云南气候条件与稻米淀粉含量的关系

选用籼稻“云恢290”在云南的蒙自、开远和石屏进行地理分期播种试验，定量地研究了云南气候条件对稻米淀粉含量影响的关键因子和关键时期，建立了淀粉含量的气候生态综合模型。结果表明，直链淀粉与温度具有显著的负相关关系，与日照时数呈抛物线关系，影响的关键时期在齐穗前15d～齐穗后5d；支链淀粉与温度呈抛物线关系，关键时期在齐穗前10d～齐穗后15d，与日照时数呈正相关关系，关键时期在齐穗前15d～齐穗后5d，日照多有利于支链淀粉的增加。     

施氮量和穗粒肥比例对稻米营养品质及中微量元素含量的影响

通过田间试验研究了施氮量和穗粒肥比例对稻米氨基酸和蛋白质含量及Fe、Zn、Cu、Mn、Mg、Ca含量的影响。结果表明,稻米氨基酸和蛋白质含量均随着施氮量和穗粒肥比例的提高而增加,但施氮量和穗粒肥比例对氨基酸含量的影响程度因品种和氨基酸种类而异。合系39的氨基酸含量受施氮量和穗粒肥比例的影响较滇屯502的大;His、Val、Gly、Pro和Lys受施氮量和穗粒肥比例的影响较大,Ile、Arg、Asp和Glu受施氮量和穗粒肥比例的影响较小。稻米中Fe、Zn、Cu、Mn、Mg、Ca的含量和产量均随着施氮量的增加先上升后下降;从稻谷和蛋白质的产量、6种矿质元素的含量和产量看,供试粳型品种合系39的适宜施氮量较籼型品种滇屯502高。     

低纬高原气候下优质稻“云恢290”的品质分析

通过在低纬高原地区分期播种试验分析优质稻“云恢290”各品质的变异,得出：“云恢290”各品质指标的气候敏感性不一致。通过多时段多气候因子多种曲线形式的拟合,找出了对气候影响最敏感型品质指标的关键气候因子与关键时段,总体上看,对稻米品质有影响的时段为齐穗前10d-齐穗后30d,尤以齐穗-齐穗后30d的气象条件影响大;关键气象因子有平均气温、日照时数、气温日较差和雨量。     

播期和收获期对水稻"丰两优1号"品质的影响

通过杂交中籼丰两优1号的分期播种和分期收获试验,分析了播期和收获期对稻米品质的影响。结果表明,不同播期和收获期稻米蛋白质组分谷蛋白、谷氨酸含量均有显著差异,总蛋白含量随播期推迟而递减,随收获期的延迟而递增;氨基酸含量与总蛋白含量的变化趋势一致。由于播期和收获期不同造成水稻生育期气象条件差异从而影响到稻米品质发生变化,偏相关分析结果显示,清蛋白、球蛋白、醇溶蛋白及蛋氨酸含量受各气候生态因子的影响小,总蛋白、谷氨酸、天门冬氨酸等性状易受气候生态因子的影响。综合试验结果得出,丰两优1号组合在温州地区可选择5月26日播种,灌浆期日平均气温25.07℃,生育期130d左右,其稻米的整精米率、总蛋白及其组分谷蛋白和氨基酸组分（除蛋氨酸）含量高,营养品质较好。     

施氮对稻米蛋白质、氨基酸含量的影响

稻米蛋白质和各种氨基酸含量是稻米营养价值的一个重要指标,尤其是人体不能合成的赖氨酸含量的高低对稻米的营养价值更为重要.本项试验通过分析研究不同施氮量以及等氮量条件下水稻生长前、中、后期不同施氮比例对稻米中蛋白质和各种氨基酸含量的变化,以探讨不同施肥方法对稻米营养价值的影响,为高产、高效、优质的水稻施肥提供依据.     

