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1.
A comparison in non-blotches and blotches of 35 cultivars of Xibei tree peony was investigated to explore flower coloration of Xibei tree peony (the second cultivar group in Chinese tree peony). With high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis, six anthocyanins including peonidin 3,5-di-O-glucoside (Pn3G5G), peonidin 3-O-glucoside (Pn3G), cyanidin 3,5-di-O-glucoside (Cy3G5G), cyanidin 3-O-glucoside (Cy3G), pelargonidin 3,5-di-O-glucoside (Pg3G5G), and pelargonidin 3-O-glucoside (Pg3G) were detected in non-blotches and blotches of petals. Total anthocyanins (TA), total flavones and flavonols (TF), and the copigmentation index (CI) were also analyzed. Cyanidin-based glycosides, which accumulated abundantly at the basal petal, resulted in blotch formation. Some peculiar cultivars with only one kind of anthocyanins or without anthocyanins in non-blotches were found in this study. For example, ‘Feng Zi Xiu Se’, ‘Ou Duan Si Lian’, and ‘Xi Wang’ contained only Pn3G5G; ‘Bing Shan Cang Yu’ and ‘Jin Bo Dang Yang’ contained only Cy3G; while no anthocyanins were found in ‘Bing Shan Xue Lian’. Several cultivars were rich in Pg-based glycosides, such as ‘Ni Hong Huan Cai’, and ‘Ju Yuan Shao Nv’. These cultivars would be excellent parents for creating new cultivars with novel flower color in the future.  相似文献   

2.
This work examined the processing yields, physico-chemical characteristics, and bioactive properties of Canadian organic cranberry and blueberry pomace and phenolic-enriched extractives. The ethanol extracts from each berry contained three to four times the soluble solids and sugar contents compared to the pomace. The lipid content of organic cranberry pomace (4.44%), cranberry ethanol extractives (3.86%), and blueberry ethanol extractives (4.44%) were significantly lower than the lipid content of the organic blueberry pomace (5.42%). The organic blueberry pomace showed higher protein content (8.41%) than organic cranberry pomace (5.76%); however, both organic cranberry and blueberry ethanol extracts showed similarly low protein contents. Significant differences were observed in the mineral and elemental contents of both pomaces and their extractives. Total phenolics, tartaric esters, flavonols, anthocyanins, and antioxidant activities were increased by two to three times in both organic cranberry and blueberry ethanol extracts compared to their respective pomaces. The major anthocyanins detected in organic blueberry pomace and ethanol extracts were peonidin 3-glucoside, malvidin 3-galactoside, malvidin 3-glucoside, and cyanidin 3-arabinoside. Peonidin 3-galactoside, cyanidin 3-galactoside, cyanidin 3-arabinoside, and peonidin 3-arabinside were the major anthocyanins in the organic cranberry and ethanol extacts. Results indicated that cranberry and blueberry pomace could be used to develop bioactives with antioxidant activity for potential health benefit and/or bioenergy production.  相似文献   

3.
Tannins and anthocyanins impart important sensory attributes and potential health benefits in wine. The effect of water deficits (WDs) on fruit growth, anthocyanins, and skin tannins was investigated in field grown Vitis vinifera L. ‘Merlot’ berries across four seasons (2004, 2005, 2007, and 2008) by imposing deficits from the onset of ripening until maturity. WD reduced berry weight and increased the concentration of anthocyanins all four seasons, and increased the concentration of tannins three of four seasons. Under WD, anthocyanin concentration at harvest (mg/g of berry fresh weight) was 53.0–61.6% greater than in Controls (C), and anthocyanin content (mg/berry) was 28.7–35.3% greater than in C. By contrast, WD increased tannin concentration (mg/g of berry fresh weight) at harvest by 12.6–36.9% compared to C in 2004, 2005, and 2008, and did not influence the concentration in 2007. Tannin content (mg/berry) at harvest was unaffected except in 2004 when it was 25.7% greater than in C. Thus, water deficits consistently increased anthocyanin concentration by increasing content per berry and reducing fruit growth, but increased tannin concentration less and only by reducing fruit growth, except in one year where the tannin content was increased. These results demonstrate that management of vine water deficit during ripening is a much more effective tool to increase anthocyanins than tannins in Merlot grapes.  相似文献   

