传染性脾肾坏死病

<正>传染性脾肾坏死病(Infectious spleen and kidney necrosis,ISKN)俗名鳜暴发性出血病。是一种严重危害淡水养殖鳜的传染性、病毒性疾病,可引起暴发性死亡。我国将其列为二类疫病。一、病原学病原为虹彩病毒,目前称为传染性脾肾坏死病毒     

Cystic kidney in a calf

Clinical symptoms, laparotomy and slaughter findings of a case with cystic kidneys of a young bull are described.     

Bacterial kidney disease in salmonids

Bacterial kidney disease (BKD) is the most important bacterial infection in salmonid fish. Clinics, pathomorphology, distribution and possibility of therapy of BKD are discussed regarding results of literature as well as own experiences.     

Proliferative kidney disease (PKD) of salmonids

Proliferative Kidney Disease (PKD) of salmonids, pathology, occurrence and the causative agent are described according to recent literature. For diagnosis histology and/or impression smears of infected kidneys are recommended. Original coloured photos are added to serve this purpose.     

高温胁迫条件下大菱鲆肾脏转录组研究

为探索大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximus)耐高温的分子机制,筛选耐高温相关基因,采用高通量测序平台(IlluminaHiSeq-2500)分别对5个不同高温处理组的大菱鲆肾脏组织开展转录组测序,进行生物信息学分析,包括GO(基因功能注释)、SSR(简单重复序列)分析等。结果显示,通过组装得到Unigenes总数目为68525,长度范围为201~23456 bp,平均长度为1124 bp,N50长度为2316 bp。将Unigenes分别在Nr、Swissprot、KEGG、KOG、GO数据库进行序列比对及功能注释,共注释25498条,其中,Nr数据库注释到的Unigenes最多;按GO功能分类,共分为细胞组分、分子功能及生物学过程3类,包括56个功能组,其中,大量Unigenes与细胞进程、代谢过程、催化活性、生物调节、应激反应相关。将Unigenes进行pathway注释,归属于218条代谢通路,分为5类KEGG途径：代谢途径、遗传信息处理、细胞过程、环境信息和生物系统。进行转录因子分析,共检测到65类转录因子,其中,C2H2锌指蛋白家族的基因数目最多。通过对不同温度胁迫下基因表达谱结果进行分析,不同温度组之间存在着显著差异,在不同温度胁迫组中,20℃组与28℃组存在差异最大,差异基因达到4734个,其中,上调基因3386个,下调基因1348个。本研究建立了大菱鲆热应激肾脏转录组数据库,为大菱鲆高温胁迫分子机理研究提供了参考数据。     

The effects of malachite green upon proliferative kidney disease

Abstract. When rainbow trout infected with proliferative kidney disease (PKD) held in the laboratory were treated with malachite green and formalin to cure ichthyophthiriasis it was observed that subsequent development of PKD was delayed. Experiments are reported which indicate that this was due to the malachite green treatment. The possible use of malachite green in the treatment of PKD, tissue levels of malachite green achieved during treatments and the toxicity risks from multiple dose therapy with malachite green are discussed.     

Functional morphology of the kidney. A review of the histophysiology of the kidney glomerulus, the nephrons and the collecting tubule system

The kidney is a composite organ, the specific activities of which are attributable to the peculiar construction of the individual components of the glomerula, nephrons and collecting tubules. This comprehensive review will address the essential physiological mechanisms of urine formation, such as filtration, secretion, reabsorption and concentration, and correlate these functions to morphological structures where possible. The complex structure of the renal glomerulus as the basis for the formation of primary urine (blood-urine barrier) will be documented on the basis of electron micrographs. In addition to this, the ultrastructure of the epithelium in the various tubular segments and collecting tubules will be discussed from a histophysiological stand-point, including its significance in the excretion of waste substances and maintenance of a constant fluid environment in the body (Homeostasis).     

Proliferative kidney disease of salmonid fish: a review

Abstract A detailed review of proliferative kidney disease (PKD) in salmonids is presented. The introduction places the disease in a historical context. The various aspects of the disease are described from the existing literature, together with latest findings from current research. Particular emphasis is given to epidemiology, aetiology and pathology.     