灌浆结实期高温干旱复合胁迫对稻米直链淀粉及蛋白质含量的影响

灌浆结实期是水稻产量与品质形成的关键时期,近年来,由于受全球气候变化和局部地形地貌的影响,我国南方稻区在水稻灌浆结实期频频遭遇高温和伏旱的混合影响,造成水稻产量与品质的同步下降。本研究选用导入空心莲子草基因组DNA构建的籼稻耐旱变异品系H5,在灌浆结实期于人工温室进行高温干旱复合胁迫试验,测定了不同处理稻米直链淀粉与蛋白质含量,旨在深入研究高温干旱复合逆境对稻米品质的影响。试验设6个处理,分别是适温中度干旱(OT-MD)、适温严重干旱(OT-SD)、高温正常供水(HT-WW)、高温中度干旱(HT-MD)、高温严重干旱(HT-SD)和适温正常供水(OT-WW,CK)。除对照外,其余各处理的胁迫时间设10 d、20 d、30 d和40 d。结果表明:灌浆结实期高温胁迫会导致稻米直链淀粉含量下降和蛋白质含量增加,高温胁迫10~40 d的稻米直链淀粉含量比CK降低了1.783~5.987个百分点,稻米蛋白质含量比CK增加了1.178~2.741个百分点;灌浆结实期干旱胁迫同样会导致稻米直链淀粉含量下降和蛋白质含量增加,在中度干旱条件下,胁迫10~40 d处理的稻米直链淀粉含量比CK降低了1.956~6.270个百分点,稻米蛋白质含量比CK增加了1.153~2.944个百分点,在严重干旱条件下,胁迫10~40 d处理的稻米直链淀粉含量和蛋白质含量相对于CK的变异幅度比中度干旱胁迫下的更大;灌浆结实期高温干旱复合胁迫引起稻米直链淀粉含量下降和蛋白质含量增加的幅度均超过单一高温胁迫或干旱胁迫,且其变化幅度随胁迫因子的增加、胁迫强度的增强和胁迫时间的延长而增大;灌浆结实期的前20 d遭遇高温干旱复合胁迫是稻米品质变差的主要原因;在相同胁迫时间内,各处理对稻米直链淀粉和蛋白质含量的胁迫效应按升序排列依次为:高温正常供水(HT-WW)、适温中度干旱(OT-MD)、适温严重干旱(OT-SD)、高温中度干旱(HT-MD)、高温严重干旱(HT-SD)。本研究结论可为水稻的抗旱与抗高温育种与栽培提供参考依据。     

不同栽培法对食用稻子粒氨基酸含量的影响及其机理初探

水稻属于低蛋白作物,稻米的蛋白质含量与氨基酸组成受遗传基因的控制,但环境条件与栽培措施的影响也不容忽视。采用田间小区试验和室内分析相结合的方法,以湘早籼31(早稻)和培两优210(晚稻)组合为材料,探讨了水稻高蛋白高产栽培技术体系、三壮三高栽培法、常规栽培法对稻米氨基酸含量的影响及其作用机理。结果表明,与常规栽培法相比,水稻高蛋白高产栽培综合技术体系能明显提高灌浆中后期水稻功能叶和子粒中谷草转氨酶和天冬氨酸激酶的活性,明显提高糙米氨基酸、人体7种必需氨基酸和蛋白质含量、产量和蛋白质产量;除早稻蛋白质产量外,其他指标与三壮三高栽培法之间差异不显著。水稻高蛋白高产栽培技术体系的早稻糙米的氨基酸含量比三壮三高栽培法、常规栽培法分别提高了4.09%和31.92%,人体7种必需氨基酸的含量分别提高了2.99%和33.06%,赖氨酸(稻米蛋白质的限制性氨基酸,猪的第一限制性氨基酸)的含量分别提高了1.95%1、8.55%,苏氨酸(稻米蛋白质的限制性氨基酸)的含量分别提高了6.54%和31.98%,蛋白氮含量分别提高了6.76%和27.57%,蛋白质产量分别提高了15.72%和38.64%;高蛋白高产栽培技术体系中晚稻糙米的氨基酸含量比三壮三高栽培法、常规栽培法分别提高了2.24%和42.98%,人体7种必需氨基酸的总量分别提高了9.20%和58.05%,蛋白氮含量分别提高了1.74%和26.06%,蛋白质产量分别提高了2.80%和59.42%。     