4.
紫结球甘蓝功能性成分的提取、鉴定与分析   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
宋亚  杨静  朱祝军 《园艺学报》2016,43(1):100-108
采用HPLC–DAD–ESI/MS技术,对紫结球甘蓝(Brassica oleracea L. ssp. capitata f. rubra)中花青苷、硫代葡萄糖苷(简称硫苷)、酚酸和黄酮的含量和成分进行了鉴定和分析。结果表明,紫结球甘蓝中总花青苷含量为1 187.92 μg · g-1 FW,分离出的14种不同花青苷均为矢车菊素苷及其衍生物。其中矢车菊–3–阿魏酰–槐糖苷–5–葡萄糖苷和矢车菊–3–p–香豆酰–槐糖苷–5–葡萄糖苷为最主要的种类,分别占花青苷总含量的35.12%和26.76%;其次为矢车菊–3–槐糖苷–5–葡萄糖苷,占花青苷总含量的14.27%。紫结球甘蓝中总硫代葡萄糖苷(硫苷)含量达到6.39 μmol · g-1 FW,共10种,由6种脂肪族硫苷、3种吲哚族硫苷和1种芳香族硫苷组成。4–戊烯基硫苷和3–丁烯基硫苷为最主要的硫苷,分别占硫苷总含量的40.76%和30.92%,其次是2–羟基–3–丁烯基硫苷和3–吲哚基甲基硫苷,分别占硫苷总含量的11.39%和7.38%。此外,建立了同时测定17种酚酸、黄酮的高效液相色谱分析方法,经HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS鉴定,紫结球甘蓝中总酚酸、黄酮含量为2 003.79 μg · g-1 FW,共鉴定出11种,包含5种酚酸物质和6种黄酮物质。其中阿魏酸和咖啡酸含量最高,分别占总含量的10.62%和10.41%;木犀草素是含量最高的黄酮,占总含量的10.10%。  相似文献   

5.
迎红杜鹃的花色素组成及花色在开花过程中的变化   总被引:10,自引:2,他引:8  
分析了迎红杜鹃(Rhododendron mucronulatum Turcz.)的花色素组成,调查了其在开花过程中花色、花色素组成和含量的变化。采用英国皇家园艺学会比色卡和分光色差计测量了不同开花阶段的花色。结果表明,开花过程中花色的明度增加,彩度变小,由红紫(70B)变为淡紫红色(84B)。用高效液相色谱—光电二极管阵列检测技术(HPLC - PAD)和高效液相色谱—电喷雾离子化—质谱联用技术(HPLC - ESI - MS)分析花瓣中花青苷和黄酮醇的组成及含量。在520 nm和350 nm波长下,共检测到15种化合物:5种花青苷、8种黄酮醇和2种芳香酸,推定出了其中10种化合物。花青苷:锦葵素 3-阿拉伯糖苷-5-葡萄糖苷;黄酮醇:杨梅黄素3-半乳糖苷和杨梅黄素3-鼠李糖苷;槲皮素3-半乳糖苷、槲皮素3-葡萄糖苷和两种槲皮素-鼠李糖苷以及山奈酚3-鼠李糖苷;芳香酸:绿原酸及其异构体。未检测到酰基化色素及5-O-甲基化黄酮醇。在6个开花阶段中,虽然花色变化明显,但花色素种类不变,其含量在各阶段差异极显著。从小蕾期到初开期,总花青苷含量(TA)和总黄酮醇含量(TF)迅速减少,花开放后变化平稳。基于花色素组成信息,探讨了耐寒杜鹃的花色育种策略。  相似文献   