Proton pumps in the fish gill and kidney

The proton pump or vacuolar type H⁺-ATPase is an oligomeric protein responsible for electrogenic H⁺ secretion in a variety of acid-secreting epithelia. Recently, the proton pump was identified in both the gill and kidney of freshwater-adapted rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Using immunocytochemistry, H⁺-ATPase has been localized in the pavement cells and chloride cells of the lamellar epithelium. During periods of internal acidosis, there is a marked increase in the expression of the branchial proton pump as identified by Western analysis, immunocytochemistry and in situ hybridization. This augmented expression of proton pumps occurs concomitantly with a marked increase in branchial acid excretion and Na⁺ uptake. Immunocytochemical studies suggest that the pavement cell, rather than the chloride cell, is the predominant site of acid excretion during periods of acidosis. These findings are consistent with the notion that in freshwater teleosts, Na⁺ uptake and H⁺ excretion are linked via the coupling of the electrogenic proton pump to apical membrane Na⁺ channels. This mechanism may be controlled by hormones including cortisol and/or growth hormone. The fish kidney plays an important role in regulating acidosis via the re-absorption of filtered HCO₃ ^-. Recently, we have demonstrated using Western analysis and immunocytochemistry, the presence of proton pump in rainbow trout kidney and observed increased H⁺-ATPase expression during respiratory acidosis. These new findings suggest a role for the renal proton pump in acid-base regulation.     

Proliferative kidney disease in Switzerland: current state of knowledge

This study presents an overview of the distribution of proliferative kidney disease (PKD) in wild and farmed fish in Switzerland based on two sources: (1) the results of routine diagnostic work at the National Fish Disease Laboratory, and (2) the results of a country‐wide survey for PKD. The first case of PKD in Switzerland was diagnosed in 1979 and since 1981, a few cases have been found every year. Affected species were rainbow trout, brown trout and grayling from rivers and fish farms. Most of the diseased fish were found in the lower altitude regions of the country (Swiss midlands). A seasonal distribution of the cases was evident: PKD‐positive fish occurred only from June to November withprominent peaks in August and September. Among infected fish all length classes were present, but the highest numbers of affected fish were found in the length classes <10 cm and 16–20 cm. The evaluation of the samples from a survey of the occurrence of PKD in 2000/2001 revealed a much broader geographical distribution of the infection than expected from routine diagnostic observations. Fish from 56 of 139 rivers analysed by histological examination were positive for parasites. Fish from 131 of these sites were examined macroscopically. Of these, trout from 45 sites showed gross alterations indicative for PKD. Most of the positive fish were found in the Swiss midlands north of the Alps. Fish from six of 65 fish farms investigated were found to be PKD‐positive by histopathological analysis, and in four of these cases fish could be identified as infected on the basis of gross examination.     

Reabsorption of urea by the kidney of the freshwater rainbow trout

In light of recent evidence that carrier-mediated transport of urea occurs in the mammalian kidney, this study examined the renal handling of urea in freshwater rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Fish were fitted with indwelling arterial and urinary bladder catheters for the measurement of plasma and urine composition (urea, Na⁺, Cl^-, glucose, H₂O), glomerular filtration rate ([³H]PEG-4000), and urine flow rate, thereby allowing quantification of tubular reabsorption rates. The fractional reabsorption of urea (72%) was greater than that of H₂O (50%) but less than that of Na⁺, Cl^-, or glucose (95–100%) and occurred against an apparent concentration gradient, suggesting active reabsorptive transport; [urea] in the urine was only 59% of that in blood plasma. When fish were infused with exogenous urea loads, these patterns remained largely unchanged, and urea reabsorption increased in direct proportion to the filtered urea load. There was no evidence for saturation of the reabsorptive transport mechanism at urea filtration rates up to 4-fold above the normal range, representing urea loading rates that proved toxic. Extra-renal excretion, presumably through the gills, increased markedly, almost keeping pace with urea loading. This evidence suggests that carrier-mediated reabsorptive transport of urea occurs in the kidney and that plasma urea levels are normally subject to tight homeostatic control in freshwater trout.     