肥料对稻米品质的影响

稻米品质的形成是品种遗传特性、环境生态条件、栽培技术及加工条件综合作用的结果，在诸多因子中，肥料的影响较大。本文综述了肥料对稻米品质的影响，主要包括碾米品质的评价指标及大量元素肥料、中微量元素肥料和看机肥料对碾米品质的影响，肥料对稻米形状、垩白度、透明度等外观品质和直链淀粉含量、胶稠度等蒸煮及食昧品质的影响，并扼要分析了肥料对稻米蛋白质含量的影响。     

春大麦营养器官游离氨基酸含量变化特征及其与籽粒蛋白质含量相关分析

为探究春大麦营养器官游离氨基酸含量与籽粒蛋白质含量的关系,本试验以蒙啤1号、蒙啤3号、甘啤4号、垦啤7号4个品种为材料,研究了不同施氮水平和播期处理下内蒙古东部灌区春大麦灌浆期间籽粒蛋白质含量与叶片、茎秆游离氨基酸含量的动态变化及其相关性。结果表明,随着灌浆进程,不同播期和氮肥处理下4个品种大麦叶片和茎秆的游离氨基酸含量均呈先升高后降低的趋势,籽粒蛋白质含量呈先降低后升高的趋势。同一灌浆时期,随着播期推迟,叶片和茎秆的游离氨基酸含量以及籽粒蛋白质含量均升高;随着施氮水平提高,叶片和茎秆的游离氨基酸含量以及籽粒蛋白质含量均先升高后降低。逐步回归分析表明,对成熟期籽粒蛋白质含量影响最大的是花后35 d的叶片游离氨基酸含量和茎秆游离氨基酸含量。通径分析结果显示,对成熟期籽粒蛋白质含量影响最大的是花后7 d的叶片游离氨基酸含量和花后21 d的茎秆游离氨基酸含量。本研究结果为优质高产大麦生产实践确定合理的农事措施提供了理论依据。     

缓释复合肥与覆膜旱作对水稻氮素营养的效应研究

采用田间试验和化学分析方法．研究了3种缓释复合肥对覆膜早作水稻生长、产量、叶片氮素形态、氮肥利用率和稻米品质的影响。结果表明．施用高氮型无机型缓释复合肥（SRF1）条件下，覆膜早作（DF）水稻植株生长、产量、氮素营养和稻米品质优于常规淹水栽培（CF），DF和CF的氮肥表观利用率分别为64．90％和37．15％。同为覆膜早作时．施用高氮型有机无机缓释复合肥（SRF1）的水稻农艺性状、产量及分蘖期和孕穗期植株叶片氨基酸、NO2^- -N含量较高，而植株叶片蛋白氮和全氮含量以高氮型无机缓释复合肥处理（SRF1）较高，氮肥表观利用率和农业利用率均以SRF2〉SRF1〉SRF3，氮肥生理利用率差异不大。覆膜早作和施用缓释复合肥能提高稻米营养品质，稻米氨基酸和蛋白质含量与水稻分蘖期叶片的蛋白氮和全氮含量皆呈显著正相关。     

再生稻产量形成的生理生态特性与关键栽培技术的研究与展望

本文介绍了目前我国再生稻的发展现状,从发育遗传和生理生态角度综述了近年来再生稻产量形成的研究进展,提出采用人工收割高留桩栽培再生稻时,选择头季分蘖力相对较弱、再生季再生力强的重穗型杂交籼稻品种(组合)易获高产;而采用机械化收割低留桩栽培再生稻时,选择具强低位芽再生力的杂交籼稻品种或感光性弱的重穗型杂交粳稻品种(组合)、籼粳交水稻品种(组合)易获高产。头季成熟期至再生季齐穗期根系活力的强弱,直接影响再生季产量的高低,再生季稻高产的前提是健壮的头季根系和一定数量新生根系的有效结合,这有利于促进腋芽的萌发成苗、增加每平方米穗数,是再生稻高产增产的关键。在此基础上,提出适时早播、畦栽沟灌、二次烤田、重施促芽肥、适高留桩的人工收割高留桩再生稻栽培技术,并从品种选择、再生季施肥、留桩高度等方面探讨了机械化收割低留桩蓄留再生稻的关键栽培技术及生理生态机制。最后提出了我国再生稻发展亟待解决的几个问题,认为当前轻简化的机收低留桩再生稻是我国再生稻发展的方向,并对机收低留桩再生稻的进一步研究作了展望。     

