production is becoming incrementally commercialized through the commodification and sale of milk through formal market channels. While commercialization is often construed as a way to boost rural livelihoods through increased income from milk, emerging evidence suggests that married women are not directly benefiting from formal milk market participation. This critical issue of gender power imbalance has been framed by development interventions in economic efficiency and social justice perspectives, but thus far interventions in the sector have not addressed how underlying social-market mechanisms embedded in gendered ideology influence smallholder engagement in dairy commercialization. Drawing on feminist theories of power and social embeddedness, this study investigates how gendered power relationships materialize and influence formal milk marketing engagement and practices in Western Kenya. Facilitated discussion groups with smallholder farmers revealed the gendered ideologies and norms that ascribe masculinized meaning to cattle, milk, and commercial enterprise. Key informant interviews with commercial dairy management and farmers were used to identify current practices for increasing women’s formal market participation—namely, direct payments to women for milk deliveries. Findings from this study indicate that cattle and formal dairy market participation are imbued with gendered meaning that create legitimacy around men’s privilege over dairy proceeds. Interventions in the sector aimed at addressing gender power imbalances must acknowledge this dynamic, and accept the social trade-offs and gendered costs of dairy commercialization.     

手动变速器的常见故障诊断与处理方法

根据变速器脱挡、换挡困难乱挡的故障原因分析,从而找出相应的故障诊断与排除方法,以及变速器异响及漏油的原因分析,然后加以排除。     

The pulvinar regulates information transmission between cortical areas based on attention demands

Selective attention mechanisms route behaviorally relevant information through large-scale cortical networks. Although evidence suggests that populations of cortical neurons synchronize their activity to preferentially transmit information about attentional priorities, it is unclear how cortical synchrony across a network is accomplished. Based on its anatomical connectivity with the cortex, we hypothesized that the pulvinar, a thalamic nucleus, regulates cortical synchrony. We mapped pulvino-cortical networks within the visual system, using diffusion tensor imaging, and simultaneously recorded spikes and field potentials from these interconnected network sites in monkeys performing a visuospatial attention task. The pulvinar synchronized activity between interconnected cortical areas according to attentional allocation, suggesting a critical role for the thalamus not only in attentional selection but more generally in regulating information transmission across the visual cortex.     

Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor β2 subunits in the medial prefrontal cortex control attention

More than one-third of all people are estimated to experience mild to severe cognitive impairment as they age. Acetylcholine (ACh) levels in the brain diminish with aging, and nicotinic ACh receptor (nAChR) stimulation is known to enhance cognitive performance. The prefrontal cortex (PFC) is involved in a range of cognitive functions and is thought to mediate attentional focus. We found that mice carrying nAChR β2-subunit deletions have impaired attention performance. Efficient lentiviral vector-mediated reexpression of functional β2-subunit-containing nAChRs in PFC neurons of the prelimbic area (PrL) completely restored the attentional deficit but did not affect impulsive and motivational behavior. Our findings show that β2-subunit expression in the PrL PFC is sufficient for endogenous nAChR-mediated cholinergic regulation of attentional performance.     

第一代大学生家长参与对学业投入的影响分析——基于自我决定理论的视角

对安徽、江苏四所地方本科院校791名第一代大学生进行问卷调查，从自我决定理论视角研究第一代大学生家长参与对其学习投入的影响。结果表明，第一代大学生家长学业期望和家长自主支持不能直接影响学习投入，但均可以通过学生坚毅人格的中介作用，以及学生坚毅人格—学业自我效能感的链式中介作用间接影响学习投入水平。因此，家长主动参与子女的学业发展，对第一代大学生学习投入水平的提升具有积极作用。同时，塑造培养第一代大学生的坚毅人格有助于提升其学业自我效能感，对其全身心投入到学习活动中也具有积极意义。     

Neuronal activity in the lateral intraparietal area and spatial attention

Although the parietal cortex has been implicated in the neural processes underlying visual attention, the nature of its contribution is not well understood. We tracked attention in the monkey and correlated the activity of neurons in the lateral intraparietal area (LIP) with the monkey's attentional performance. The ensemble activity in LIP across the entire visual field describes the spatial and temporal dynamics of a monkey's attention. Activity subtending a single location in the visual field describes the attentional priority at that area but does not predict that the monkey will actually attend to or make an eye movement to that location.     

组织内信任、敬业度和工作绩效关系的实证研究

依据知识密集型企业的员工问卷样本数据,考量组织内信任、员工敬业度和工作绩效间的关系。结果表明,组织内信任的各维度之间存在着潜在的逻辑递进关系;同事信任、组织信任通过工作敬业度正向影响任务绩效;领导信任影响组织信任并通过工作敬业度和组织敬业度间接对员工工作绩效产生影响;同事信任直接对关系绩效产生显著的影响。     

Conservation agriculture and gendered livelihoods in Northwestern Cambodia: decision-making,space and access

Smallholder farmers in Rattanakmondol District, Battambang Province, Cambodia face challenges related to soil erosion, declining yields, climate change, and unsustainable tillage-based farming practices in their efforts to increase food production within maize-based systems. In 2010, research for development programs began introducing agricultural production systems based on conservation agriculture (CA) to smallholder farmers located in four communities within Rattanakmondol District as a pathway for addressing these issues. Understanding gendered practices and perspectives is integral to adapting CA technologies to the needs of local communities. This research identifies how gender differences regarding farmers’ access to assets, practices, and engagement in intra-household negotiations could constrain or facilitate the dissemination of CA. Our mixed-methods approach includes focus group discussions, semi-structured interviews, famer field visits, and a household survey. Gender differences in access to key productive assets may affect men’s and women’s individual ability to adapt CA. Farmers perceive the practices and technologies of CA as labor-saving, with the potential to reduce men’s and women’s labor burden in land-preparation activities. However, when considered in relation to the full array of productive and reproductive livelihood activities, CA can disproportionately affect men’s and women’s labor. Decisions about agricultural livelihoods were not always made jointly, with socio-cultural norms and responsibilities structuring an individual’s ability to participate in intra-household negotiations. While gender differences in power relations affect intra-household decision-making, men and women household members collectively negotiate the transition to CA-based production systems.     

滾刀齿形铲磨啮合原理的研究

本文根据齿轮啮合理论,对滚万齿形铲磨的啮合原理进行了深入的研究,论证了滚刀齿形的不可径向铲磨性。