卵形鲳鲹肾脏的显微和超微结构观察

利用石蜡组织切片和透射电镜技术对卵形鲳鲹(Trachinotus ovatus)肾脏进行显微和超微结构观察研究。结果显示,根据卵形鲳鲹肾小管上皮细胞的结构特点,将其划分为颈段、第一近曲小管、第二近曲小管、远曲小管和集合小管5个部分。卵形鲳鲹肾小体长径平均70μm,短径平均40μm;比淡水鱼种类的肾小体直径要小。肾小管中第一近曲小管的上皮细胞游离端具有丰富的微绒毛,并含有丰富的线粒体,应为重吸收的主要场所。而第二近曲小管上皮细胞游离端微绒毛较少,远曲小管和集合管的内壁均没有微绒毛,但三者均可见有较多的线粒体,表明它们仍具有一定的重吸收功能。     

牙鲆的头肾免疫细胞

对牙鲆（Paralichthys olivaceus)头肾印迹片、光镜片和电镜片的观察发现，其头肾主要集中于肾脏前部2个分叉部分。组织学研究证明，头肾是由基质组织网络着不同发育阶段的血细胞构成，具无肾小球等分泌结构。进一步超微观察表明，其质是由网状细胞和成纤维细胞等组成，各种免疫细胞由淋巴细胞、单核细胞、颗粒细胞（Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型）以及巨噬细胞等组成。头肾中免疫细胞丰富，其中淋巴细胞占36.6%，单核细胞占31.0%，颗粒细胞占19.7%。说明牙鲆的头肾免疫细胞种类比较丰富，是免疫细胞的主要生发中心，在鱼体免疫防御系统中占有相当重要的地位。同时以特殊颗粒细胞的分类进行了讨论。     

Proliferative kidney disease in rainbow trout Salmo gairdneri Richardson

Abstract. Two entirely separate outbreaks of PKD are described in an attempt to properly define the condition and enable it to be differentiated from other diseases of a similar nature. Losses of up to 75% of fingerling rainbow trout were recorded in one outbreak, illustrating the potentially serious nature of the disease. Although the kidneys showed the most obvious pathological changes, other organs were also affected. The host response was granulomatous in type, the foci of each cellular reaction being 5-20 μm eosinophilic cells considered to be parasitic. The cytoplasm of these cells contained numerous electron dense bodies some with a tail, but each with an electron lucent bar always orientated at right angles to the plasmalemma whenever they were near it. The most obvious cytoplasmic inclusion of these 'parasites' were other cells numbering up to five or six, each with its own nucleus and nucleolus, but devoid of any of the small electron dense bodies. The significance of either of these inclusions is unknown.
A limited differential diagnosis is given, and the argument presented that the condition PKD is the result of infection by a parasite, possibly an amoeba, in combination with poor quality water.     

Haemorrhagic kidney syndrome of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L.

This report describes a new syndrome affecting farmed Atlantic salmon on the Canadian east coast that has resulted in increased morbidity and mortality in affected stocks. The major pathological findings are apparent only microscopically and include renal interstitial haemorrhage and acute tubular necrosis and tubular casting. As a result, the disease has become known as haemorrhagic kidney syndrome (HKS). Affected fish are lethargic and anorectic, and lack external lesions. Clinically, HKS fish are anaemic, hypoproteinaemic and hyperosmolalic, with increased serum concentrations of sodium and chloride. At necropsy, internal changes ranged from apparently normal to include one or several of the following: swelling and/or patchy reddening of the kidney, pale gills, exophthalmos, serosanguinous ascites, darkening of the posterior intestine and splenomegaly. Ultrastructurally, viral inclusions were found in the cytoplasm of erythrocytes of HKS fish, and there were unusual electron‐dense inclusions within the tips of renal tubular microvilli of HKS fish. The significance and relevance of the ultrastructural findings to HKS are unknown. Virus isolation was attempted using CHSE, RTG‐2, FH‐10, BB and EPC cell lines; no virus was isolated. Bacteriological analysis failed to reveal significant pathogens. Analysis of tissues for heavy metals and pesticides was negative. Assays for clostridial toxins, lipopolysaccharide and verotoxins were negative. The aetiology of HKS remains unresolved.     