6.
Petal coloration and anthocyanin compositions of 41 herbaceous peony cultivars were analyzed. Anthocyanins were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (HPLC–ESI-MSn) coupled with photodiode array detection (DAD). Peonidin-3,5-di-O-glucoside (Pn3G5G), pelargonidin-3,5-di-O-glucoside (Pg3G5G), cyanidin-3,5-di-O-glucoside (Cy3G5G), peonidin-3-O-glucoside (Pn3G), and cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (Cy3G) were the five major anthocyanins in herbaceous peony cultivars. Deep purple or reddish purple cultivars contained 4–5 anthocyanins, whereas pink cultivars only contained Cy3G5G and Pn3G5G, and their contents were much lower than those of purple cultivars. According to the chemical structures of three anthocyanidins in association with petal coloration, flowers were classified into three phenotypes: 1. “Pn, Cy, and Pg” (all purple flowers including two pink flowers); 2. “Pn, Cy” (pink flowers); 3 “Pn” (light pink and white flowers). The coloration mechanisms of cultivars with the pink and purple flowers were quite different. Correlations between lightness (L*) and chroma (C*), chromatic component a* and total anthocyanins (TA) value, a* and co-pigmentation index (CI) showed opposite tendencies, whereas L* and TA showed the same tendency in each group. High contents of Pn3G5G and Pg3G5G may responsible for the purple coloration of herbaceous peony cultivars.  相似文献   

7.
The influence of epidermal tissue pH on flower colour was studied in 104 cultivars of Azalea indica (Rhododendron simsii Planch.). Based on H.C.C. visual colour number, cultivars were classified in 4 colour groups: purple; carmine red; red; white.A method for pH determination using microvolumes (30 μl) on a microelectrode has been perfected. Within each colour group, flower colour was determined within a mean pH environment of 3.04 ± 0.06. Epidermal pH was approximately 0.3 units lower than the pH of the expressed sap of entire petals. Purple colours occurred with co-pigmented malvidin or delphinidin glycosides. Carmine red and red colours were produced by the same cyanidin glycosides that in the case of carmine red were co-pigmented with flavonol glycosides. The lower the content of anthocyanins (cyanidin glycosides) and the higher that of flavonols, the bluer the red (higher H.C.C. number; bathochromic shift of about 20 nm). A carmine red flower colour (± 58 B) may also occur when delphinidin glycosides occur in the absence of flavonol glycosides (pH < 4).Prospects for obtaining a blue flower colour are, because of low epidermal pH, very small.  相似文献   

8.
Two anthocyanins were isolated from ornamental reddish flowers of Plumeria rubra L. (Apocynaceae) by a combination of chromatographic techniques. Their structures were elucidated mainly by the use of homo- and heteronuclear nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and high-resolution electrospray mass spectrometry. The anthocyanin cyanidin 3-O-β-(2″-glucopyranosyl-O-β-galactopyranoside) (75%), has previously been isolated only from Cornus suecica (Cornaceae) fruits, while the other (20%) was identified as cyanidin-3-O-β-galactopyranoside. This is the first report of the anthocyanins responsible for the attractive colours of the flowers of red frangipani.  相似文献   

9.
The role of methyl jasmonate (MJ) in strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch. cv Pajaro) fruit ripening was investigated by monitoring its endogenous concentrations in fruit at various stages of development and the effects of exogenously applied MJ at these stages on ethylene biosynthesis. The concentration of endogenous trans-MJ was significantly higher in the white fruit (31.7–162.2 ng g−1) and decreased sharply in half and fully ripe fruit. Higher concentrations of endogenous trans-MJ at the white stage of strawberry fruit development followed by a decline during fruit ripening indicate that MJ may play an important role in modulating fruit ripening. Significantly increased ethylene production was measured in the fruit when MJ was applied at white, half ripe and at fully ripe stage. The application of MJ (50 μM) resulted in significantly highest ethylene production and increased activities of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) synthase and ACC oxidase as compared to all other treatments. The effect of exogenously applied MJ on ethylene production, ACC synthase and ACC oxidase activities was dependent on concentration of MJ applied and on fruit developmental stage. In conclusion, MJ in strawberry modulates fruit ripening, as its concentration is higher in white fruit and is declined with the progression of ripening and exogenous application of MJ increases ethylene production, activities of ACC oxidase and ACC synthase depending upon the concentration of MJ applied and fruit developmental stage.  相似文献   