Characteristics of pregelatinized ae mutant rice flours prepared by boiling after preroasting

As ae mutant rice, such as EM10, lacks the starch branching enzyme IIb, its amylopectin contains more long-chain glucans than that of ordinary Indica and Japonica rice grains. Although boiled grains of ae rice cultivars are too hard and nonsticky for table rice, they are promising in terms of biofunctionality, such as prevention of diabetes. The present paper investigates the characterization of a novel group of four ae mutant rice cultivars (EM72, EM145, EM174, and EM189). They were subjected to the evaluation for their main chemical components, physical properties, and enzyme activities at different grain conditions (raw milled rice, roasted rice, boiled rice, and rice boiled after preroasting). These mutant rice grains are characterized by high apparent amylose, high protein and high glucose contents, high pasting temperature, high α-amylase activities, high resistant starch, and low degree of gelatinization. A novel method was developed to maintain the high resistant starch contents of gelatinized rice grains. Rice boild after preroasting showed a higher ratio of resistant starch and a lower amount of glucose than ordinary boiled rice. It became possible to produce high-quality and biofunctional pregelatinized rice flours by boiling with frozen fruits, such as tomatoes, after rice grains had been preroasted. These ae mutants were found to be suitable materials for rice/fruit or rice/vegetable products to serve as palatable, low-glucose, and high resistant starch rice products.     

不同类型水稻种质氮素营养效率的变异分析

采用田间试验,在常规氮素管理下,以氮素吸收效率(NAE)、利用效率(NUE)和收获指数(NHI)为衡量指标,分析了国内外607份不同类型水稻种质氮素营养效率的变异状况。结果表明,水稻NAE、NUE和NHI存在显著的基因型差异,以NHI为最大和NAE为最小。不同类型水稻间的NAE、NUE和NHI未达显著差异,但籼型杂交稻NAE、NUE和NHI的变异小于常规籼稻和常规粳稻。相关分析表明,水稻NAE与NUE、NHI呈极显著负相关,NUE与NHI间无显著相关;水稻NUE和NHI与单株产量存在极显著的正相关,NAE与单株产量无显著相关。频数分析可知,常规籼稻NAE、NUE及NHI和籼型杂交稻NUE的种质频数分布呈典型正态曲线,低、高效种质较少,中效种质众多;常规粳稻NAE、NUE和NHI种质的频数分布呈近似正态分布,略偏向低效;籼型杂交稻NAE的种质频数分布离散程度较高和高效种质较多,NHI的种质频数分布呈近似正态分布和略偏低效。籼型杂交稻的NAE、NUE和NHI差异小而分布较集中,常规粳稻最分散,常规籼稻居中。不同类型水稻的氮素营养效率的极差很大,可分为若干组,各组间差异显著。     

The dynamics of spatial and temporal population genetic structure of weedy rice (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Oryza sativa</Emphasis> f. <Emphasis Type="Italic">spontanea</Emphasis> Baker)

Weedy rice (Oryza sativa f. spontanea Baker) is one of the most serious weeds in direct-seeded rice production; adversely affecting rice areas and yield in Thailand. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the level of morphological and agronomical variation and the level and pattern of genetic diversity and population structure of weedy rice populations in Thailand. Sixty-three weedy rice populations collected from three rice production areas of Thailand were sampled over four rice cultivation seasons to study phenotypic characteristics, genetic diversity and population structure. All analysis included comparison with seven cultivated rice varieties and seven local common wild rice populations. The results demonstrated considerable genetic and morphological variation, population structure, and changing dynamics of Thai weedy rice populations, both within and between regions and growing seasons. Phenotypic and genotypic variations and population structure of weedy rice populations changed temporally, with a trend over five years toward greater similarity to companion crop rice varieties. The ongoing gene flow, combined with ecological conditions created by farmers’ selection and agronomic practices, may enhance fitness and adaptability of weedy rice populations and stimulate the evolution of invasiveness in weedy rice plants. The adaptive evolution of weedy rice tended to parallel cultivated rice for high adaptation to the agronomic practices, possibly including selection for crop mimicry, which has led to the convergence of weedy populations phenotypically and genetically with the companion crop rice.     