瓦氏黄颡鱼头肾组织学观察与先天性免疫屏障研究

为探明瓦氏黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus vachelli)头肾组织结构和先天性免疫屏障,该研究用苏木素-伊红(HE)染色法和改良James染色法对瓦氏黄颡鱼头肾的显微结构进行了观察,并使用台盼蓝活体染色法对头肾免疫屏障部位进行了定位.结果显示,瓦氏黄颡鱼头肾由被膜、淋巴细胞聚集区、粒细胞聚集区、前肾间组织、网状纤维...     

嗜水气单胞菌感染翘嘴鳜头肾转录组分析

嗜水气单胞菌(Aeromonas hydrophila)是严重危害翘嘴鳜(Siniperca chuatsi)养殖生产的主要病原之一,为揭示嗜水气单胞菌感染翘嘴鳜后宿主基因表达水平的变化,筛选免疫相关基因,解析翘嘴鳜应答病原细菌感染的分子机制,本研究以病原嗜水气单胞菌感染翘嘴鳜,于感染24 h后,采集感染组与对照组翘嘴鳜头肾组织,采用Illumina Hiseq 2000进行了RNA-Seq分析,原始数据拼接后组装共获得53 040个单基因(unigene)。基因差异表达分析结果显示,感染组和未感染组翘嘴鳜存在526个差异表达基因,包括254个上调基因和272个下调基因,其中,免疫相关的显著上调的差异基因主要有炎症和免疫原性细胞因子白介素、补体系统、MHCⅠ型抗原提呈、溶菌酶、丝氨酸蛋白酶抑制因子、泛素蛋白连接酶等。GO富集分析发现,差异基因主要涉及免疫应答反应和炎症反应等,经KEGG富集分析显示,89个通路富集显著,免疫相关的代谢通路主要有内吞作用和吞噬体等。此外,实时荧光定量PCR验证结果表明,所选取7个差异表达免疫相关基因与RNA-seq结果具有相似的表达趋势。本研究为揭示翘嘴鳜对病原微生物感染的防御分子机制奠定了理论基础。     

Diagnosis of bacterial kidney disease by detection of Renibacterium salmoninarum by real-time PCR

Bacterial kidney disease (BKD), caused by Renibacterium salmoninarum (Rs), is a serious threat to salmon in aquaculture as well as to wild populations. We have developed a real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for detection of Rs in kidney samples. The PCR is based on detection of unique parts of the 16S rRNA gene of Rs and DNA equivalent to 1-10 Rs genomes was detected per reaction. No cross-reactivity with other fish pathogenic or related bacteria could be demonstrated. Analysis of individual kidney samples collected from BKD classified populations identified 39.9% of the fish as positive by real-time PCR compared with 28.0% by polyclonal enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The real-time PCR assay was found to be well suited for complementary use with ELISA for diagnosis of BKD, with the ability to detect clinical as well as covert Rs infections. The infection level determined by the polyclonal ELISA and by real-time PCR was significantly correlated.     

驼背鲈肾脏显微和超微结构观察

利用石蜡切片技术和透射电镜技术对驼背鲈(Cromileptes altivelis Valencienne)肾脏进行显微和超微结构观察.结果显示,驼背鲈肾小体主要分布于肾脏组织背侧肾细胞集中的区域,肾脏组织腹侧主要分布有肾小管,这种分布区域性较强,提示驼背鲈的进化地位较为高等.根据驼背鲈肾小管上皮细胞的结构特点,将其划分为颈段、第一近曲小管、第二近曲小管、远曲小管和集合管5个部分.驼背鲈肾小体长径平均55.0μm,短径平均45.8 μm.肾小囊中分布有较多的足细胞,足突发达,对于原尿的形成起重要作用.由肾小管超微结构显示,第二近曲小管重吸收作用最强.驼背鲈肾脏的组织学研究结果为开展其泌尿功能及渗透调节机制研究提供了基础资料.