10.
The anthocyanins, cyanidin 3-O-(6″-O-α-rhamnopyranosyl-β-glucopyranoside) (1) and pelargonidin 3-O-(6″-O-α-rhamnopyranosyl-β-glucopyranoside) (2), were isolated from the ornamental flowers of a Ugandan Hippeastrum cultivar by a combination of chromatographic techniques, and their structures were elucidated mainly by the use of homo- and heteronuclear nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and electrospray mass spectrometry. The same anthocyanins were found in six different Hippeastrum cultivars purchased in Norway. However, the absolute amount of the anthocyanins (0.08–1.79 mg/g, fresh weight) and the relative proportions of the individual anthocyanins varied from cultivar to cultivar (13.2–96.5% of 1). The colours of the fresh petals of the three cultivars ‘Red Lion’, ‘Royal Velvet’ and ‘Liberty’ were described by the CIELab coordinates L* (lightness), C* (chroma) and hab (hue angles). All the cultivars showed hue angles corresponding to scarlet nuances (hab = 22–35°), with the highest value in ‘Red Lion’. The most reddish petals (in ‘Royal Velvet’) contained the highest relative proportion of 1. Thus, the in vivo colours of these cultivars seem to be correlated with the relative proportions of individual anthocyanin in the petals.  相似文献   

11.
Summary

The anthocyanin content of tubers and shoots of the purple potato, Solanum tuberosum cv. Congo has been determined using various chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques to be petanin and the novel 3-O-[6-(4-ferulyl-O-α-rhamnopyranosyl)-β-glucopyranoside]-5-O-β-glucopyranosides of petunidin and malvidin. Acylated pigments constitute more than 98% of the total anthocyanin content both in tubers and shoots.  相似文献   

12.
Anthocyanins are responsible for the colour of many fruits, vegetables, flowers, and coloured-leaved trees. Ornamental kale (Brassica oleracea L. var. acephala DC) is widely cultivated for its colourful inner leaves. To investigate the relationship between the degree of colouration and anthocyanin distribution, content, and composition in ornamental kale, the authors studied the pigment characteristics of five cultivars with different coloured leaves (white, pink, red, purple, and purple-black). Microscopy observation, spectrophotometer, and high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) analysis of fresh inner leaves revealed that pink, red, and purple colourations were associated with high levels of anthocyanin, while purple-black was the result of the combination of anthocyanins and chlorophyll. In the coloured cultivars, anthocyanins were abundant mainly in the first and second cell layers below the epidermis in both the hypocotyls and inner leaves. No anthocyanin was found in the white-leaved phenotype cultivar. Anthocyanin content increased as leaf colour deepened from pink, red, to purple cultivars, which had little chlorophyll and carotenoid. The authors identified eight anthocyanins in the four coloured cultivars, including one non-acylated, four monoacylated, and three diacylated cyanidin glycosides. Cyanidin-3-(sinapoyl)(feruloyl)-diglucoside-5-glucoside was the most abundant anthocyanin in the four coloured cultivars followed by cyanidin-3-(sinapoyl)-diglucoside-5-glucoside. The analysis of anthocyanin accumulation characterisation provides important information on evaluating colouration patterns in coloured plants, and will be helpful for breeding desired leaf colours in ornamental kale.  相似文献   

13.
The poor red blush development on ‘Cripps Pink’ (Malus x domestica Borkh.) apple fruit at commercial maturity (CM) reduces the economic return to apple growers in warmer regions of the world. The effects of delayed harvest maturity up to 6 weeks following CM on the development of red blush and fruit quality of ‘Cripps Pink’ apple were investigated at two locations in Western Australia during 2003 and 2004. The red blush, export-grade fruit, total anthocyanin, cyanidin 3-galactoside, chlorogenic acid, catechin, and epicatechin of apple fruit skin tissues increased with advancement of harvest maturity at both locations in both years, whereas hue angle, concentration of phloridzin, fruit firmness, and titratable acidity (TA) of apple fruit tissues decreased with delayed harvest. The internal ethylene concentration was elevated with the delayed harvest. The concentrations of quercetin 3-galactoside, quercetin 3-arabinoside, quercetin 3-rutinoside, quercetin 3-rhamnoside, and quercetin 3-glucoside increased up to 2 weeks following CM, and then declined in 2003 at both locations and at Perth Hills in 2004. Delayed harvest resulted in improved development of red blush on the fruit surface, accumulation of total anthocyanin, cyanidin 3-galactoside, chlorogenic acid, catechin, epicatechin, and quercetin glycosides in fruit skin, SSC:TA ratio and reduced fruit firmness possibly due to the increased ethylene production.  相似文献   