轴流式和切流式机械脱粒对稻谷损伤及加工品质的影响

为确定不同机械脱粒滚筒收获方式对收获后稻谷品质性状的影响,以手工收获方式稻谷为对照组,对轴流式和切流式脱粒滚筒收获方式收获稻谷的品质性状进行研究,检测不同收获方式稻谷的裂纹率、裂颖率、发芽率、幼苗生长、腹部与背部作为承压面糙米的三点弯曲破碎力、加工品质指标等。测试结果表明:机械脱粒方式收获稻谷与手工收获方式相比,裂颖率增加,发芽和幼苗生长、三点弯曲破碎力和加工品质降低,其中裂颖率最大增加约35.6%,发芽率降低最大达53%,茎秆长度最大降低15 mm,根数量最大降低2.4个,腹部和背部三点弯曲破碎力减小最大值为4.5和3.8 N,整精米率最大降低12.11%;而切流式脱粒滚筒收获方式收获稻谷与轴流式相比,裂颖率较大,发芽率降低达34%~51%,茎杆长度降低最大达12.6 mm,根数量降低最大达1.8个,腹部和背部三点弯曲破碎力差异较小,整精米率降低10.38%。总体来说不同机械脱粒收获方式对稻谷的品质性状影响具有差异性,轴流式脱粒收获方式对稻谷的机械损伤小于切流式脱粒收获方式,机械脱粒损伤稻谷品质性状的评价应该根据稻谷具体使用目的进行客观全面的评价。     

Population structure of the primary gene pool of Oryza sativa in Thailand

The gene pool of cultivated Asian rice consists of wild rice (Oryza rufipogon Griff.), cultivated rice (O. sativa L.) and a weedy form (O. sativa f. spontanea). All three components are widespread in Thailand, frequently co-occurring within fields and providing the opportunity for gene flow and introgression. The purpose to this study is to understand the on-going evolutionary processes that affect the gene pool of rice by analysis of microsatellite variation. Results indicate that O. rufipogon, the wild ancestor of rice, has high levels of genetic variation both within and among populations. Moreover, the variation is structured predominantly by annual and perennial life history. High levels of variation are detected among cultivars indicating Thai cultivated rice has a broad genetic base with only a 20 % reduction in diversity from its wild ancestor. The weedy rice populations reveal varying levels of genetic variation, from nearly as high as wild rice to near zero. Weedy rice is genetically structured into 2 groups. Some populations of invasive weedy rice are the result of hybridization and gene flow between local wild rice and local cultivated rice in the regions of co-occurrence. Other populations of weedy rice are genetically nearly identical to the local cultivated rice. The diversity analysis indicates that the rice gene pool in Thailand is a dynamic genetic system. Gene flow is ongoing among its three main components, first between cultivated and wild rice resulting in weedy rice. Weedy rice in turn crosses with both cultivated varieties and wild rice.     

A climatic classification for rice production in China

Climatic conditions for rice production in China were classified according to a series of indices. A temperature index was used to divide China into two areas, potential and unsuitable for rice production. Potential rice regions in China were further divided into humid, sub-humid and arid regions, using a rice aridity index based on a modified Penman equation. Based on modeling of rice growth duration and assessment of rice growing season, a compound index was established which, in conjunction with supplementary indices, such as topography etc., finally delineated China into 6 rice climatic belts including 22 sub-belts.This rice climatic classification was an attempt to provide guidelines for regulating the disposition of rice production to utilize effectively land and water resources and to choose suitable cropping systems and rice varieties.     