14.
The effect of rootstock (‘MaxMa 14’, ‘Weiroot 13’, ‘PiKu 1’, ‘Weiroot 158’, ‘Gisela 5’ and ‘F12/1’) on phenolic acid and flavonol content of “Lapins” sweet cherry was investigated. Phenolic acids and flavonols were isolated from sweet cherries and analyzed by using reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). The major phenolic acids in sweet cherries were neochlorogenic acid (18–50 mg kg−1), chlorogenic acid (19–62 mg kg−1) and p-coumaric acid derivatives (15–125 mg kg−1). The amount of flavonol quercetin-3-rutinoside (8–37 mg kg−1) was significant as well. There are significant variations in the phenolic compound content among sweet cherry fruits grown on trees grafted on different vegetative rootstocks. The significantly higher chlorogenic acid, neochlorogenic acid, p-coumaric derivative and quercetin-3-rutinoside contents were found in sweet cherry fruits grown on trees grafted on ‘Weiroot 13’ and ‘PiKu 1’ rootstocks. Sweet cherries produced on trees grafted on other rootstocks had significantly lower phenolic compound content.  相似文献   

15.
Summary

The relationship between the intensity of flower colour and changes in the content of the main anthocyanins under various controlled temperatures was examined in order to clarify the effects of high temperature on flower colouration in six pink flower genotypes of greenhouse chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.). Poor colouration of flowers was observed at 30°C in all genotypes except ‘Chatoo’. This genotype showed little difference in flower colour between different temperature treatments. The degree of change in flower colour differed depending on the genotype, whereas no clear differences in flower colouring were observed between Summer – Autumn flowering and Autumn-flowering genotypes. All genotypes showed lower contents of the two anthocyanins tested [cyanidin 3-O-(6’’-O-monomalonyl- -glucopyranoside) and cyanidin 3-O-(3’’,6’’-O-dimalonyl- -glucopyranoside)] at higher temperatures. Therefore, flower colour changes were attributable to changes in these two main anthocyanins. Differences in colouration between genotypes and temperature conditions were also detectable in values that were measured using a colorimeter. Changed parameters that were visually verifiable were the a* value, representing the degree of red colour, and the C* value, representing chroma. For ‘Sei-Monako’, which showed visually greater differences between temperature treatments, the a* and C* values were low under high temperature conditions. On the other hand, in ‘Chatoo’, the differences detected by eye and those in a* and C* values between temperature treatments were small. In addition, the present results indicate that mean temperature is more important than either day or night temperature in determining the degree of flower colouration.  相似文献   

16.
酿酒葡萄‘赤霞珠’养分累积动态及养分需求量的研究   总被引:15,自引:0,他引:15  
张志勇  马文奇 《园艺学报》2006,33(3):466-470
 研究了酿酒葡萄‘赤霞珠’ (Cabernet Sauvignon) 整个生育期内N、P和K的动态变化及养分需求量。结果表明: 葡萄叶片中N和P浓度变化较大, 浆果膨大期至着色期, 叶中N和P的浓度相对稳定; 果实中K浓度的变化最大, 浆果始熟期至采收期果实中K浓度较稳定; 整个生育期内, 赤霞珠葡萄N、P、K的累积量整体上均呈上升趋势, 且在采收期达到最大值。每形成1 000 kg赤霞珠葡萄的养分需要量分别为: N 5.95 kg, P2O5 3.95 kg, K2O 7.68 kg, N、P、K的吸收比例为10.0∶7.0∶13.0。建议浆果膨大期至着色期可作为N和P营养诊断的最适宜时期; N肥应重点施于葡萄花期之前, 浆果膨大期至着色期可再适当补施; P肥重点施于浆果膨大期之前; 浆果膨大期至着色期的糖分快速累积时期重施K肥。  相似文献   