基于IPCC SRES A1B 情景下的福建省水稻生产模拟研究

选择福建省作为研究区域,根据地形特点划分了3个水稻种植区,选取17个样点及9个代表性品种,采用2006—2007年的逐日气象资料及同期区试产量资料对作物的遗传参数进行了调试;根据IPCC排放情景特别报告(SRES)中的A1B方案,利用区域气候模式PRECIS构建的气候变化情景文件与作物模型(CERES-Rice)耦合,采用雨养与灌溉两种方式,并综合考虑未来CO2浓度增加带来的直接增益效应,模拟了未来2020s及2040s气候变化对福建省水稻生产的影响。结果表明:无论是雨养方式还是灌溉方式,未来全省各稻区水稻生育期在两种情景下都将缩短,单季稻生育期天数减少幅度最大,2040s情景下达到20 d以上。未来双季稻种植区早稻与单季稻均表现为减产。2020s情景下闽东南稻区早稻减产率达到12.4%(雨养)和11.3%(灌溉);闽西北双季稻区早稻减产程度略小。单季稻区雨养水稻7.1%及灌溉水稻2.1%的减产主要来自中熟品种的负贡献。2040s减产幅度将进一步加大。与此相反,未来两种情景下双季稻区后季稻均表现为增产,但产量波动性较大。2020s情景下闽西北双季稻区灌溉后季稻产量增产达到21.0%,增产幅度大于闽东南地区的10.6%;雨养方式下后季稻增产幅度略小。2040s各稻区后季稻增产幅度将减小。未来水稻生长季的土壤水分条件将变得不如目前湿润,与之相关各稻区灌溉需要量均有所增加。总之,由于大气CO2肥效作用可在一定程度上提高未来气候变化下后季稻产量,全省水稻总产近期将有所增加,雨养与灌溉方式下分别增长0.4%及1.7%,但变化趋势是随着未来温度的增加总产将减少,负贡献主要来自于单季稻和早稻。     

农业气象因素影响稻瘟病发生分子机制初探

水稻是我国重要的粮食作物,由子囊菌(Magnaporthe oryzae)所引起的稻瘟病是水稻生产活动中的重要限制因子之一,每年给水稻生产造成巨大的经济损失。随着水稻及稻瘟菌全基因组测序工作的完成,水稻和稻瘟菌间的互作机制已日渐明朗。水稻对稻瘟菌的抗性主要来自于自身体内天然免疫机制对病原菌入侵的有效阻止,同时病原菌能够通过抑制水稻的基础免疫从而使易感水稻品种致病。稻瘟病的爆发和流行需要具备3个必要的条件:易感水稻品种、致病的稻瘟病菌群以及适宜致病的气象因素。因此气象因素是控制稻瘟病爆发和流行的一个十分重要的因素。本文立足于近年来的研究成果,从稻瘟菌侵染过程、稻瘟病发病过程及特征、水稻抗病机理等方面对水稻和稻瘟菌的互作机制进行了综述,同时分析了温度、光照、湿度等气象因素对稻瘟病菌致病和水稻抗病的影响,并初步对其影响稻瘟病爆发和流行的分子机制进行探讨,以寻求防治和控制稻瘟病发生、发展的最佳方法,为合理防控稻瘟病提供理论依据和帮助。     

Variation of floral traits in Thai rice germplasm (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Oryza sativa</Emphasis>)

Floral traits play an important role in mating systems in flowering plant species. In rice, variation in floral traits has been established in a wide range of germplasm, but the variability of floral traits in Thai rice remains uncharacterized. Sixty-seven rice varieties that are cultivated throughout the country and two accessions of common wild rice were evaluated for nine floral traits to assess the extent of variation, and the differentiation of floral traits among groups of rice (improved rice varieties, selected traditional varieties, local traditional varieties and wild rice). The range of variation of all traits examined in Thai rice varied within the extent of variation that has been reported in other rice germplasm. Most of the floral traits observed in Thai rice have mean values similar to other reports, except in stamen traits, percentage of stigma exertion and the length of spikelet, which exhibited higher mean values than other germplasm investigations. Since these floral traits have a large contribution on outcrossing potential, Thai rice might have a greater chance of natural outcrossing compared to other cultivated rice germplasm. There is no clear differentiation in floral traits among groups of cultivated rice, but there are obvious differences in most of the floral traits between cultivated rice varieties and common wild rice, illustrated in the transformation of rice floral structures during domestication. The results have implications for outcrossing and spontaneous gene flow as well as a potential use in the parental lines for hybrid rice seed production.