17.
Small fruit size is one of the limiting factors in marketing cherries (Prunus avium L.). Several techniques have been used to improve fruit size; among them, blossom and fruit thinning in order to reduce crop load have proved effective. Unfortunately, hand thinning is very costly, and chemical thinning has proved ineffective. In the present study, carried out in two consecutive years (2006–2007), application of uniconazole (E-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-4,4-dimethyl-2-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl-1-penten-3-ol)) at 100–125 mg l−1, in the form of 0.2–0.25% Magic™, at 30% full bloom, reduced the fruit set of ‘Bing’ cherry fruit. As a result time spent in hand thinning was reduced by about 50% and the crop load by about 40%, and there was a considerable shift to larger fruit size (>26 mm), provided the crop load was not too low. No negative effects were observed on the return bloom and yield in the following year.  相似文献   

18.
Oleuropein is the most abundant biologically active phenolic compound in olives. It has been extensively studied for human health benefits but its role in plant development processes has received limited attention. Changes in the levels of oleuropein during early stages of flower formation and during fruit development and maturation were determined using high performance liquid chromatography. Oleuropein and other phenolic compounds were identified by comparing retention time and UV spectra with standard compounds using photodiode array detectors. Quantitative measurements were based on peak areas relative to standards. Oleuropein levels sharply decreased during the transition from vegetative to flower buds, consistent with earlier reports that higher levels of exogenously applied oleuropein inhibited flowering in Kalanchoe blossfeldiana. Oleuropein levels rapidly increased with the expansion of fertilized pistils and then sharply declined with fruit maturity. There was only a modest decline in oleuropein levels between immature and fully expanded leaves. Hesperidin, which occurs in relatively small amounts, also declined considerably during early floral buds formation. Maximum levels of verbascoside were found in fully developed green fruits while maximum levels of luteolin-7-O-glucoside and luteolin-4-O-glucoside were found in fully expanded leaves.  相似文献   

19.
In this study, the influence of changes in fruit lighting on individual and total phenols in ‘Fuji’ apple, as well as color development was studied. Content levels of eight quercetin glycosides, five anthocyanins, two catechins and a hydroxycinnamic acid in the skin of apples were analyzed, using high-performance liquid chromatography, tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS). Total phenol, chlorophyll and carotenoid contents were determined by spectrometry. The purpose of this study was to compare content levels of those compounds in apple skin of fruit grown in different parts of the tree canopy, under and outside of the hail net. Lighting of fruit was measured during the last month before harvest. The lowest values were measured in the inner fruit and higher ones in the outer parts of the canopy, while the highest values were measured in fruit growing at the top of the tree. The hail net had no influence on the decrease of lighting in comparison to the control. Light conditions in the tree canopy influenced lower content levels of quercetin glycosides and most anthocyanins in the fruit skin in the inner part of the tree canopy, whereas fruit from the canopy top contained the highest levels of quercetin glycosides and cyanidin glycosides. Catechin, epicatechin and chlorogenic acid content levels in apple skin were independent of fruit position in the canopy or hail net usage, except for chlorogenic acid, where the content level was higher in cases when the orchard was covered with a hail net. Fruit from the top and outer parts of the canopy had a darker and redder coloration than inner fruit, while no influence of canopy position on chlorophyll and carotenoids was detected. Since quercetin glycosides and cyanidin glycosides are influential in red skin color development, better coloration of fruit from the outer and top canopy was observed. More intensive lighting stimulated a higher content level of flavonoids and, consequently, better coloration, which is an important factor in fruit quality.  相似文献   

20.
We studied the influence of covering the orchard floor with reflective foil on photosynthetic active radiation (PAR) both under and outside hail nets, and the possibility that the reflective foil under the hail net compensates for light reduction in last month before harvest time. On the lower side of fruit in the canopy, the reflective foil increased PAR. The chromaticity value a* showed a difference in the intensity of red coloration in the reflective foil and hail net treatments. Amounts of individual cyanidins were detected by using HPLC–MS. The accumulation of five individual anthocyanins (cyanidin-galactoside, three cyanidin-pentoses and cyanidin) was investigated during last month before harvest time. Concentrations of the main, cyanidin-galactoside in ‘Fuji’ apple increased before harvest time, and at harvest time the reflective foil caused an increase in all identified anthocyanins.  相似文献   

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